RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Following World Health Organization recommendations set forth in the Global Framework for Immunization Monitoring and Surveillance, Costa Rica in 2009 became the first country to implement integrated vaccine-preventable disease (iVPD) surveillance, with support from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). As surveillance for diseases prevented by new vaccines is integrated into existing surveillance systems, these systems could cost more than routine surveillance for VPDs targeted by the Expanded Program on Immunization. OBJECTIVES: We estimate the costs associated with establishing and subsequently operating the iVPD surveillance system at a pilot site in Costa Rica. METHODS: We retrospectively collected data on costs incurred by the institutions supporting iVPD surveillance during the preparatory (January 2007 through August 2009) and implementation (September 2009 through August 2010) phases of the iVPD surveillance project in Costa Rica. These data were used to estimate costs for personnel, meetings, infrastructure, office equipment and supplies, transportation, and laboratory facilities. Costs incurred by each of the collaborating institutions were also estimated. RESULTS: During the preparatory phase, the estimated total cost was 128,000 U.S. dollars (US$), including 64% for personnel costs. The preparatory phase was supported by CDC and PAHO. The estimated cost for 1 year of implementation was US$ 420,000, including 58% for personnel costs, 28% for laboratory costs, and 14% for meeting, infrastructure, office, and transportation costs combined. The national reference laboratory and the PAHO Costa Rica office incurred 64% of total costs, and other local institutions supporting iVPD surveillance incurred the remaining 36%. CONCLUSIONS: Countries planning to implement iVPD surveillance will require adequate investments in human resources, laboratories, data management, reporting, and investigation. Our findings will be valuable for decision makers and donors planning and implementing similar strategies in other countries.
Assuntos
Coleta de Dados/economia , Administração em Saúde Pública/economia , Vigilância em Saúde Pública/métodos , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. , Costa Rica , Custos e Análise de Custo , Monitoramento Epidemiológico , Humanos , Programas de Imunização/economia , Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde , Projetos Piloto , Regionalização da Saúde/economia , Estados Unidos , Vacinas , Organização Mundial da SaúdeRESUMO
Chitinases are enzymes that digest chitin molecules, present principally in insects and fungi. In plants, these enzymes play an important role in defence against pathogen attack, although they have also been described as induced by mechanical damage, ozone, heavy metals, cold, salinity, etc. Using an annealing control primer, we isolated a gene fragment whose translated sequence has high homology with a class III endochitinase. The gene, named Ltchi7, consisted of one ORF of 1005 bp, which codes for a peptide of 334 amino acids, including a deduced signal peptide of 27 amino acid that directs protein to the extracellular space. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that Ltchi7 is within a cluster that includes Sesbania rostrata, Medicago sativa and Glycine max class III endochitinases. This group is differentiated from other species of endochitinases by the presence of an additional extension in carboxy-terminal region. Moreover, in comparison with the majority of chitinases, Ltchi7 has two additional cysteine residues, which, according to 3D modelling studies, are very close. Gene expression analysis showed enhanced transcript abundance of this gene during drought stress in Lotus tenuis and Lotus japonicus, compared with growth under normal conditions. Furthermore, its expression is restricted to nodules and roots. Expression of this gene was also induced by salt stress, hydrogen peroxide and weakly with abscisic acid.
Assuntos
Quitinases/metabolismo , Lotus/enzimologia , Estresse Fisiológico , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Sequência de Bases , Quitinases/química , Quitinases/genética , Regulação Enzimológica da Expressão Gênica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Lotus/genética , Modelos Moleculares , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Alinhamento de Sequência , Água/metabolismoRESUMO
La Proteinosis Alveolar Pulmonar es una patología poco frecuente, especialmente en la edad pediátrica, caracterizada por acumulación de material lipoproteináceo proveniente del surfactante en los macrófagos alveolares. Objetivo: Comunicar un caso de proteinosis pulmonar en el cual el uso de la fibrobroncoscopía (FB) permitió el diagnóstico y el tratamiento. Caso Clínico: Escolar de 7 años, que consulta por un cuadro febril, en la cual se plantea inicialmente el diagnóstico de neumonía. Ante la mala evolución, con aumento de las imágenes radiológicas de tipo nodular, el ascenso de los niveles de LDH en plasma, y la mínima sintomatología clínica respiratoria, se planteó el diagnóstico de proteinosis alveolar, realizando una FB con lavado alveolar. Las tinciones de Sudán y PAS confirmaron la sospecha diagnóstica, lo cual fue apoyado por la mejoría radiológica y clínica de la paciente. Discusión: Se discute las formas clínicas de presentación, los hallazgos clínicos, radiológicos y de laboratorio que permiten plantear el diagnóstico. Se destaca el rol de la fibrobroncoscopía como método diagnóstico y terapéutico.
Assuntos
Feminino , Criança , Humanos , Broncoscopia , Proteinose Alveolar Pulmonar/cirurgia , Proteinose Alveolar Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Lavagem Broncoalveolar/métodos , Radiografia Torácica , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
This study reports baseline concentrations of mercury (Hg) in feathers from different species of birds sampled at various locations off the Chilean coast (Southeastern Pacific). Hg concentrations were evaluated in relation to geographic location, taxonomic affiliation, and feeding strategies. Between January and March of 1995, we collected mature contour feathers from 116 birds belonging to 22 species, mostly seabirds. Birds were collected from 10 different locations (26 degrees 09'S, 70 degrees 40'W to 54 degrees 56'S, 67 degrees 37'W). Feather Hg concentrations ranged from 0.11 to 13 microg g(-1) dry weight. We found differences in feather Hg concentrations across taxonomic groups, with highest concentrations in petrels, shearwaters, and albatrosses (Procellaridae), followed by boobies (Sulidae), gulls, terns, skuas (Laridae) and cormorants (Phalacrocoracidae). Ibises and oystercatchers (Threskiornithidae and Charadriidae) had intermediate values, whereas ducks and geese (Anatidae) contained the least amount of Hg. Oceanic species preying on mesopelagic fish (the Procellariformes albatrosses, petrels, and fulmars) had over twice as much Hg (overall average of 3.9 microg g(-1)) when compared to the rest of the species sampled (overall average of 1.5 microg g(-1)). We did not find higher Hg concentrations in birds inhabiting the more heavily industrialized and urbanized areas of the country (central and northern regions), but in birds inhabiting the remote Juan Fernandez Archipelago. This is not surprising, since all the Procellariformes (the group with highest Hg values in this study) were collected from these islands. Except for Hg in Kermadec petrels (mean of 12 microg g(-1)), the range of Hg values reported here (0.11-7.3 microg g(-1)) fell below those known to cause adverse health and reproductive effects in birds.
Assuntos
Aves/metabolismo , Plumas/química , Mercúrio/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Animais , Chile , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Feminino , Cadeia Alimentar , Masculino , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
A complex mixture of air pollutants is present in the ambient air in urban areas. People, animals, and vegetation are chronically and sequentially exposed to outdoor pollutants. The objective of this first of 2 studies is to evaluate by light and electron microscopy the lungs of Mexico City dogs and compare the results to those of 3 less polluted cities in MEXICO: One hundred fifty-two clinically healthy stray mongrel dogs (91 males/61 females), including 43 dogs from 3 less polluted cities, and 109 from southwest and northeast metropolitian Mexico City (SWMMC, NEMMC) were studied. Lungs of dogs living in Mexico City and Cuernavaca exhibited patchy chronic mononuclear cell infiltrates along with macrophages loaded with particulate matter (PM) surrounding the bronchiolar walls and extending into adjacent vascular structures; bronchiolar epithelial and smooth muscle hyperplasia, peribronchiolar fibrosis, microthrombi, and capillary and venule polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) margination. Ultrafine PM was seen in alveolar type I and II cells, endothelial cells, interstitial macrophages (Mtheta), and intravascular Mtheta-like cells. Bronchoalveolar lavage showed significant numbers of alveolar macrophages undergoing proliferation. Exposure to complex mixtures of pollutants-predominantly particulate matter and ozone-is causing lung structural changes induced by the sustained inflammatory process and resulting in airway and vascular remodeling and altered repair. Cytokines released from both, circulating inflammatory and resident lung cells in response to endothelial and epithelial injury may be playing a role in the pathology described here. Deep concern exists for the potential of an increasing rise in lung diseases in child populations exposed to Mexico City's environment.
Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos/toxicidade , Cães/fisiologia , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Ozônio/toxicidade , Sistema Respiratório/efeitos dos fármacos , Distribuição por Idade , Análise de Variância , Animais , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/citologia , Ciclo Celular , Sobrevivência Celular , Feminino , Hiperplasia/patologia , Pulmão/irrigação sanguínea , Pulmão/patologia , Linfonodos/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfonodos/patologia , Macrófagos Alveolares/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos Alveolares/ultraestrutura , Masculino , México , Modelos Animais , Neutrófilos/efeitos dos fármacos , Neutrófilos/patologia , Neutrófilos/ultraestrutura , Tamanho da Partícula , Pneumonia/patologia , Sistema Respiratório/patologia , Sistema Respiratório/ultraestrutura , Tomógrafos ComputadorizadosRESUMO
The principal objective of this study is to evaluate by light and electron microscopy (LM, EM) the heart tissues in stray southwest and northeast metropolitan Mexico City (SWMMC, NEMMC) dogs and compare their findings to those from 3 less polluted cities (Cuernavaca, Tlaxcala, and Tuxpam). Clinically healthy mongrel dogs, including 109 from highly polluted SWMMC and NEMMC, and 43 dogs from less polluted cities were studied. Dogs residing in cities with lower levels of pollutants showed little or no cardiac abnormalities. Mexico City and Cuernavaca dogs exhibited LM myocardial alterations including apoptotic myocytes, endothelial and immune effector cells, degranulated mast cells associated with scattered foci of mononuclear cells in left and right ventricles and interventricular septum, and clusters of adipocytes interspersed with mononuclear cells. Vascular changes included scattered polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) margination and microthrombi in capillaries, and small venous and arteriolar blood vessels. Small veins exhibited smooth muscle cell hyperplasia, and arteriolar blood vessels showed deposition of particulate matter (PM) in the media and adventitia. Unmyelinated nerve fibers showed endoneural and epineural degranulated mast cells. EM examination of myocardial mast cells showed distended and abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum with few secretory granules. Myocardial capillaries exhibited fibrin deposition and their endothelial cells displayed increased luminal and abluminal pinocytic activity and the formation of anemone-like protrusions of the endothelium into the lumen. A close association between myocardial findings, lung epithelial and endothelial pathology, and chronic inflammatory lung changes was noted. The myocardial changes described in dogs exposed to ambient air pollutants may form the basis for developing hypothesis-driven mechanistic studies that might explain the epidemiological data of increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in people exposed to air pollutants.
Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos/toxicidade , Cães/fisiologia , Coração/efeitos dos fármacos , Modelos Animais , Miocárdio/patologia , Ozônio/toxicidade , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Interações Medicamentosas , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Masculino , Mastócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Mastócitos/patologia , Mastócitos/ultraestrutura , México , Miocárdio/ultraestrutura , Tamanho da PartículaRESUMO
Air pollution produces adverse health effects. The consequences of lifelong daily exposures to atmospheric pollutants upon the respiratory apparatus of healthy children are of considerable clinical importance. We investigated the association between exposure to a highly polluted urban environment with a complex mixture of air pollutants-ozone and particulate matter the predominant ones-and chest x-ray abnormalities in 59 healthy Mexican children who are lifelong residents of Southwest Metropolitan Mexico City (SWMMC), with a negative history of tobacco exposure and respiratory illnesses. Their clinical results and x-ray findings were compared to those of 19 Mexican control children, residents of a low-pollution area, with a similar negative history of tobacco exposure and respiratory illnesses. Ozone concentrations in SWMMC exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for O(3): 0.08 ppm as 1-h maximal concentration, not to be exceeded more than 4 times a year, on 71% of days in 1986 and 95% in 1997, with values as high as 0.48 ppm. Ozone maximal peaks are usually recorded between 2 and 5 pm coinciding with children's outdoor physical activities. Children in the control group reported no upper or lower respiratory symptomatology. Every SWMMC child complained of upper and/or lower respiratory symptoms, including epistaxis, nasal dryness and crusting, cough, shortness of breath, and chest discomfort. Children aged 7-13 yr had the most symptomatology, while 5- to 6-year olds and adolescents with the lowest number of statistically significant outdoor exposure hours had less respiratory symptoms. Bilateral symmetric mild lung hyperinflation was significantly associated with exposure to the SWMMC atmosphere (p = .0004). Chronic and sustained inhalation of a complex mixture of air pollutants, including ozone and particulate matter (PM), is associated with lung hyperinflation, suggestive of small airway disease, in a population of clinically healthy children and adolescents. Small airways are a target of air pollutants in SWMMC children, with ozone and PM being most likely responsible, based on experimental animal, controlled-chamber, and epidemiological data available. Our main concern is the potential likelihood for the development of chronic lung disease in this highly exposed population.
Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos/efeitos adversos , Exposição por Inalação , Pneumopatias/induzido quimicamente , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Monitoramento Ambiental , Feminino , Humanos , Pneumopatias/diagnóstico por imagem , Pneumopatias/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Concentração Máxima Permitida , México , Ozônio/análise , Projetos Piloto , Radiografia Torácica , Estados Unidos , United States Environmental Protection Agency , Saúde da População UrbanaRESUMO
Air pollution is a serious health problem in major cities in Mexico. The concentrations of monitored criteria pollutants have been above the US National Ambient Air Quality Standards for the last decade. To determine whether the number of primary malignant nasal and paranasal neoplasms has increased, we surveyed 256 such cases admitted to a major adult oncology hospital located in metropolitan Mexico City (MMC) for the period from 1976-1997 and to a tertiary hospital in Monterrey, an industrial city, for the period from 1993-1998. The clinical histories and histopathologic material were reviewed, and a brief clinical summary was written for each case. In the MMC hospital the number of newly diagnosed nasal and paranasal neoplasms per year for the period from 1976-1986 averaged 5.1, whereas for the next 11 years it increased to 12.5. The maximal increase was observed in 1995-1997, with an average of 20.3 new cases per year (P = 0.0006). The predominant neoplasms in these series were non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, adenocarcinoma, Schneiderian carcinoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In the Monterrey hospital a 2-fold increase in the numbers of newly diagnosed nasal and paranasal neoplasms was recorded between 1993 and 1998. The predominant MMC neoplasm in this series, namely nasal T-cell/natural killer cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, is potentially Epstein-Barr virus related. Nasal and paranasal malignant neoplasms are generally rare. Environmental causative factors include exposure in industries such as nickel refining, leather, and wood furniture manufacturing. Although epidemiologic studies have not addressed the relationship between outdoor air pollution and sinonasal malignant neoplasms, there is strong evidence for the nasal and paranasal carcinogenic effect of occupational aerosol complex chemical mixtures. General practitioners and ear, nose, and throat physicians working in highly polluted cities should be aware of the clinical presentations of these patients. Identification of this apparent increase in sinonasal malignant neoplasms in two urban Mexican polluted cities warrants further mechanistic and epidemiologic studies.
Assuntos
Poluição do Ar/efeitos adversos , Cavidade Nasal , Neoplasias Nasais/epidemiologia , Neoplasias dos Seios Paranasais/epidemiologia , Adenocarcinoma/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , California/epidemiologia , Carcinoma/epidemiologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/epidemiologia , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Linfoma não Hodgkin/epidemiologia , Masculino , Melanoma/epidemiologia , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias Nasais/etiologia , Exposição Ocupacional , Neoplasias dos Seios Paranasais/etiologiaRESUMO
La actividad socioeconómica de la II Región de Chile es la minería del cobre, generándose subproductos que son eliminados al medio. Se ha informado en centros industrializados, que los metales pesados se transfieren de las madres a los fetos, vía placenta. Se propone conocer la bioacumulación de cobre en órganos y fluidos en ratas gestantes y su efecto en la formación de centros primarios de osificación (CPO). Hembras de tres meses Sprague Dowley, se ciclan y se cruzan en estro. Al octavo día de gestación, se inyectan i.p. con 1 ml de CuSO en concentraciones 1024, 512, 256, 128 y 64 ppm y suero fisiológico, el grupo control. A los 18 días, se sacrifican y se evalúan los fetos, procesándose por técnicas de tinción, diafanización e histológica. Secciones de 5 um se tiñen con azul de Alcian /Azul de Toluidina. Se recupera sangre materna, membranas amniocoriónica, líquido amniótico y placenta, entre grupos tratados y controles. Una diferencia significativa en la formación de los CPO en vértebras y dorsales, se encontró con el tratamiento de 256 ppm, en comparación con el control (p<0.05). No se observaron anomalías externas. Se infiere que ión cobre se transfiere a los fetos vía placenta, bioacumulándose en el hígado e induciendo alteraciones o retardo en la formación de CPO, especialmente a nivel de vértebras cervicales y dorsales; observándose microscópicamente en dichas zonas, ausencias de tejido cartilaginoso característico
Assuntos
Animais , Gravidez , Ratos , Cobre/intoxicação , Desenvolvimento Fetal/efeitos dos fármacos , Osteogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Bioacumulação , Estudos de Casos e ControlesRESUMO
Six species of chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae, Philopteridae) are reported from four species of seabirds collected off the coast of Chile. They are Eidmanniella pellucida, Piagetiella transitans, and Piagetiella caputincisa, from a Guanay cormorant (Phalacrocorax bougainvillii); Harrisoniella ferox collected from a black-browed albatross (Diomedea melanophrys); Ancistrona vagelli from a white-necked petrel (Pterodroma externa); and Pelmatocerandra flinti collected from a Magellan diving petrel (Pelecanoides magellani). Eidmanniella pellucida and P. transitans are reported from Chile for the first time. Piagetiella caputincisa from the Guanay cormorant may be a contaminant from a red-legged shag (Phalacrocorax gaimardi).
Assuntos
Doenças das Aves/epidemiologia , Infestações por Piolhos/veterinária , Ftirápteros/classificação , Animais , Doenças das Aves/parasitologia , Aves , Chile/epidemiologia , Feminino , Infestações por Piolhos/epidemiologia , Infestações por Piolhos/parasitologia , MasculinoRESUMO
Existe una preocupación generalizada por la exposición del hombre a un número cada vez mayor de contaminantes ambientales que afectan directamente su salud y calidad de vida. Todos los organismos requieren cobre para un normal crecimiento y metabolismo, sin embargo una deficiencia de este químico o exceso del mismo, pueden afectar variadas funciones. Se propone estudiar el efecto del ion cobre en diferentes dosis, sobre el desarrollo embrionario de pollos de distintos días de incubación. Huevos embrionados de gallinas (Gallus gallus) se instalaron en la cámara de aire con 0.1 ml de sulfato de cobre, en concentraciones de 29 y 58 lig/huevo en los días 2 (D2) y cuatro (D4) de incubación, tratamiento realizado a 38º C y con aire humedecido. Los controles se trataron con suero fisiológico. Después de 14 días fueron analizados los siguientes parámetros: peso y longitudes pico-caudal, de tarsos y miembros anteriores. El material fue fotografiado y evaluado macroscópicamente para la visualización de anormalidades externas. Los pesos y longitudes ápico-caudal y de alas de los embriones tratados en D2 y D4, utilizando ambas concentraciones de cobre, no presentaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas con los grupos controles. La longitud de tarsos derechos e izquierdos, fue menor que los controles sólo en aquellos embriones tratados con 58 ug cobre/huevo en el D4, resultados estadísticamente significativo. Las anormalidades frecuentemente observadas fueron evisceración, ausencia de plumas y pollos hemorrágicos. Con menor frecuencia se observaron pollos con rotación anormal del cuello, edema y mieromelia. Los resultados confirman el efecto tóxico del cobre registrado en éste y otros modelos experimentales, discutiéndose, además, otros factores que podrían estar asociados al efecto teratogénico del químico en estudio
Assuntos
Animais , Embrião de Galinha , Cobre/efeitos adversos , Embrião de Galinha , Anormalidades Induzidas por Medicamentos/diagnóstico , ÍonsRESUMO
A possible mechanism is put forward to explain the sliding of thin filaments during muscle contraction. In our model, repulsion due to electrostatic forces is the mechanism which triggers crossbridges to cause the thin filaments to slide. The mechanism proposed could operate regardless of whether the myosin heads rotate or bend, although recent experimental evidence seems to confirm the latter action. In spite of its simplicity, the model prediction of the velocity of sliding of the thin filaments agrees well with experimental values from in vitro motility assays.
Assuntos
Modelos Biológicos , Contração Muscular/fisiologia , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , Eletricidade Estática , Actinas/metabolismo , Actinas/fisiologia , Matemática , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Miosinas/metabolismo , Miosinas/fisiologiaRESUMO
During November and December of 1988, 1990, and 1991, a total of 22 free-ranging Juan Fernández fur seal (Arctocephalus philippii) females from Alejandro Selkirk Island, Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile, were immobilized with a combination of ketamine and diazepam. Atropine sulphate was used to decrease respiratory secretions. The mean (+/- SD) induction dosages of ketamine and diazepam were 3.64 +/- 1.3 mg/kg and 0.12 +/- 0.07 mg/kg, respectively. Mean (+/- SD) induction time and time to recovery for females injected intramuscularly (IM) (15 +/- 7 min and 47 +/- 16 min) were significantly greater than for females injected intravenously (IV) (0.6 +/- 0.4 min and 26 +/- 11 min). Mean (+/- SD) heart rates and core temperatures were significantly higher for females injected IV (173 +/- 15.71 beats/min and 37.6 +/- 0.83 C) than for females injected IM (135 +/- 27.06 beats/min and 36.5 +/- 1.15 C). In addition, the IV route resulted in better levels of immobilization compared to the IM route. The degree of immobilization was not related to the dosages of ketamine and diazepam administered. Two animals died after drug administration.
Assuntos
Diazepam , Otárias/fisiologia , Imobilização , Ketamina , Animais , Temperatura Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Chile , Diazepam/administração & dosagem , Diazepam/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Manobra Psicológica , Frequência Cardíaca/efeitos dos fármacos , Injeções Intramusculares/veterinária , Injeções Intravenosas/veterinária , Ketamina/administração & dosagem , Ketamina/efeitos adversos , Respiração/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores de Tempo , Tremor/induzido quimicamente , Tremor/veterináriaRESUMO
Variados efectos sobre el desarrollo embrionario han sido informados cuando huevos de gallina son inyectados con diferentes tóxicos, incluyendo arsénico. Escasos antecedentes existen en relación a las formas arsenicales y al efecto que causan en diferentes estadios del desarrollo embrionario de aves. este estudio se propone conocer el efecto que sales arsenicales As+3 y As+5, en diferentes dosis y días de incubación, ejercen sobre la embriogénesis de aves. Huevos embrionados de gallina (gallus gallus) fueron instilados en la cámara de aire con 0,1 ml de arsenito y arseniato de sodio en concentraciones de 9,0 y 4,5 µg/huevo en dias cero (D0) y dos (D2) de incubación, realizada a 38ºC, con humadad constante. Huevos controles fueron tratados con suero fisiológico. Después de 14 días de desarrollo, se realiza la evaluación de peso, longitudes ápico-caudal, de tarso y alas. El material obtenido fue fotografiado y sometido a observaciones macroscópicas para la visualización de malformaciones externas. Los resultados indican alta mortalidad o desarrollo detenido, originados en los huevos que recibieron As+3 o As+5 en concentraciones de 9,0 µg/huevo en el D2. Concentraciones de 4,5 µg/huevo de arsenito en D0 producen mayor mortalidad embrionaria en comparación con arseniato. Esta misma concentración de As+3 y As+5 inyectada en el D2 produce disminución de peso (p<0,05) comparada con controles. El As+5 4,5 µg/huevo en D0 induce formación de embriones de menor tamaño. esta concentración tanto para As+3 y As+5 produce disminución de longitud de alas, cuando los huevos se inyectaron en D0. Anormalidades frecuentemente observadas fueron: ausencia de plumas, retardo del desarrollo, evisceración y anormalidades en el esqueleto. Escasamente ciclopía inilateral, deformación del pico, acrania y edema. Se discute el efecto teratogénico de arsénicos tri y pentavalente y se sugieren algunos parámetros como biomarcadores para evaluar embriones de pollo en el día 14 del desarrollo
Assuntos
Animais , Embrião de Galinha , Arsênio/toxicidade , Embrião de Galinha , Desenvolvimento Fetal/efeitos dos fármacos , Anormalidades Induzidas por Medicamentos/embriologia , Poluição Química da Água/análise , Água Potável , Teratogênicos/análiseRESUMO
Focal oral epithelial hyperplasia (FOEH), also known as Heck's disease is an unusual condition. We had the possibility to observe and study the disease in a negro patient. This is the first case described in Cuba.
Assuntos
Doenças da Boca/epidemiologia , Adulto , População Negra , Cuba , Epitélio/patologia , Humanos , Hiperplasia , Masculino , Doenças da Boca/patologia , Mucosa Bucal/patologiaRESUMO
La capacidad antigénica del homogeneizado testicular ha sido utilizada para establecer diferentes modelos de respuesta autoinmune en animales. En este trabajo, se propone desarrollar un modelo de orquitis autoinmune en ratones machos de la cepa A/Sw, utilizando homogeneizado testicular homólogo. Grupos de ratones recibieron vía subcutánea, inyecciones de homogeneizado testicular en diferentes dosis, emulsionado con adjuvante de Freund Completo. Posteriormente se sacrificaron para obtener suero, utilizando un test inmunológico y gónadas para el estudio histológico. Se evalúan los elementos celulares del epitelio germinativo, describiendo las modificaciones del mismo y se determina la presencia de anticuerpos por inmunodifusión. Se propone la utilización de las condiciones descritas, como un modelo de orquitis autoinmune en ratones