RESUMO
Background: During the contingency derived from the COVID-19 pandemic, there were no instruments assessing the aspects of clinical training, which is why it is necessary to have a questionnaire that let us know the opinion of medical students about the disruptive education. Objective: To validate a questionnaire designed to know the opinion of medical students about disruptive education in their clinical training. Material and methods: Validation cross-sectional study which was developed in three phases: 1) Elaboration of the questionnaire aimed at undergraduate medical students who include clinical science subjects in their curricular program; 2) validation of content by Aiken's V test with 7 expert judges and reliability estimation with Cronbach's alpha coefficient in a pre-sample test with 48 students; 3) analysis of the information through descriptive statistics, where the following results were observed: Aiken's V index of V = 0.816; Cronbach's alpha coefficient = 0.966. A total of 54 items were incorporated in the questionnaire after the pre-sampling test. Conclusions: We can rely on a valid and reliable instrument that objectively measures disruptive education in the clinical training of medical students.
Introducción: durante la contigencia sanitaria derivada de la pandemia por COVID-19, no hubo instrumentos que valoraran los aspectos de la formación clínica, por lo que es necesario contar con un cuestionario para conocer la opinión de los estudiantes de medicina sobre la educación disruptiva. Objetivo: validar un cuestionario diseñado para conocer la opinión de los estudiantes de medicina acerca de la educación disruptiva en su formación clinica. Material y métodos: estudio de validación con corte transversal que se desarrolló en tres fases: 1) elaboración del cuestionario dirigido a estudiantes de medicina de pregrado que tomaran materias de ciencias clínicas en su programa curricular; 2) validación de contenido mediante prueba V de Aiken con 7 jueces expertos y estimación de confiabilidad con coeficiente alfa de Cronbach en prueba premuestreo con 48 estudiantes; 3) análisis de la información por medio de estadística descriptiva, donde se observaron los siguientes resultados: índice V de Aiken de V = 0.816; coeficiente alfa de Cronbach = 0.966. El cuestionario quedó integrado con un total de 55 ítems posterior a la prueba premuestreo. Conclusiones: se cuenta con un instrumento válido y confiable para medir objetivamente la educación disruptiva en la formación clínica de estudiantes de medicina.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Avaliação Educacional , Humanos , Estudos Transversais , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Pandemias , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , PsicometriaRESUMO
The present study investigated how the presence of butylmethylimidazolium cation (bmim+) alters the interfacial properties of reverse micelles (RMs) created with the ionic liquid-like surfactant 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium 1,4-bis-2-ethylhexylsulfosuccinate (bmim-AOT), in comparison to sodium 1,4-bis-2-ethylhexylsulfosuccinate (Na-AOT) RMs, employing dynamic light scattering (DLS) and 1H NMR techniques. Moreover, through the hydrolysis reaction of bis(4-nitrophenyl)carbonate inside both RMs as reaction probe, interfacial properties changes were explored in more detail. The kinetic solvent isotope effect was also analyzed. Micellar systems were formed using n-heptane as external nonpolar solvent and water as the polar component. According to the DLS studies, water is encapsulated inside the organized media; however, a different tendency is observed depending on the cationic component of the surfactant. For Na-AOT system, the results suggest that the micellar shapes are probably spherical, while in the case of bmim-AOT, a transition from ellipsoidal to spherical micelles could be occurring when water is added. 1H NMR data show that water is structured differently when Na+ cation is replaced by bmim+; in bmim-AOT RMs, the interaction of water with the surfactant is weaker and the water hydrogen-bonding network is less disturbed than in Na-AOT RMs. Kinetic studies reveal that the hydrolysis reaction in bmim-AOT RMs was much more favorable in comparison to Na-AOT RMs. In addition, when water content decreases in bmim-AOT RMs, the hydrolysis reaction rate increases and the solvent isotope effect remains constant, while for Na-AOT solutions, both the reaction rate and the solvent isotope effect decrease. Our results indicate that bmim+ cation would be located in the surfactant layer in such a way the negative charge density in the interface is less than that in Na-AOT RMs, and the reaction is more favorable. Additionally, as 1H NMR studies reveal, the interfacial water molecules would be more available in bmim-AOT RMs to participate in the nucleophilic attack. Therefore, the present study evidences how the replacement of Na+ counterion by bmim+ alters the composition of the interface of AOT RMs.