RESUMO

SUMMARY: The aim of the study was to determine the number and anatomical configuration of roots and root canals of maxillary first and second premolars using cone-beam computed tomography scans. n273 CBCT scans were evaluated, obtaining a sample of 592 maxillary premolars. Root number and root canal anatomy were categorized using Ahmed´s classification. Data was analyzed using Pearson's Chi-squared test. Two roots were present on 157 first premolars, one root in 132 premolars and three roots in 17. Second premolars presented one root in 266 samples and two roots in 20; no second premolars presented three roots. Eight different configurations were found; the most frequent was 2MP B1 P1 in first premolars (51,3 %) and 1MP1 (63.6 %) in second premolars. The most frequent morphology found in maxillary premolars in Chilean population was two and three roots. The analysis of internal anatomy using CBCT revealed a highly variable distribution of root canals, generally of low to medium complexity, similar to what is found in other ethnic groups.

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RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el número y la configuración de raíces y canales radiculares de primeros y segundos premolares maxilares utilizado tomografía computacional de haz cónico. 273 TCHC fueron evaluados, obtenido una muestra de 592 premolares maxilares. El número de raíces y la anatomía de los canales radiculares fueron categorizados utilizando la clasificación de Ahmed. Los datos fueron analizados con la prueba Chi- Cuadrado de Pearson. Dos raíces fueron observadas en 157 primeros presentaron una raíz en 266 muestras y dos raíces en 20; no se encontraron tres raíces en segundos premolares. Ocho diferentes configuraciones fueron encontradas; siendo la más frecuente 2MP B1 P1 en primeros premolares (51,3 %) y 1MP1 (63,6 %) en segundos premolares. La morfología radicular más frecuentemente encontrada en premolares de población Chilena fue de dos y tres raíces. El análisis de la anatomía interna usando TCHC mostró una gran variabilidad de en la distribución de los canales radiculares. Generalmente de mediana y baja complejidad como los encontrados en otros grupos etnicos.

Assuntos

Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Adulto Jovem , Raiz Dentária/diagnóstico por imagem , Dente Pré-Molar/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomografia Computadorizada de Feixe Cônico , Maxila/diagnóstico por imagem , Raiz Dentária/anatomia & histologia , Dente Pré-Molar/anatomia & histologia , Estudos Transversais , Maxila/anatomia & histologia

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to assess the number and anatomical classification of roots and root canals of first and second mandibular molars using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in a Chilean population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study evaluated the CBCT scans of 289 patients aged between 14 and 86 years, obtaining a sample of 1022 mandibular first and second molars. The number of roots and root canals was evaluated according to the anatomical classification proposed by Ahmed in 2016. Data were analysed using Pearson's chi-squared test and ANOVA. RESULTS: Nine hundred fifty-one (93.05%) molars had two roots, while the remaining 71 (6.95%) molars had one root. The most frequent root and root canal morphologies found were: ²MM M² D¹ (29.65%), ²MM M²â»¹ D¹ (22.3%) and ²MM M¹ D¹ (13.4%) (M - mesial, D - distal), with a total of 32 different anatomical distributions. C-shaped canals were present in 56 molars and were more frequently found in women than in men (7.1% vs. 3.88%; p = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of internal anatomy using CBCT revealed a highly variable distribution of root canals. The most frequent morphology found in mandibular molars in a Chilean population was two roots and three canals.

Assuntos

Cavidade Pulpar/anatomia & histologia , Dente Molar/anatomia & histologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Tomografia Computadorizada de Feixe Cônico , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Mandíbula , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem

RESUMO

The aim of this study was to assess the morphology of the mesial root canal system of maxillary molars and the frequency of MB2 canals using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). A total of 1374 teeth, first maxillary (1MS, n= 802) and second maxillary molars (2SM, n= 572) of 508 Chilean patients between 8 to 77 years were evaluated through CBCT. The mesiobuccal root was evaluated in all three thirds. Root canal morphology was classified according to Vertucci's method. Data were analyzed by Pearson's Chi-square and Cuzick trend tests. MB2 canal frequency in 1MS was 73.44% and in 2MS 42.48%. The most frequent morphology in 1MS and 2MS were Vertucci type II and I, respectively. No statistically significant association was found between frequencies and side or according to gender (P>0.05). A positive association was found as the age increased in both 1MS and 2MS (P<0.001 and P= 0.023, respectively). Given the anatomical complexity of the mesiobuccal root and the frequent presence of the MB2 canal, the clinician must assume the existence of two canals in this root. CBCT scanning is a good way to initially identify this canal in the different root thirds.

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Determinar la morfología del sistema de canales de la raíz mesial de molares maxilares y la frecuencia del canal MB2 usando tomografía computadorizada de haz cónico (TCHC). Un total de 1374 dientes, primeros molares maxilares (1MS, n= 802) y segundos molares maxilares (2MS, n= 572) de 508 pacientes Chilenos entre 8 y 77 años fueron evaluados a través de la TCHC. Se evaluó la raíz mesiobucal en todos sus tercio. La clasificación de Vertucci fue utilizada para determinar la morfología del sistema de canales. Los datos fueron analizados con los test Chi-Cuadrado de Pearson y la prueba de tendencia de Cuzick. La frecuencia del canal MB2 para el 1MS fue 73,44% y el 2MS 42,48%. La morfología mas frecuente en el 1MS y 2MS fueron el tipo II y I de Vertucci, respectivamente. No se encontró asociación significativa entre la frecuencia y el lado o sexo (p>0,005). Una asociación positive fue encontrada a medida que aumentaba la edad en ambos 1MS y 2MS (p<0,001 y p= 0,023, respectivamente). Dada la complejidad de la anatomía de la raíz mesiobucal y la frecuente presencia del canal MB2, el clínico debe asumir la existencia de dos canales en esta raíz. La TCHC es una buena manera de identificar tempranamente el canal en los diferentes tercio radiculares.

Assuntos

Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Dente Molar/anatomia & histologia , Dente Molar/diagnóstico por imagem , Raiz Dentária/anatomia & histologia , Raiz Dentária/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomografia Computadorizada de Feixe Cônico , Maxila

RESUMO

Information regarding the anatomy of the physiological apical foramen is limited. Knowing its diameter and shapes contributes to clinical work, specifically to the cleaning and shaping of the apical third. The aim of this ex vivo study was to determine the minimum and maximum diameters and shape of the physiological apical foramen in the roots of maxillary and mandibular first molars. A descriptive study was conducted on 89 recently extracted first molars. Roots 3-5 mm from the apex were sectioned and prepared for analysis at 40x magnification. The minimum and maximum diameters of each physiological foramen were measured using the program Motic Images plus 2.0 ML. The shape of the foramina, classified as round, oval or irregular, was determined by the difference between the maximum and minimum diameters. A total of 174 physiological foramina were analyzed. The average of the minimum and maximum diameters was between 0.24-0.33 mm in maxillary first molars and between 0.25-0.33 mm in mandibular first molars. In maxillary molars, the most common shape of the foramen was oval (50%), then irregular (32%), then round (18%). In mandibular molars, the oval shape was also the most frequent (59%), followed by irregular (23%) and round (18%). The findings of this study regarding the morphology of physiological apical foramina in first molars make it easier for the operator to choose the appropriately-sized instruments to perform endodontic therapy successfully.

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La información relacionada a la anatomía del foramen fisiológico apical es limitada. Conocer su diámetro y forma contribuye al trabajo clínico, específicamente en los procedimientos de limpieza y conformación del tercio apical. El objetivo de este estudio ex vivo fue determinar los diámetros menor, mayor y la forma del foramen fisiológico apical en las raíces de primeros molares maxilares y mandibulares. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo sobre 89 primeros molares recientemente extraídos. Se seccionaron las raíces a 3­5 mm del ápice y fueron preparadas para su análisis bajo magnificación de 40X. Se midieron los diámetros mayor y menor de cada foramen fisiológico mediante el programa Motic Images plus 2.0 ML. La forma de los forámenes fue determinada de acuerdo a la diferencia entre diámetro mayor y menor, clasificándose como redondo, oval o irregular. Un total de 174 forámenes fisiológicos fueron analizados. El promedio del diámetro menor y mayor fue entre 0,24­0,33 mm en primeros molares maxilares y entre 0,25­0,33 mm en primeros molares mandibulares. En molares maxilares, la forma del foramen más común fue la oval (50%), luego irregular (32%) y redonda (18%). En molares mandibulares, la forma oval también fue la más frecuente (59%), seguida por la irregular (23%) y redonda (18%). Los hallazgos de este estudio en relación a morfología de los forámenes fisiológicos apicales en primeros molares, permite al operador facilitar la elección de instrumentos del calibre adecuado para realizar con éxito la terapia endodóntica.

Assuntos

Humanos , Ápice Dentário/anatomia & histologia , Dente Molar/anatomia & histologia , Mandíbula , Maxila

RESUMO

Information regarding the anatomy of the physiological apical foramen is limited. Knowing its diameter and shapes contributes to clinical work, specifically to the cleaning and shaping of the apical third. The aim of this ex vivo study was to determine the minimum and maximum diameters and shape of the physiological apical foramen in the roots of maxillary and mandibular first molars. A descriptive study was conducted on 89 recently extracted first molars. Roots 3-5 mm from the apex were sectioned and prepared for analysis at 40× magnification. The minimum and maximum diameters of each physiological foramen were measured using the program Motic Images plus 2.0 ML. The shape of the foramina, classified as round, oval or irregular, was determined by the difference between the maximum and minimum diameters. A total of 174 physiological foramina were analyzed. The average of the minimum and maximum diameters was between 0.24-0.33 mm in maxillary first molars and between 0.25-0.33 mm in mandibular first molars. In maxillary molars, the most common shape of the foramen was oval (50%), then irregular (32%), then round (18%). In mandibular molars, the oval shape was also the most frequent (59%), followed by irregular (23%) and round (18%). The findings of this study regarding the morphology of physiological apical foramina in first molars make it easier for the operator to choose the appropriately-sized instruments to perform endodontic therapy successfully.

RESUMO

Los estudios epidemiológicos muestran una clara relación entre el nivel educativo y la presencia de deterioro cognitivo en poblaciones envejecidas. En nuestro medio no existen investigaciones que aborden esta problemática por lo que pretendemos realizar una primera aproximación a las consecuencias del envejecimiento y el bajo nivel educativo sobre los procesos cognitivos. Para esto evaluamos a 280 sujetos adultos mayores de tres distritos de la ciudad Arequipa con el Examen Mental Abreviado (Mini Mental) y un cuestionario de variables sociodemográficas. Nuestros resultados muestran una relación significativa entre la edad y el deterioro cognitivo observándose puntajes más bajos en sujetos con mayor edad; además observamos que los sujetos con mayor nivel educativo muestran puntajes más altos. Estas primeras aproximaciones al deterioro cognitivo en nuestro medio ponen de relieve la importancia de la implementación de políticas socioeducativas eficaces que permitan el acceso a la educación a la mayoría de nuestra población.

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The epidemiologic studies of cognitive decline show a clear relationship between the educational level and the presence of cognitive deterioration in aged populations. In our city there are not investigations that approach this problem for what we try to carry out a first approach to the consequences of the aging and the educational low-level on the cognitive processes. For this we evaluated 280 old age fellows of three districts of the city of Arequipa with the Mini Mental State Examination and a questionnaire of sociodemographic variables. Our results show a significant relationship between the age and the cognitive deterioration being observed in lower score in subject with more age; we also observe that those subject with more educational level show higher score. These first approaches to the cognitive deterioration in our city put of relief the importance of the implementation of effective political programs that allow the access to the education to most of our population.

Assuntos

Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Idoso , Envelhecimento , Demência/epidemiologia , Transtornos Cognitivos/epidemiologia , Escolaridade , Entrevista Psiquiátrica Padronizada , Peru/epidemiologia , Inquéritos e Questionários

RESUMO

The expression of mesencephalic brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been shown to be regulated by dopaminergic neuronal functioning and glutamate receptors (GluRs). In turn, BDNF participates in the regulation of mesencephalic GluRs' expression. In the present study we analyzed, using semi-quantitative RT-PCR, the effect of BDNF as well as of the GluRs agonists NMDA and trans-(+/-)-1-Amino-(1S,3R)-cyclopentane dicarboxylic acid (t-ACPD), on the expression levels of the NMDA GluR subunit 1 (NR1) mRNA, using rat cultured mesencephalic neurons. In the course of this study, a novel rat mRNA splice variant of NR1 was identified. This new NR1 mRNA isoform is characterized by the insertion of an 82 base pair intron containing an inframe stop codon, thus predicting the expression of a putative truncated protein of 465 amino acids. The RT-PCR and in situ hybridization reveals that the novel NR1 mRNA is expressed in various brain regions of the rat embryo, whereas no expression was detected in the adult rat brain. The modulation of the novel NR1 mRNA isoform by both BDNF and the metabotropic GluR agonist t-ACPD, suggests that the resulting putative NR1 truncated protein may be relevant in the regulatory network of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the developing central nervous system.

Assuntos

Processamento Alternativo/genética , Química Encefálica/genética , Encéfalo/embriologia , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo/farmacologia , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Clonagem Molecular , Cicloleucina/análogos & derivados , Cicloleucina/farmacologia , Feminino , Hibridização In Situ , Mesencéfalo/citologia , Mesencéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Mesencéfalo/metabolismo , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Gravidez , RNA Mensageiro/biossíntese , RNA Mensageiro/isolamento & purificação , Ratos , Receptor trkB/agonistas , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/agonistas , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Since the early days, liver transplantation (OLT) has conquered several barriers worldwide to become a proven therapy. We assessed the evolution of our adult liver transplant program. METHODS: We studied all adult patients who underwent OLT since the inception from November 1993 through May 2003. Donor data, recipient pretransplantation evaluation, surgical technique, results, and costs were examined over our evolution, stratifying 3 groups over time, based on the number of adult OLT per year. RESULTS: Between November 1993 and May 2003, 70 OLT were performed in 64 patients older than 15 years of age. Preoperative Child score, preoperative creatinine level, donor and recipient age, and proportion of emergencies were similar in the 3 groups. Over time, the predominant surgical technique was the piggyback technique (97% of OLT) with a decrease in the use of bypass from 63% to 5% during the last time period. Over the 10 years of our program's existence, warm ischemia time has been reduced to less than 1 hour, whereas cold ischemia time has remained constant at around 5 hours. Biliary and vascular complications decreased over time to around 10%. The mean length of hospital stay (LOS) decreased to 12 days (excluding emergencies). Since inception, our 1-year patient survival rate average is 91%; however, in just the last 3 years of our program (2000 through 2003), the 1-year patient survival rate is 97%. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, our surgical technique has evolved toward piggyback use without veno-venous bypass with a significant decrease in warm ischemia times. As expected, our results have improved over time and our LOS and costs have decreased. Finally, our current results are similar to the best ones reported in the medical literature today.

Assuntos

Transplante de Fígado/estatística & dados numéricos , Doadores de Tecidos/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Chile , Creatinina/sangue , Humanos , Transplante de Fígado/métodos , Transplante de Fígado/fisiologia , Resultado do Tratamento

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Some groups have reported early extubation post-liver transplantation in patients with previously defined criteria, in an attempt to shorten the ICU stay and decrease costs. We review our experience with trends in mechanical ventilation and resource utilization. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the length of mechanical ventilation, ICU stay, hospital stay, transfusions, and costs of liver transplants performed since the program's inception in 1993 and 2002 including 82 OLT in 71 patients. We also report our experience with immediate postoperative extubation, which we have done from October to December of 2002. We compare different periods: the early days (1993 to 1997), namely, fewer than 10 OLT per year, with the subsequent years assessed individually. RESULTS: There has been a progressive decrease over time in the length of mechanical ventilation, ICU stay, hospital stay, and costs. Since the program's inception actuarial adult patient 1- and 5-year survival rates were 88.7% and 78%, respectively. The 1-year survival rate increased to 97% during the period of 2000 to 2002 (n = 30). From October to the present, we extubated four of seven adult patients who met criteria with none of them requiring reintubation. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate improved results, decreased length of mechanical ventilation, ICU, and hospital stay, and costs. The immediate postoperative extubation may be feasible for patients who meet previously defined criteria.

Assuntos

Transplante de Fígado/métodos , Respiração Artificial/tendências , Transfusão de Sangue/estatística & dados numéricos , Chile , Humanos , Tempo de Internação , Respiração Artificial/métodos , Estudos Retrospectivos

Assuntos

Humanos , Anestesia , Hepatopatias/cirurgia , Hepatopatias/fisiopatologia , Transplante de Fígado , Período Intraoperatório

RESUMO

La vasectomía es una técnica simple y eficiente en el objetivo de controlar la natalidad por medios quirúrgicos en el varón. Nosotros estudiamos a pacientes fértiles que deseaban ser sometidos a esta técnica con el fin de regular su natalidad en forma definitiva. Los espermiogramas post operatorios a la semana, dos semanas y al mes, demostraron presencia de espermios pero de escasa motilidad con lo cual concluimos que el efecto esterilizador de la vasectomía es inmediato, independientemente del número de espermios encontrados.

Assuntos

Humanos , Masculino , Vasectomia/estatística & dados numéricos , Vasectomia/tendências , Fertilidade

RESUMO

To determine the effects of a vegetarian diet with avocado as a source of monounsaturated fat on serum lipids, thirteen patients with phenotype II (twelve with IIa and one with IIb) dyslipidemia were included in a prospective, transversal and comparative study in which three four-week diets randomly assigned were assessed. One vegetarian diet (ALVD) was composed of 70% carbohydrates, 10% proteins and 20% lipids. Another was composed of 60% carbohydrates, 10% proteins and 30% lipids, 75% of which was supplied by avocado (AVD). A third diet was an avocado-added free diet (FDWA). Body weight, body mass index (BMI), and serum lipids (total cholesterol (TC), high (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglycerides (TG)) were evaluated. AVD produced a significant decrease in LDL. ALVD did not change TC and LDL, while FDWA increased them slightly. The three diets reduced TG levels, but only ALVD did so significantly. All three diets reduced HDL levels, particularly ALVD, which produced the greatest reduction. Low-fat, carbohydrate-rich vegetarian diets may be harmful to hypercholesterolemic patients. The avocado addition to a vegetarian diet does not correct these undesirable effects. To obtain beneficial effects on lipid profile with avocado, lower amounts of carbohydrates and polyunsaturated fatty acids are probably needed.

Assuntos

Dieta Vegetariana , Hiperlipoproteinemia Tipo II/dietoterapia , Lauraceae , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Hiperlipoproteinemia Tipo II/sangue , Lipídeos/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos

RESUMO

Leptospirosis is a world-spread zoonosis that is incidentally acquired by humans. It causes a diphasic febrile illness in which the Weil syndrome is its severest form, with renal, hepatic, clotting and central nervous system involvement. We report a 73 years old male, that was admitted to an intensive care unit with multiple organ failure due to leptospirosis. The clinical picture initially resembled a sepsis due to biliary tract obstruction and was operated, not finding a biliary tract obstruction. Considering the history of a fall to sewed waters, leptospirosis was suspected and treatment with penicillin was started, obtaining a full recovery of the patient.

Assuntos

Leptospirose/complicações , Insuficiência de Múltiplos Órgãos/etiologia , Dor Abdominal , Idoso , Colestase/cirurgia , Cuidados Críticos , Erros de Diagnóstico , Hemodiafiltração , Humanos , Leptospirose/diagnóstico , Leptospirose/terapia , Masculino , Insuficiência de Múltiplos Órgãos/diagnóstico , Insuficiência de Múltiplos Órgãos/cirurgia , Penicilinas/uso terapêutico , Prognóstico , Respiração Artificial , Insuficiência Respiratória , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X

RESUMO

To demonstrate the bioequivalence of two terfenadine formulations, a clinical-equivalence trial was performed. The antihistaminic's ability to prevent the response to intradermal histaminic challenge was herein assessed. Twelve healthy volunteers underwent a randomized, double blind, cross over trial with seven-day treatments. Dermal response to histamine concentrations of 0, 1, 2, 5 and 10 mcg was determined by measuring the wheal produced on the deltoid area. Measurements were made 72 hours prior to terfenadine administration, 1 hour after the first dose and 11 hours after second and last doses of each treatment. Both formulations showed the same latency, extent and duration in protective effect against histaminic challenge. This confirms the clinical equivalence of the two formulations and suggests that they have a similar bioavailability.

Assuntos

Histamina , Terfenadina/farmacocinética , Adulto , Testes de Provocação Brônquica , Estudos Cross-Over , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Histamina/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Injeções Intradérmicas , Masculino , Equivalência Terapêutica , Fatores de Tempo

RESUMO

A superfusion system was used to study the effects of dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists on spontaneous and stimulus-evoked release of d-[(3)H]aspartic acid preaccumulated by slices of rat substantia nigra. Electrical field stimulation (20 Hz, 1.0 V, 2 min) produced a 2.4-fold increase in d[(3)H]aspartate release from nigral slices. Omission of Ca(2+) and increasing Mg(2+) to 12 mM, or addition of tetrodotoxin (0.1 ?M) to the superfusion medium, substantially blocked d-[(3)H]aspartate release induced by electrical stimulation. Apomorphine (50-100 ?M), a dopamine receptor agonist, significantly enhanced the Ca(2+)-dependent, electrically-evoked release of d-[(3)H]aspartate from nigral slices. Other dopamine receptor ligands, such as 2-amino-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (100 ?M), also enhanced the stimulus-evoked release of the [(3)H]amino acid regardless of whether the stimuli applied were electrical or chemical. None of the dopamine receptor agonists tested were able to modify the spontaneous release of d-[(3)H]aspartate. Haloperidol (25 ?M) and (+) butaclamol (10 ?M), two well known dopamine receptor antagonist, had no effect on stimulus-evoked release of d-[(3)H]aspartate from nigral slices but they completely prevented the apomorphine (50 ?M)-mediated enhancement of stimulus-evoked release of [(3)H]amino acid. In contrast, (?) butaclamol, which is devoid of dopamine receptor blocking properties, had no effect on stimulus-evoked or on apomorphine-mediated facilitation of evoked-release of d-[(3)H]aspartate. The results shown support the idea that activation of nigral dopamine receptors may facilitate the Ca(2+)-dependent, depolarization induced-release of excitatory amino acid transmitters from neuronal structures in substantia nigra. The proposition is made that some of these dopamine receptors might be located in cortico-nigral nerve terminals.

RESUMO

The effects and pharmacokinetic parameters of two oral formulations of nifedipine, 10 mg capsule (Adaltat) and 20 mg slow release tablet (Adalat a.p.). With the 10 mg capsule nifedipine was rapidly absorbed, reaching a maximum concentration of 120 +/- 39 ng/ml in 0.52 +/- 0.07 h, and also rapidly eliminated with an apparent halflife of 5.51 +/- 0.64 h. A fall in blood pressure and a raise in heart rate, that significantly correlated with plasma levels, were observed. 83% of the subjects reported headache, that was probably due to the sudden increase in plasma levels. With the 20 mg slow release tablet nifedipine absorption was slower, reaching a maximum concentration of 39 +/- 7 ng/ml in 1.82 +/- 0.43 h, and the apparent half-life (16.89 +/- 3.14 h) was longer than with the capsule. A fall in blood pressure was observed that significantly correlated with plasma levels; however, there was no significant correlation between these and changes in heart rate. Only 17% of the subjects reported headache. Pharmacokinetic data indicate that, in most subjects, nifedipine therapeutics plasma levels (over 15 ng/ml) can be maintained with the administration of a 20 mg slow release tablet every 12 hours. This, joined to the reduction in side effects, suggest that this formulation is the adequate alternative in chronic treatments with nifedipine, such as arterial hypertension.

Assuntos

Nifedipino/farmacocinética , Administração Oral , Adulto , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Cápsulas , Química Farmacêutica , Preparações de Ação Retardada , Feminino , Frequência Cardíaca/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Masculino , Nifedipino/sangue , Nifedipino/farmacologia , Comprimidos

RESUMO

Recent studies have demonstrated the existence of cortico-nigral fibers in the brain which may use L-glutamic or L-aspartic acid as their transmitters. Such cortico-nigral neuronal pathway seems to functionally interact with intrinsic neuronal systems in substantia nigra (SN) by first activating different subtypes of excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors. Particularly interesting are results showing that activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype receptor may evoke the Ca(2+)-dependent release of dopamine from dendrites of nigro-striatal neurons. In addition, NMDA and other EAA receptors may influence the functional activity of gabaergic, glycinergic and peptidergic neurons located in SN. Acidic aminoacid-containing neurons in SN may thus play a pivotal role in determining the outflow information from SN to caudal motor-related as well as rostral limbic-related areas in the brain.

Assuntos

Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Neurônios/fisiologia , Receptores de Superfície Celular/metabolismo , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/metabolismo , Substância Negra/metabolismo , Neurotransmissores/metabolismo , Receptores de Aminoácido

Assuntos

Insulina/uso terapêutico , Inércia Uterina/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Insulina/administração & dosagem , Hemorragia Pós-Parto/tratamento farmacológico , Gravidez

RESUMO

65 pregnant women distributed in two groups, by a double-blind method received a placebo or a sunscreen cream (Pabafil SPF 10, with absorption range from 290 to 360 nm) for daily use on face during the second quarter of their pregnancy in summer time. In 30 patients "with optimum fulfillment" in the products application (16 with placebo and 14 with sunscreen cream) the melasma appearances were significantly lower in those with sunscreen application. In subgroups of the total number of pregnant women, with similar proportion of patients with placebo and sunscreen, the melasma appearances were significantly lower in skin types I-II, and in those that used cosmetics (versus those that did not). No differences were observed in subgroups by age, parity, and with or without history of previous melasma.

Assuntos

Ácido 4-Aminobenzoico/uso terapêutico , Aminobenzoatos/uso terapêutico , Melanose/prevenção & controle , Complicações na Gravidez/prevenção & controle , Protetores Solares/uso terapêutico , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Fenóis/uso terapêutico , Gravidez , Distribuição Aleatória , para-Aminobenzoatos

RESUMO

The spontaneous and veratridine-evoked release of radioactive d-aspartic acid, previously taken up by rat substantia nigra slices, was studied by using a superfusion system. Veratridine (25 ?M, 1 min) markedly produced a 14-fold increase in d-[(3)H]aspartic acid release from nigral slices. Omission of Ca(2+) and increasing Mg(2+) concentration to 12 mM in the superfusion medium did substantially block d-[(3)H]aspartate release induced by veratridine depolarization. Nevertheless, veratridine was able to evoke [(3)H]amino acid release which seemed to be, at least, 30% Ca(2+)-independent. Additional experiments showed that tetrodotoxin (0.01-0.1 ?M), a blocker of voltage-dependent Na(+) channels, totally abolished veratridine-evoked release of d-[(3)H]aspartate from nigral slices. Lesion studies were performed in order to learn about the nature of the neuronal compartment in the substantia nigra upon which veratridine-depolarization acted to induce d-[(3)H]aspartate release. Unilateral ablation of the fronto-parietal cortex was accompanied by a significant decrease in the accumulation of nigral d-[(3)H]aspartate and by a large loss from ipsilateral nigral slices in d-[(3)H]aspartate release evoked by veratridine. In contrast, both the accumulation and veratridine-evoked release of [(3)H]dopamine, remained unchanged in the ipsilateral substantia nigra slices to the lesion. The findings reported suggest that d-[(3)H]aspartic acid may be taken up and then released, in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner, by nerve terminals located in the substantia nigra. In addition, the results shown provide support to the view that l-glutamate and/or l-aspartate may act as neurotransmitters at the cortico-nigral neuronal pathway.