RESUMO
This study consisted of two experiments with the following objectives: to evaluate the effects of tannins from the tropical legume macrotiloma (Macrotyloma axillare) on total gas and methane (CH4 ) production, as well as on ruminal fermentation parameters by performing an in vitro bioassay, with samples incubated with and without polyethylene glycol (PEG) in a semi-automatic system; and secondly in a 17 day in vivo experiment, to determine apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dietary nutrients and ruminal fermentation parameters of 12 intact 8- to 9-month-old Santa Inês (averaging 24.95 ± 1.8 kg body weight) ewes fed tropical grass hay supplemented with macrotiloma hay. The ewes were divided into two treatment groups depending on their diet: chopped aruana grass hay (Panicum maximum cv. Aruana) (control-CON); and aruana grass hay supplemented with chopped macrotiloma hay (macrotiloma-MAC). The animals were kept for 5 consecutive days in metabolic cages for the ATTD assay, and at the end of this period, samples of rumen fluid were collected from each ewe to determine ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3 -N) and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, and protozoa count. For the in vitro assay, a decrease in total gas and CH4 production was observed for samples incubated without PEG (p < .05). No differences were observed for the other parameters evaluated (p > .05). In the in vivo experiment, increased intake and ATTD of crude protein were observed for the animals fed MAC when compared to CON (p < .05). For rumen fermentation parameters, increased NH3 -N, total SCFA and isobutyrate concentrations, as well as reduced protozoa count were observed for MAC when compared to CON (p < .05). The results observed here indicated the potential of macrotiloma for use as a ruminant feed, and antimethanogenic potential of this plant was noted.
Assuntos
Ração Animal/análise , Dieta/veterinária , Fabaceae , Ovinos/fisiologia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Feminino , Valor NutritivoRESUMO
In this study, the possibility of using Babassu (Orbignya phalerata) and Mofumbo (Combretum leprosum) leaves for lambs feed was verified. Performance, biochemical and haematological parameters, microbial protein synthesis, nutrient apparent digestibility and enteric production of methane (CH4 ) were evaluated. The experimental treatments included diets with forage-to-concentrate ratios of 50:50, with the leaves of the experimental plants replacing 33% of the Cynodon dactylon (Tifton-85) hay with three treatments: control (no hay replacement) and substitution with Babassu or Mofumbo. For the performance study, 24 Santa Inês lambs were used, in a randomized experimental design with eight repetitions (5 male and 3 female) for each treatment and 48 days of experimental trial. After this period, for nine days, six animals from each treatment were allocated in metabolic cages to determine the apparent nutrient digestibility, microbial protein synthesis and nitrogen balance. Simultaneously, enteric CH4 was measured in vivo. The control group showed higher (p < 0.05) apparent digestibility of acid detergent fibre. Enteric CH4 production of lambs fed Mofumbo leaves did not differ from that of the control group, but was lower (p < 0.05) than in those fed with Babassu. The inclusion of Babassu and Mofumbo leaves showed no negative effects on animal health and did not compromise performance. Mofumbo also presented CH4 mitigating potential, indicating that those plants can be used as ingredients in the composition of lamb diets with the advantage of reducing methane production.
Assuntos
Arecaceae/química , Combretum/química , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Metano/biossíntese , Ovinos/fisiologia , Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Aumento de PesoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the rate absorption of radio-labeled chromium oxide (51Cr2O3), used as biological marker in nutrition studies with Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. An experimental diet with approximately 58 µCi of specific activity of the element was encapsulated and fed daily to 35 adult Nile tilapia; a group of 35 fish was used as control feeding on a basal diet. At the beginning of the experiment five fish from each group were randomly selected and blood samples were drawn from control (BC) and experimental fish (BE). Fish were then euthanized by anesthetic overdoses and samples of the liver tissue (LT), renal tissue (RT), stomach without content (S), intestine without content (I), gills tissue (GT), muscle tissue (fillet; MT), visceral fat (VF), content of the digestive tract (CTDE) and water aquarium were collected from the experimental fish. The procedure was repeated daily for one week. Simple linear regressions were adjusted - days of collection vs. determination coefficients, and were established for statistical comparisons of the measured activity of 51Cr readings in sampled blood and tissues (logarithmic transformation) for samples of the control and experimental fish. No differences (P>0.05) were detected between samples from BC fish and BE, RT, VF, MT and LT of treated fish, but samples of GT, I, S, CTDE and WA from the tanks holding fish which received the experimental diet differed from control (P<0.05). The experimental results indicate that the trivalent chromium in the form of 51Cr2O3 was not significantly absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract, gills or another possible route of absorption under these experimental conditions and with Nile tilapia. Therefore, this marker was shown to be inert and can be safely used in nutrition studies.
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a taxa de absorção de radiomarcador óxido de crômio (51Cr2O3), utilizado como marcador biológico em estudos de nutrição, com tilápia-do-nilo Oreochromis niloticus. Uma dieta experimental com cerca de 58µCi de atividade específica do elemento foi encapsulada, e 35 adultos de tilápia foram alimentados diariamente; um grupo de 35 peixes foi usado como controle e alimentado com uma dieta basal. No início do estudo, cinco peixes de cada grupo foram selecionados aleatoriamente, e amostras de sangue foram coletadas dos peixes controle (BC) e experimentais (BE). Os peixes foram sacrificados por overdose de anestésicos, e amostras do tecido do fígado (LT), rins (RT), estômago sem conteúdo (S), intestino sem conteúdo (I), brânquias (GT), tecido muscular (filé; MT), gordura visceral (VF), conteúdo do trato digestivo (CTDE) e água do aquário (WA) foram coletadas somente dos peixes experimentais. O processo foi repetido diariamente durante uma semana. As regressões lineares simples foram ajustadas - dias de coleta versus coeficientes de determinação - e foram estabelecidas para comparações estatísticas da leitura das atividades medidas de 51Cr (transformação logarítmica) nas amostras dos peixes controle e experimentais. Não foram detectadas diferenças (P>0,05) entre as amostras BC dos peixes controle e BE, RT, VF , MT e LT dos peixes experimentais, mas as amostras de GT, I, S, CTDE e WA dos peixes que receberam a dieta experimental apresentaram diferença significativa em relação aos que receberam a dieta controle (P<0,05). Os resultados experimentais indicam que o crômio trivalente na forma de 51Cr2O3 não foi significativamente absorvido pelo trato gastrointestinal, pelas brânquias ou por outra via possível de absorção nessas condições experimentais e com tilápia do Nilo. Portanto, esse marcador demonstrou ser suficientemente inerte, o que torna seguro seu uso em estudos de nutrição.
Assuntos
Animais , Biomarcadores/análise , Ciclídeos , Cromo/análise , Absorção Fisiológica/fisiologia , Absorção Gastrointestinal/fisiologiaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the rate absorption of radio-labeled chromium oxide (51Cr2O3), used as biological marker in nutrition studies with Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. An experimental diet with approximately 58 µCi of specific activity of the element was encapsulated and fed daily to 35 adult Nile tilapia; a group of 35 fish was used as control feeding on a basal diet. At the beginning of the experiment five fish from each group were randomly selected and blood samples were drawn from control (BC) and experimental fish (BE). Fish were then euthanized by anesthetic overdoses and samples of the liver tissue (LT), renal tissue (RT), stomach without content (S), intestine without content (I), gills tissue (GT), muscle tissue (fillet; MT), visceral fat (VF), content of the digestive tract (CTDE) and water aquarium were collected from the experimental fish. The procedure was repeated daily for one week. Simple linear regressions were adjusted - days of collection vs. determination coefficients, and were established for statistical comparisons of the measured activity of 51Cr readings in sampled blood and tissues (logarithmic transformation) for samples of the control and experimental fish. No differences (P>0.05) were detected between samples from BC fish and BE, RT, VF, MT and LT of treated fish, but samples of GT, I, S, CTDE and WA from the tanks holding fish which received the experimental diet differed from control (P<0.05). The experimental results indicate that the trivalent chromium in the form of 51Cr2O3 was not significantly absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract, gills or another possible route of absorption under these experimental conditions and with Nile tilapia. Therefore, this marker was shown to be inert and can be safely used in nutrition studies(AU)
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a taxa de absorção de radiomarcador óxido de crômio (51Cr2O3), utilizado como marcador biológico em estudos de nutrição, com tilápia-do-nilo Oreochromis niloticus. Uma dieta experimental com cerca de 58µCi de atividade específica do elemento foi encapsulada, e 35 adultos de tilápia foram alimentados diariamente; um grupo de 35 peixes foi usado como controle e alimentado com uma dieta basal. No início do estudo, cinco peixes de cada grupo foram selecionados aleatoriamente, e amostras de sangue foram coletadas dos peixes controle (BC) e experimentais (BE). Os peixes foram sacrificados por overdose de anestésicos, e amostras do tecido do fígado (LT), rins (RT), estômago sem conteúdo (S), intestino sem conteúdo (I), brânquias (GT), tecido muscular (filé; MT), gordura visceral (VF), conteúdo do trato digestivo (CTDE) e água do aquário (WA) foram coletadas somente dos peixes experimentais. O processo foi repetido diariamente durante uma semana. As regressões lineares simples foram ajustadas - dias de coleta versus coeficientes de determinação - e foram estabelecidas para comparações estatísticas da leitura das atividades medidas de 51Cr (transformação logarítmica) nas amostras dos peixes controle e experimentais. Não foram detectadas diferenças (P>0,05) entre as amostras BC dos peixes controle e BE, RT, VF , MT e LT dos peixes experimentais, mas as amostras de GT, I, S, CTDE e WA dos peixes que receberam a dieta experimental apresentaram diferença significativa em relação aos que receberam a dieta controle (P<0,05). Os resultados experimentais indicam que o crômio trivalente na forma de 51Cr2O3 não foi significativamente absorvido pelo trato gastrointestinal, pelas brânquias ou por outra via possível de absorção nessas condições experimentais e com tilápia do Nilo. Portanto, esse marcador demonstrou ser suficientemente inerte, o que torna seguro seu uso em estudos de nutrição(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Biomarcadores/análise , Ciclídeos/metabolismo , Cromo/análise , Absorção Fisiológica/fisiologia , Absorção Gastrointestinal/fisiologiaRESUMO
Nitrate can be a source of NPN for microbial growth at the same time that it reduces ruminal methane production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of 2 encapsulated nitrate products used as urea replacers on blood and rumen constituents, methane emission, and growth performance of lambs. Eighteen Santa Inês male lambs (27 ± 4.9 kg) were individually allotted to indoor pens and assigned to a randomized complete block design with 6 blocks and 3 dietary treatments: control (CTL) = 1.5% urea, ENP = 4.51% encapsulated nitrate product (60.83% NO3(-) in the product DM), and ENP+CNSL = 4.51% ENP containing cashew nut shell liquid (60.83% NO3(-) and 2.96% cashew nut shell liquid [CNSL] in the product DM). Diets were isonitrogenous with 60:40 concentrate:forage (Tifton 85 hay) ratio. The experiment lasted for 92 d and consisted of 28 d for adaptation (a weekly 33% stepwise replacement of CTL concentrate by nitrate-containing concentrates) and 64 d for data collection. The ENP and ENP+CNSL showed greater (P < 0.05) red blood cell counts than CTL. Blood methemoglobin (MetHb) did not differ (P > 0.05) among treatments, with mean values within normal range and remaining below 1.1% of total hemoglobin. There was an increase (P < 0.05) in total short-chain fatty acids concentration at 3 h postfeeding for ENP, with an additional increase (P < 0.05) observed for ENP+CNSL. No treatment effects (P > 0.05) were observed on acetate to propionate ratio. Methane production (L/kg DMI) was reduced (P < 0.05) with nitrate inclusion, recording 28.6, 19.1, and 19.5 L/kg DMI for CTL, ENP, and ENP+CNSL, respectively. Addition of CNSL did not result (P > 0.05) in further reduction of methane production when compared with ENP. Final BW, DMI, ADG, and feed efficiency were similar (P > 0.05) among treatments. Values for DMI were 1.11, 1.03, and 1.04 kg/d and for ADG were 174, 154, and 158 g for CTL, ENP, and ENP+CNSL, respectively. In conclusion, encapsulated nitrate products showed no risks of toxicity based on MetHb formation. The products persistently reduced methane production without affecting performance. Inclusion of cashew nut shell liquid in the product formulation had no additional benefits on methane mitigation.
Assuntos
Anacardium , Metano/metabolismo , Nitratos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Rúmen/química , Ovinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Dieta/veterinária , Masculino , Nitratos/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Ovinos/sangue , Ovinos/metabolismoRESUMO
Poor-quality roughages are widely used as fiber sources in concentrate-based diets for ruminants. Because roughage quality is associated with the efficiency of energy use in forage-based diets, the objective of this study was to determine whether differing the roughage source in concentrate-based diets could change the energy requirements of growing lambs. Eighty-four 1/2 Dorper × 1/2 Santa Inês ram lambs (18.0 ± 3.3 kg BW) were individually penned and divided into 2 groups according to primary source of dietary roughage: low-quality roughage (LQR; sugarcane bagasse) or medium-quality roughage (MQR; coastcross hay). Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (2.6% N) and to meet 20% of physically effective NDF. After a 10-d ad libitum adaptation period, 7 lambs from each group were randomly selected and slaughtered (baseline). Twenty-one lambs in each diet group were fed ad libitum and slaughtered at 25, 35, or 45 kg BW. The remaining 28 lambs (14 from each diet group) were submitted to 1 of 2 levels of feed restriction: 70% or 50% of the ad libitum intake. Retentions of body fat, N, and energy were determined. Additionally, 6 ram lambs (44.3 ± 5.6 kg BW) were kept in metabolic cages and used in a 6 × 6 Latin square experiment designed to establish the ME content of the 2 diets at the 3 levels of DM intake. There was no effect of intake level on diet ME content, but it was greater in the diet with LQR than in the diet with MQR (3.18 vs. 2.94 Mcal/kg, respectively; P < 0.01). Lambs fed the diet with LQR had greater body fat (g/kg of empty BW) and energy concentrations (kcal/kg of empty BW) because of a larger visceral fat deposition (P < 0.05). Using a low-quality roughage as a primary source of forage in a concentrate-based diet for growing lambs did not change NEm and the efficiency of ME use for maintenance, which averaged 71.6 kcal/kg(0.75) of shrunk BW and 0.63, respectively. On the other hand, the greater nonfibrous carbohydrate content of the diet with LQR resulted in a 17% better efficiency of ME use for gain (P < 0.01), which was associated with a greater partial efficiency of energy retention as fat (P < 0.01). This increased nutritional efficiency, however, should be viewed with caution because it is related to visceral fat deposition, a nonedible tissue.
Assuntos
Fibras na Dieta/análise , Digestão , Ingestão de Energia , Carneiro Doméstico/fisiologia , Ração Animal/análise , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Celulose/análise , Dieta/veterinária , Masculino , Distribuição Aleatória , Carneiro Doméstico/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional value of three sorghum cultivars with different concentrations of condensed tannins in sheep diets. Six adult sheep (LW=56kg) with rumen and duodenal fistulas were assigned to experimental groups using two 3x3 Latin Square designs. The diets were formulated using three sorghum cultivars: LTC (low-tannin cultivar), MTC (medium-tannin cultivar) and HTC (high-tannin cultivar). Microbial nitrogen (MN) concentration in the duodenum was measured using a 15N trace technique. LTC, MTC and HTC diets presented values of 788, 722 and 747 (SE=20.6) g kg-1 for dry matter digestibility and 633, 535 and 530 (SE=35.8) g/kg for crude protein digestibility. The LTC diet was significantly different from the other diets (P<0.05). The nitrogen balance was 145.5, 94.8 and 83.8g kg-1 (SE=13.0) for LTC, MTC and HTC, respectively, with LTC showing greater nitrogen retention (P<0.05). Values obtained for MN in the digesta were 301, 364 and 469 (SE=30.6) g kg-1 for LTC, MTC and HTC, respectively, and there was no statistical difference (P>0.05) between the diets. The presence of condensed tannins in the sorghum interfered with the sheep's nitrogen retention; however, the microbial protein supply to the duodenum of the animals was not inhibited.
O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o valor nutricional de três cultivares de sorgo com diferentes concentrações de tanino condensado em dietas de ovinos. Seis carneiros machos, adultos, castrados, canulados no rúmen e duodeno foram divididos em três grupos experimentais, em um delineamento em quadrado latino 3x3. Os tratamentos foram representados por três dietas experimentais contendo diferentes cultivares de grão de sorgo: LTC (cultivar com baixa concentração de tanino), MTC (cultivar com concentração média de tanino) e HTC (cultivar com concentração alta de tanino). As concentrações de nitrogênio de origem microbiana no duodeno (MN) foram mensuradas pela técnica de marcador isótopo estável 15N. As dietas LTC, MTC e HTC apresentaram valores de 788, 722 e 747g.kg-1 (EP=20,6) para a digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca e 633, 535 e 530g.kg-1 (EP=35,8) para a digestibilidade aparente da proteína bruta. A dieta LTC apresentou diferença significativa quando comparada às demais dietas para as avaliações de digestibilidade (P<0,05). Os valores encontrados para o balanço de nitrogênio foram de 145,5; 94,8 e 83,8g.kg-1 (EP=13,0) para LTC, MCT e LTC, respectivamente, sendo a dieta LTC a que apresentou maior retenção de nitrogênio (P<0,05). Os valores obtidos para MN na digesta foram de 301, 364 e 469 para LTC, MTC e HTC, respectivamente, e não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas (P>0,05). As diferentes concentrações de taninos condensados nos cultivares de sorgo resultaram em melhorias na digestibilidade e retenção de nitrogênio das dietas, entretanto o fluxo de proteína microbiana não foi inibido.
Assuntos
Animais , Imunidade Humoral/fisiologia , Metodologia como Assunto , Peixes/classificaçãoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional value of three sorghum cultivars with different concentrations of condensed tannins in sheep diets. Six adult sheep (LW=56kg) with rumen and duodenal fistulas were assigned to experimental groups using two 3x3 Latin Square designs. The diets were formulated using three sorghum cultivars: LTC (low-tannin cultivar), MTC (medium-tannin cultivar) and HTC (high-tannin cultivar). Microbial nitrogen (MN) concentration in the duodenum was measured using a 15N trace technique. LTC, MTC and HTC diets presented values of 788, 722 and 747 (SE=20.6) g kg-1 for dry matter digestibility and 633, 535 and 530 (SE=35.8) g/kg for crude protein digestibility. The LTC diet was significantly different from the other diets (P<0.05). The nitrogen balance was 145.5, 94.8 and 83.8g kg-1 (SE=13.0) for LTC, MTC and HTC, respectively, with LTC showing greater nitrogen retention (P<0.05). Values obtained for MN in the digesta were 301, 364 and 469 (SE=30.6) g kg-1 for LTC, MTC and HTC, respectively, and there was no statistical difference (P>0.05) between the diets. The presence of condensed tannins in the sorghum interfered with the sheep's nitrogen retention; however, the microbial protein supply to the duodenum of the animals was not inhibited.(AU)
O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o valor nutricional de três cultivares de sorgo com diferentes concentrações de tanino condensado em dietas de ovinos. Seis carneiros machos, adultos, castrados, canulados no rúmen e duodeno foram divididos em três grupos experimentais, em um delineamento em quadrado latino 3x3. Os tratamentos foram representados por três dietas experimentais contendo diferentes cultivares de grão de sorgo: LTC (cultivar com baixa concentração de tanino), MTC (cultivar com concentração média de tanino) e HTC (cultivar com concentração alta de tanino). As concentrações de nitrogênio de origem microbiana no duodeno (MN) foram mensuradas pela técnica de marcador isótopo estável 15N. As dietas LTC, MTC e HTC apresentaram valores de 788, 722 e 747g.kg-1 (EP=20,6) para a digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca e 633, 535 e 530g.kg-1 (EP=35,8) para a digestibilidade aparente da proteína bruta. A dieta LTC apresentou diferença significativa quando comparada às demais dietas para as avaliações de digestibilidade (P<0,05). Os valores encontrados para o balanço de nitrogênio foram de 145,5; 94,8 e 83,8g.kg-1 (EP=13,0) para LTC, MCT e LTC, respectivamente, sendo a dieta LTC a que apresentou maior retenção de nitrogênio (P<0,05). Os valores obtidos para MN na digesta foram de 301, 364 e 469 para LTC, MTC e HTC, respectivamente, e não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas (P>0,05). As diferentes concentrações de taninos condensados nos cultivares de sorgo resultaram em melhorias na digestibilidade e retenção de nitrogênio das dietas, entretanto o fluxo de proteína microbiana não foi inibido.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Imunidade Humoral/fisiologia , Metodologia como Assunto , Peixes/classificaçãoRESUMO
RESUMOObjetivou-se caracterizar Lotus corniculatus (cvs. São Gabriel e ARS 2620), L. uliginosus (cv. Maku) e L. subbiflorus (cv. El Rincón) quanto ao perfil fitoquímico, mediante a determinação dos teores de proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) e neutro (FDN), fenóis totais (FT), taninos totais (TT), taninos condensados (TC) e bioensaio. Na cv. São Gabriel foi, também, verificada a presença de flavonóides. As espécies foram cultivadas em vasos com substrato fértil e colhidas aos 258 dias de idade. Foram identificados flavonóides do tipo rutina e vitexina na cv. São Gabriel. Os teores de PB e FDN não variaram entre as espécies, e foram de 13,2 a 17,6% para PB e de 53,5 e 65,1% para FDN. Os teores de FDA variaram entre as espécies, com 34,7% (S. Gabriel), 31,4% (ARS 2620), 43,2% (Maku) e 41,7% (El Rincón). Os teores de TC e FT foram respectivamente: cv. São Gabriel: 1,99 e 2,88 g/kg; ARS 2620: 0,05 e 1,70 kg/kg; Maku: 0,34 e 2,50 g/kg; El Rincón: 1,67 e 1,27 g/kg. Na presença de polietilenoglicol (PEG) ocorreu maior produção de gás. O baixo teor de taninos indica a necessidade de investigação para verificar a interação genótipo x ambiente. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Fenóis. Flavonóides. Lotus corniculatus. L. subbiflorus. L. uliginosus. Taninos.
RESUMO
Objetivou-se caracterizar Lotus corniculatus (cvs. São Gabriel e ARS 2620), L. uliginosus (cv. Maku) e L. subbiflorus (cv. El Rincón) quanto ao perfil fitoquímico, mediante a determinação dos teores de proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) e neutro (FDN), fenóis totais (FT), taninos totais (TT), taninos condensados (TC) e bioensaio. As espécies foram cultivadas em vasos com substrato fértil e colhidas aos 258 dias de idade. Apenas na cv. São Gabriel foi testada a presença de flavonóides, comparando com amostras coletadas no campo. Os teores de PB e FDN não variaram entre as espécies, e foram de 13,2 a 17,6% para PB e de 53,5 e 65,1% para FDN. Os teores de FDA variaram entre as espécies, com 34,7% (S. Gabriel), 31,4% (ARS 2620), 43,2% (Maku) e 41,7% (El Rincón). Foram identificados flavonóides do tipo rutina e vitexina na cv. São Gabriel. Os teores de TC e FT foram respectivamente: cv. São Gabriel: 1,99 e 2,88 g/kg; ARS 2620: 0,05 e 1,70 kg/kg; Maku: 0,34 e 2,50 g/kg; El Rincón: 1,67 e 1,27 g/kg. Na presença de polietilenoglicol (PEG) ocorreu maior produção de gás. O baixo teor de taninos indica a necessidade de investigação para verificar a interação genótipo x ambiente.
Aimed to characterize Lotus corniculatus (cvs. São Gabriel and ARS 2620), L. uliginosus (cv. Maku) and L. subbiflorus (cv. El Rincón) on the phytochemical profile, by determining the levels of crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral (NDF), total phenolics (FT), total tannins (TT), tannins condensed (TC) and bioassay. The species were grown in pots filled with fertile substrate and harvested at 258 days of age. In cv. São Gabriel was also evaluated the presence of flavonoids, with samples of plants harvested in the field. The CP and NDF did not differ between species, and were 13.2 to 17.6% for CP and 53.5 and 65.1% for NDF. The ADF varied among species, with 34.7% (São Gabriel), 31.4% (ARS 2620), 43.2% (Maku) and 41.7% (El Rincón). There were identified flavonoids like rutin and vitexin in cv. São Gabriel. The levels of CT and FT were: cv. São Gabriel: 1.99 and 2.88 g/kg; ARS 2620: 0.05 and 1.70 kg/kg: Maku 0.34 and 2.50 g/kg: El Rincón: 1.67 and 1.27 g/kg. In the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) was higher gas production. The low tannin content indicates the need for research to verify the genotype x environment.
Assuntos
Fenóis/análise , Taninos/análise , Flavonoides/análise , Lotus/químicaRESUMO
Ten crossbred barrows weighting 20kg were allocated in five groups fed and on diets consisted of different total phosphorus (P) levels: 0.30 percent, 0.40 percent, 0.51 percent, 0.65 percent, and 0.73 percent. The animals were intravenously injected 7.4MBq of radioactive P (32P) and after seven days they were slaughtered for further analysis. The evaluated parameters were intake, excretion, specific activities, and flow of P in compartments (1-gut, 2-blood, 3-bone, and 4-soft tissue). Besides fecal losses, the kidneys played an import role in P regulation. The flows of P from tissue and gut to the blood were affected by P intake.
Foram usados 10 leitões machos castrados com média de peso vivo de 20kg, alojados em gaiolas metabólicas. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso e os tratamentos consistiram em níveis de fósforo (P) nas dietas: 0,30; 0,40; 0,51; 0,65 e 0,73 por cento. Os animais receberam injeção de 7,4 MBq de radiofósforo (32P) e após sete dias foram abatidos para posteriores análises. As variáveis avaliadas foram: ingestão, excreção, atividades específicas e fluxo de P nos compartimentos (1-trato digestivo, 2-corrente sanguínea, 3-tecidos moles e 4-ossos). Além das excreções fecais, os rins também representaram uma rota importante para a excreção do P. O fluxo de P dos tecidos e trato digestivo para o sangue não foi afetado pelo consumo de P. O modelo proposto foi eficiente para avaliar o fluxo de P.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Fósforo na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Fósforo na Dieta/farmacocinética , Metabolismo , Suínos/anatomia & histologia , Suínos/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Ten crossbred barrows weighting 20kg were allocated in five groups fed and on diets consisted of different total phosphorus (P) levels: 0.30 percent, 0.40 percent, 0.51 percent, 0.65 percent, and 0.73 percent. The animals were intravenously injected 7.4MBq of radioactive P (32P) and after seven days they were slaughtered for further analysis. The evaluated parameters were intake, excretion, specific activities, and flow of P in compartments (1-gut, 2-blood, 3-bone, and 4-soft tissue). Besides fecal losses, the kidneys played an import role in P regulation. The flows of P from tissue and gut to the blood were affected by P intake.(AU)
Foram usados 10 leitões machos castrados com média de peso vivo de 20kg, alojados em gaiolas metabólicas. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso e os tratamentos consistiram em níveis de fósforo (P) nas dietas: 0,30; 0,40; 0,51; 0,65 e 0,73 por cento. Os animais receberam injeção de 7,4 MBq de radiofósforo (32P) e após sete dias foram abatidos para posteriores análises. As variáveis avaliadas foram: ingestão, excreção, atividades específicas e fluxo de P nos compartimentos (1-trato digestivo, 2-corrente sanguínea, 3-tecidos moles e 4-ossos). Além das excreções fecais, os rins também representaram uma rota importante para a excreção do P. O fluxo de P dos tecidos e trato digestivo para o sangue não foi afetado pelo consumo de P. O modelo proposto foi eficiente para avaliar o fluxo de P.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Fósforo na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Fósforo na Dieta/farmacocinética , Metabolismo , Suínos/anatomia & histologia , Suínos/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
The effect of tannins on endoparasite control in hair sheep was investigated using 20 entire lambs of the Santa Inês breed. At the beginning of the experiment these animals were 6-months old and weighed 22.5kg+/-4.7. The treatments used were (10 animals each): GT (animals receiving 18g of Acácia negra containing 18% of condensed tannin/animal/week) and GC (animals not receiving tannin). The experiment lasted 84 days, with animals kept on an Andropogon gayanus pasture. Faeces were collected weekly, with weighing and blood collection carried out fortnightly. At slaughter, the adult worms were harvested for identification and counting. Although the GT animals weighed more than the GC lambs at slaughter, these differences were not significant (P>0.05). In general, the values for haemoglobin, hematocrit, total protein, urea, phosphorus and calcium in the serum were within normal levels and no significant differences between groups were observed. For faecal egg count (FEC), lower values were observed throughout the experiment in the group receiving tannin, but these differences were only significant in the eighth week. There was a lower output of eggs by regression for GT compared with GC (P<0.05). The species identified, in decreasing order of worm count, were: Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Haemonchus contortus, Oesophagostomum columbianum, Cooperia sp., Strongyloides papillosus, Trichuris globulosa and Moniezia expansa. The total worm count and number of each species of worm were lower for GT compared with GC for T. colubriformis and Cooperia sp. (P<0.05). Condensed tannin (CT) from A. negra had an antiparasitic effect, thereby representing an alternative for worm control in sheep.
Assuntos
Acacia/química , Anti-Helmínticos/uso terapêutico , Helmintíase Animal/tratamento farmacológico , Fitoterapia/veterinária , Doenças dos Ovinos/tratamento farmacológico , Taninos/uso terapêutico , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Masculino , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas/veterinária , Controle Biológico de Vetores , Fitoterapia/métodos , Distribuição Aleatória , Ovinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Especificidade da Espécie , Resultado do Tratamento , Aumento de PesoRESUMO
The effect of Haemonchus contortus infection in sheep fed with a moderate and high protein content diet was evaluated in two breeds of sheep. Forty-eight Ile de France and Santa Ines lambs were maintained indoors since birth, in worm-free conditions. The lambs were allocated after weaning in four groups of six animals per breed, which were either infected or remain uninfected and given access to either a moderately or highly metabolizable protein diet. The moderately and highly metabolizable protein diets were calculated to supply 75 and 129 g metabolizable protein per kg of dry matter (MP/kg DM), respectively. The infection consisted of a trickle infection with 300 infective larvae, three times a week, for 12 weeks. Significant differences were observed for mast cell, globule leukocyte and eosinophil counts in the abomasal mucosa of the infected groups compared to the control of both breeds (P<0.05), regardless of the diet supplied. Significantly higher IgA anti-L5 antibody was detected in the infected Santa Ines groups than in the infected Ile de France groups (P<0.05). Increased metabolizable protein supply resulted in larger body weight gain and higher packed cell volumes for both breeds (P<0.05). Both breeds showed an increased ability to withstand the pathophysiological effects of H. contortus infection when given access to the highly metabolizable protein diet. However, increased metabolizable protein supply resulted in reduced worm burdens in Santa Ines lambs but not in the Ile de France lambs (P<0.05). The present results show that the increase in protein content in growing lamb diets may benefit resistance and resilience to gastrointestinal parasites but that these benefits may vary among breeds.
Assuntos
Proteínas Alimentares/administração & dosagem , Gastroenteropatias/veterinária , Hemoncose/veterinária , Haemonchus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Doenças dos Ovinos/parasitologia , Abomaso/parasitologia , Animais , Contagem de Células Sanguíneas/veterinária , Peso Corporal/fisiologia , Proteínas Alimentares/imunologia , Proteínas Alimentares/metabolismo , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterinária , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Mucosa Gástrica/parasitologia , Gastroenteropatias/imunologia , Gastroenteropatias/metabolismo , Gastroenteropatias/parasitologia , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Hemoncose/metabolismo , Hemoncose/parasitologia , Hematócrito/veterinária , Histamina/análise , Histocitoquímica/veterinária , Modelos Lineares , Masculino , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/imunologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/metabolismoRESUMO
Eleven male two-month-old Holstein calves were used to determine the pathological changes induced by a Cooperia punctata infection. After weaning, ten calves received a single oral dose of 45,000 C. punctata infective larvae. One calf remained as a non-infected control. Groups of two calves were killed on days 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 post-infection (p.i.) for determination of worm burdens and histopathological evaluation. The small intestine was sub-divided into three sections of approximately equal length, and representative samples of mucosa were fixed in 10% formalin, cut, and stained with haematoxylin-eosin. Samples of intestinal contents and mucosal digests were taken and fixed in 10% formalin for an estimation of total worm burdens. An increase in the number of adult parasites and a decrease in the number of larvae were observed with time (P<0.001). A higher concentration of worms was found in the first segment of the small intestine during the five weeks of observation. Histology showed larvae in the intestinal mucosa on day 7 p.i., with a discrete increase in the cellular response. Adult worms and a marked cellular infiltrate with eosinophils and neutrophils were present on day 21 p.i., and these persisted until day 35 p.i. Microcysts resulting from worm destruction were observed from day 21 p.i.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/patologia , Tricostrongiloidíase/patologia , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Mucosa Intestinal/parasitologia , Mucosa Intestinal/patologia , Intestino Delgado/parasitologia , Intestino Delgado/patologia , Masculino , Tricostrongiloidíase/parasitologia , Trichostrongylus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Trichostrongylus/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Objetivou-se estudar o fluxo do fósforo (P) de diferentes fontes de fosfatos, em bovinos. Para avaliaçäo matemática das trocas de P entre os compartimentos fisiológicos ou antômicos foi usado um modelo dividido em trato digestivo, sangue e ossos mais tecidos moles. Concluiu-se que o P do fosfato bicálcico é melhor absorvido pelos bovinos do que o dos fosfatos Patos de Minas e Tapira. As fontes de P, fosfatos bicálcico, Patos de Minas e Tapira, näo interferiram na incorporaçäo de P no osso e tecidos moles e o fluxo de P do trato digestivo para o sangue e deste para o trato digestivo, em bovinos, aumentaram com a absorçäo desse mineral
Assuntos
Masculino , Animais , Bovinos , Metabolismo , FosfatosRESUMO
Objetivou-se estudar o fluxo do fósforo (P) de diferentes fontes de fosfatos, em bovinos. Para avaliação matemática das trocas de P entre os compartimentos fisiológicos ou antômicos foi usado um modelo dividido em trato digestivo, sangue e ossos mais tecidos moles. Concluiu-se que o P do fosfato bicálcico é melhor absorvido pelos bovinos do que o dos fosfatos Patos de Minas e Tapira. As fontes de P, fosfatos bicálcico, Patos de Minas e Tapira, não interferiram na incorporação de P no osso e tecidos moles e o fluxo de P do trato digestivo para o sangue e deste para o trato digestivo, em bovinos, aumentaram com a absorção desse mineral (AU)
The experiment was designed to evaluate the phosphorus (P) flow from different phosphate sources, in cattle. The mathematical evaluation of P changes between the physiologic or anatomical compartments, was based on model with digestive tract, blood and bones plus soft tissue. It was concluded that P from dicalcium phosphate in cattle was better absorbed than P from Patos de Minas and Tapira phosphates. Dicalcium, Patos de Minas and Tapira phosphates did not interfere with P accretion in bone and soft tissues, and the bi-directional P flow from digestive tract for the central pool in cattle increased with P absorption. (AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Fosfatos , MetabolismoRESUMO
The effect of increasing phosphorus (P) intake on P utilization was investigated in balance experiments using 12 Saanen goats, 4 to 5 mo of age and weighing 20 to 30 kg. The goats were given similar diets with various concentrations of P, and 32P was injected to trace the movement of P in the body. A P metabolism model with four pools was developed to compute P exchanges in the system. The results showed that P absorption, bone resorption, and excretion of urinary P and endogenous and fecal P all play a part in the homeostatic control of P. Endogenous fecal output was positively correlated to P intake (P < .01). Bone resorption of P was not influenced by intake of P, and P recycling from tissues to the blood pool was lesser for low P intake. Endogenous P loss occurred even in animals fed an inadequate P diet, resulting in a negative P balance. The extrapolated minimum endogenous loss in feces was .067 g of P/d. The minimum P intake for maintenance in Saanen goats was calculated to be .61 g of P/d or .055 g of P/(kg(.75) x d) at 25 kg BW. Model outputs indicate greater P flow from the blood pool to the gut and vice versa as P intake increased. Intake of P did not significantly affect P flow from bone and soft tissue to blood. The kinetic model and regressions could be used to estimate P requirement and the fate of P in goats and could also be extrapolated to both sheep and cattle.
Assuntos
Cabras/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fósforo/farmacocinética , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Bovinos , Ingestão de Alimentos , Fezes/química , Feminino , Cabras/metabolismo , Cinética , Masculino , Modelos BiológicosRESUMO
De maio de 1996 a abril de 1998, avaliou-se a dinâmica do parasitismo pelo Boophilus microplus em 20 novilhas mestiças, submetidas ao manejo de rotaçao em piquetes de capim-elefante. Os animais, pesados a cada seis meses, foram distribuídos em dois grupos de 10, sendo realizados tratamentos acaricidas em um deles (grupo tratado). As curvas de infestaçäo nos grupos controle e tratado apresentaram padröes semelhantes, com picos de parasitismo ocorrendo na mesma época. A menor carga parasitária ocorreu no inverno. Na primavera houve um grande pico de infestaçäo por carrapatos, seguido de outro maior em fevereiro. A partir do outono, a carga parasitária declinou naturalmente. Näo se obteve associaçäo entre a dinâmica da infestaçäo pelo B. microplus e variáveis climáticas analisadas (P>0,05). Näo houve diferença estatística entre as médias de peso dos dois lotes (P>0,05). Observou-se que os picos de fêmeas ingurgitadas nos bovinos corresponderam às quedas nos valores de hemoglobina nestes animais (P<0,01). A dinâmica do parasitismo pelo B. microplus em bovinos sob manejo de rotaçäo de pastagens de capim-elefante mostrou-se semelhante a outros trabalhos conduzidos sob manejo convencional sem o uso de rotaçäo