RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Calcium Pyrophosphate Crystal Deposition (CPPD) disease is a chronic and disabling arthropathy. Ultrasound (US) has been shown to be a tool with high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of CPPD disease, but its value at the hip joint has not yet been determined. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of US for the identification of calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystals in the hip joint as compared with histopathology. METHODS: Diagnostic test study involving patients over 50 years of age with osteoarthritis, scheduled for hip replacement surgery. US was performed on the affected hip. Acetabular fibrocartilage (FC) and hyaline cartilage (HC) of the femoral head were assessed, and a dichotomous score was used for the presence/absence of CPP crystals. Synovial fluid (SF) was obtained from the affected hip and examined using polarized light microscopy. Histopathological examination was performed by an experienced pathologist in search for CPP crystals in FC and HC samples. RESULTS: One hundred patients were enrolled, of whom 62% were found to have hyperechoic areas suggestive of CPP deposition on US examination. Pathological evaluation revealed a prevalence of 61% of CPP crystals. The sensitivity, specificity and the positive predictive and the negative predictive values were 90%, 82%, 89%, and 84%, respectively. The area under the curve for US compared with histopathology for the diagnosis of hip CPPD was 0.86 (CI 95% 0.78-0.94). CONCLUSION: US is a valid imaging modality with good diagnostic accuracy for the detection of hip CPPD.

RESUMO

Resumen La endocarditis de Libman-Sacks es una forma de endocarditis no infecciosa, caracterizada por vegetaciones estériles que afectan principalmente las válvulas aórtica y mitral. Se asocia con enfermedades como lupus eritematoso sistémico y la manifestación más común es asintomática. Se relaciona con duración de la enfermedad, actividad lúpica y existencia de anticuerpos antifosfolipídicos. El diagnóstico se establece por ecocardiografía transtorácica y el definitivo por estudio de patología que demuestra vegetaciones en la autopsia o en muestras quirúrgicas. Se informa el caso de una paciente de 62 años que acudió por astenia, adinamia, ataque al estado general y disnea de medianos esfuerzos; en la ecocardiografía se encontraron vegetaciones. Se sometió a tratamiento quirúrgico y el diagnóstico se confirmó por estudio de patología.

Abstract Libman-Sacks endocarditis is a nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis, characterized by the deposition of sterile platelet thrombi on heart valves, aortic and mitral. It is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus and the clinical manifestation is typically asymptomatic. It is associated with disease duration, lupus activity and antiphospholipid antibodies. The diagnosis is by echocardiography and the definitive diagnosis can be made pathologically by the demonstration of vegetations on autopsy or surgical speci mens. This paper reports the case of a 62-year old patient with asthenia, adynamia and dyspnea of medium efforts; the echocardiography showed vegetations and patient was underwent to surgical treatment with resection of vegetations, diagnosis was confirmed by pathology.

RESUMO

Resumen: El advenimiento de nuevos fármacos para el tratamiento de los distintos componentes del síndrome metabólico, que por su farmacocinética y farmacodinamia tengan un efecto pleiotrópico, ha tomado auge. Hace poco los inhibidores del cotransportador sodio glucosa tipo 2 (SGLT2) prescritos para el tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus 2 han demostrado tener un efecto protector cardiorrenal. Éstos actúan en el segmento S1 del túbulo proximal disminuyendo la filtración de glucosa e incrementando su excreción urinaria; con efecto glucosúrico y natriurético. Este último es el principal mecanismo de protección cardiovascular. Modelos experimentales y estudios, entre los que destacan el estudio EMPAREG y el programa CANVAS, han demostrado que los inhibidores de SGLT2 permiten disminuir la progresión de la miocardiopatía hipertrófica, fibrosis, remodelamiento, disfunción sistólica e insuficiencia cardiaca, por su efecto en la precarga y poscarga. Los resultados de estos estudios reconocen a este grupo de fármacos (específicamente a la empagliflozina y canagliflozina) como tratamiento de protección cardiovascular en pacientes con diabetes mellitus 2, recomendados actualmente por la FDA, ACC/AHA, la Sociedad Europea de Cardiología y recientemente por la Asociación Americana de Diabetes (ADA) en su reciente publicación de 2018.

Abstract: There is an increase in the use of new drugs for the treatment of the different elements that integrate the metabolic syndrome; that, by their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics have a pleiotropic effect. Recently, the inhibitors of sodium glucose cotransporter type 2 (SGLT2) used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 have demonstrated a cardio-renal protector effect. They function at the S1 segment of the proximal tube, lowering the filtration of glucose and enhancing its excretion; resulting in a glycosuric and natriuretic effect. This is the main mechanism of cardiovascular protection. Experimental essays and different studies, such as the EMAREG study and the CANVAS program, have established that the inhibitors of SGLT2 reduce the progression of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, fibrosis, cardiac remodeling, systolic dysfunction and heart failure. The results of these studies recognize this group of drugs (empaglifozine and canaglifozine) as a valid treatment for cardiovascular protection in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2, and which is recommended by the FDA, the ACC/AHA, the European Society of Cardiology and the American Diabetes Association (ADA) in its last publication in 2018.