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Intraventricular neurocytoma is a low incidence central nervous system tumor. It predominantly affects young adults with no apparent gender predilection. The main symptoms include headache, nausea and vomiting. These result from hydrocephalus due to the obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid flow. On diagnostic imaging, neurocytoma can be suspected by some features, such as peripheral cysts, lobulated contours and septa that bridge the ventricular wall, giving a "scalloped" appearance. There are other characteristics, but they are less specific for the diagnosis. The atypical variant of neurocytoma is even rarer and leads to a worst prognosis. Atypical neurocytomas develop higher proliferative potential identified by the Ki-67 biomarker and higher recurrence rate. There are few studies about the imaging characteristics of atypical neurocytomas. At this point, there are no reliable distinctive features to differentiate atypical neurocytomas, especially due to their low incidence. We present the case of a 20-year-old female patient with symptoms of intracraneal hypertension. CT and MRI of the brain revealed a mass occupying the body of the left lateral ventricle, adjacent to the foramen of Monro. The mass was primarily solid with discrete peripheral cyst and a few scalloped areas. It also showed signs of supratentorial obstructive hydrocephalus. The tumor was partially removed because of bleeding and compromise of vascular structures. Immunohistochemistry revealed positive synaptophysin, elevated Ki-67 (7%), increased number of blood vessels and moderate nuclear atypia. After surgery, the patient persisted with signs of intracranial hypertension, not improving with clinical management and requiring aggressive surgical procedures. While rare, atypical neurocytoma requires a better characterization, especially through imaging, to optimize immediate management and explore new therapeutic options.
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We evaluated whether viable and non-viable Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 (Lr05V or Lr05NV, respectively) was able to improve emergency myelopoiesis induced by Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp) infection. Adult Swiss-mice were orally treated with Lr05V or Lr05NV during five consecutive days. The Lr05V and Lr05NV groups and untreated control group received an intraperitoneal dose of cyclophosphamide (Cy-150 mg/kg). Then, the mice were nasally challenged with Sp (107 UFC/mice) on day 3 post-Cy injection. After the pneumococcal challenge, the innate and myelopoietic responses were evaluated. The control group showed a high susceptibility to pneumococcal infection, an impaired innate immune response and a decrease of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs: Lin-Sca-1+c-Kit+), and myeloid multipotent precursors (MMPs: Gr-1+Ly6G+Ly6C-) in bone marrow (BM). However, lactobacilli treatments were able to significantly increase blood neutrophils and peroxidase-positive cells, while improving cytokine production and phagocytic activity of alveolar macrophages. This, in turn, led to an early Sp lung clearance compared to the control group. Furthermore, Lr05V was more effective than Lr05NV to increase growth factors in BM, which allowed an early HSCs and MMPs recovery with respect to the control group. Both Lr05V and Lr05NV were able to improve BM emergency myelopiesis and protection against respiratory pathogens in mice undergoing chemotherapy.
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Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus , Mielopoese , Probióticos , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Animais , Camundongos , Mielopoese/efeitos dos fármacos , Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus/imunologia , Probióticos/administração & dosagem , Probióticos/farmacologia , Streptococcus pneumoniae/imunologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/imunologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/microbiologia , Imunidade Inata , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Citocinas/metabolismo , Ciclofosfamida/farmacologia , Neutrófilos/imunologia , MasculinoRESUMO
Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 beneficially modulates the inflammation-coagulation response during respiratory viral infections. This study evaluated the capacity of the peptidoglycan obtained from the CRL1505 strain (PG-Lr1505) to modulate the immuno-coagulative response triggered by the viral pathogen-associated molecular pattern poly(I:C) in the respiratory tract. Adult BALB/c mice were nasally treated with PG-Lr1505 for two days. Treated and untreated control mice were then nasally challenged with poly(I:C). Mice received three doses of poly(I:C) with a 24 h rest period between each administration. The immuno-coagulative response was studied after the last administration of poly(I:C). The challenge with poly(I:C) significantly increased blood and respiratory pro-inflammatory mediators, decreased prothrombin activity (PT), and increased von Willebrand factor (vWF) levels in plasma. Furthermore, tissue factor (TF), tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), and thrombomodulin (TM) expressions were increased in the lungs. PG-Lr1505-treated mice showed significant modulation of hemostatic parameters in plasma (PT in %, Control = 71.3 ± 3.8, PG-Lr1505 = 94.0 ± 4.0, p < 0.01) and lungs. Moreover, PG-Lr1505-treated mice demonstrated reduced TF in F4/80 cells from lungs, higher pro-inflammatory mediators, and increased IL-10 compared to poly(I:C) control mice (IL-10 in pg/mL, Control = 379.1 ± 12.1, PG-Lr1505 = 483.9 ± 11.3, p < 0.0001). These changes induced by PG-Lr1505 correlated with a significant reduction in lung tissue damage. Complementary in vitro studies using Raw 264.7 cells confirmed the beneficial effect of PG-Lr1505 on poly(I:C)-induced inflammation, since increased IL-10 expression, as well as reduced damage, production of inflammatory mediators, and hemostatic parameter expressions were observed. In addition, protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) activation in lungs and Raw 264.7 cells was observed after TLR3 stimulation, which was differentially modulated by PG-Lr1505. The peptidoglycan from L. rhamnosus CRL1505 is able to regulate inflammation, the procoagulant state, and PAR1 activation in mice and macrophages in the context of the activation of TLR3 signaling pathways, contributing to a beneficial modulation of inflammation-hemostasis crosstalk.
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Hemostáticos , Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus , Animais , Camundongos , Interleucina-10 , Peptidoglicano/farmacologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Receptor PAR-1 , Receptor 3 Toll-Like , Pulmão/metabolismo , Inflamação , Mediadores da InflamaçãoRESUMO
Malnutrition is associated with a state of secondary immunodeficiency, which is characterized by a worsening of the immune response against infectious agents. Despite important advances in vaccines and antibiotic therapies, the respiratory infections are among the leading causes of increased morbidity and mortality, especially in immunosuppressed hosts. In this review, we examine the interactions between immunobiotics-postbiotics and the immune cell populations of the respiratory mucosa. In addition, we discuss how this cross talk affects the maintenance of a normal generation of immune cells, that is crucial for the establishment of protective innate and adaptive immune responses. Particular attention will be given to the alterations in the development of phagocytic cells, T and B lymphocytes in bone marrow, spleen and thymus in immunosuppression state by protein deprivation. Furthermore, we describe our research that demonstrated that the effectiveness of immunobiotics nasal administration in accelerating the recovery of the respiratory immune response in malnourished hosts. Finally, we propose the peptidoglycan from the immunobiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 as the key cellular component for the effects on mucosal immunity, which are unique and cannot be extrapolated to other L. rhamnosus or probiotic strains. In this way, we provide the scientific bases for its application as a mucosal adjuvant in health plans, mainly aimed to improve the immune response of immunocompromised hosts. The search for safe vaccine adjuvants that increase their effectiveness at the mucosal level is a problem of great scientific relevance today.
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Myelosuppression is the major dose-limiting toxicity of cancer chemotherapy. There have been many attempts to find new strategies that reduce myelosuppression. The dietary supplementation with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) improved respiratory innate immune response and the resistance against respiratory pathogens in immunosupressed hosts. Although LAB viability is an important factor in achieving optimal protective effects, non-viable LAB are capable of stimulating immunity. In this work, we studied the ability of oral preventive administration of viable and non-viable Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 or L. plantarum CRL1506 (Lr05, Lr05NV, Lp06V or Lp06NV, respectively) to minimize myelosuppressive and immunosuppressive effects derived from chemotherapy. Cyclophosphamide (Cy) impaired steady-state myelopoiesis in lactobacilli-treated and untreated control mice. Lr05V, Lr05NV and Lp06V treatments were the most effective to induce the early recovery of bone marrow (BM) tissue architecture, leukocytes, myeloid, pool mitotic and post-mitotic, peroxidase positive, and Gr-1Low/High cells in BM. We selected the CRL1505 strain for being the one capable of maintaining its myelopoiesis-enhancing properties in its non-viable form. Although the CRL1505 treatments do not modify the Cy ability to induce apoptosis, both increased the incorporation of BrdU in BM cells. Consequently, Lr05NV and Lr05V treatments were able to promote early recovery of LSK cells (Lin-Sca-1+c-Kit+ cells), multipotent progenitors (Lin-Sca-1+c-Kit+CD34+ cells), and myeloid cells (Gr-1+Ly6G+Ly6C- cells) with respect to the untreated Cy control. In addition, these treatments were able to increase the frequency of IL17A-producing innate lymphoid cells in the intestinal lamina propria (IL-17A+RORγt+CD4-NKp46+ cells) after Cy injection. These results were correlated with an increase in the IL-17A serum levels, a GM-CSF high expression and a CXCL12 lower expression in BM. Therefore, both Lr05V and Lr05NV treatments are able to activate beneficially the IL-17A/GM-CSF axis and accelerate the recovery of Cy-induced immunosuppression by increasing BM myeloid precursors. We demonstrated for the first time the beneficial effect of CRL1505 strain on myelopoiesis affected by a chemotherapeutic drug. Furthermore, Lr05NV could be a good and safe resource for reducing chemotherapy-induced leukopenia. The results are a starting point for future research and open up broad prospects for future applications of the immunobiotics.
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Ciclofosfamida/toxicidade , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido/efeitos dos fármacos , Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus/imunologia , Lactobacillus/imunologia , Mielopoese/efeitos dos fármacos , Probióticos/administração & dosagem , Administração Oral , Animais , Células da Medula Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Células da Medula Óssea/imunologia , Células da Medula Óssea/metabolismo , Imunidade Inata/efeitos dos fármacos , Imunidade Inata/imunologia , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido/imunologia , Imunossupressores/toxicidade , Mucosa Intestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Contagem de Leucócitos , Linfócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos/imunologia , Linfócitos/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Células Mieloides/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Mieloides/imunologia , Mielopoese/imunologiaRESUMO
Previously, we demonstrated that Lactobacillus casei CRL431, a well-known immunomodulatory bacterium, beneficially regulates coagulation activation, fibrin formation in lung, and the pro-inflammatory state induced by protein malnourishment and pneumococcal infection. In this study, we deepen in the understanding of the mechanisms involved in the immunoregulatory activity of L. casei CRL431 during a nutritional repletion process by evaluating (a) platelet and endothelial activation, (b) tissue factor (TF) expression, and (c) protease-activated receptor (PAR) activation in an experimental bacterial respiratory infection model in malnourished mice. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that the repletion diet supplemented with L. casei CRL431 was effective to normalize platelet counts in blood, modulate platelet activation and their recruitment into the lung, and regulate local and systemic TF expression and endothelial activation, which were affected by malnourishment. Streptococcus pneumoniae challenge induced local and systemic increase of platelet counts, PARs activation, P-selectin and TF expression, as well as endothelial activation in both well-nourished and malnourished mice. Malnourished animals evidenced the highest alterations of the parameters evaluated while the mice fed with the probiotic bacterium had similar behavior to normal controls but with lower PAR activation in lung. These results demonstrate that supplementation of repletion diet with L. casei CRL431 is effective to modulate alterations induced by malnourishment and pneumococcal infection, restraining coagulation activation, the inflammatory process, and lung damage. These observations contribute to set the basis for the application of probiotic functional foods to modulate the inflammation-hemostasis interactions altered by malnourishment or bacterial respiratory infections. KEY POINTS: ⢠Pneumococcal infection increases pro-coagulant state induced by protein malnourishment. ⢠Repletion with L. casei CRL431 modulates platelet, TF, and endothelial activation. ⢠L. casei CRL431 improves immune-coagulative response in protein malnourishment.
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Hemostáticos , Lacticaseibacillus casei , Desnutrição , Infecções Pneumocócicas , Probióticos , Infecções Respiratórias , Animais , Hemostasia , Camundongos , Streptococcus pneumoniaeRESUMO
Blooms of the Microcystis aeruginosa complex (MAC) consist of mixtures of toxin-producing and non-toxin-producing populations, but the environmental conditions that determine their relative abundance and shift are not clear. Morphological traits reflect the responses of MAC organisms to environmental changes, thus they could be useful to improve the predictability of the abundance of both toxic and nontoxic populations. In this work, the response of MAC toxic populations to environmental conditions and their relationship with morphology (size of organisms) were investigated in different water bodies (reservoir, river, and estuary) covering wide salinity (0-33) and temperature (10-36 °C) gradients. Sub-surface water samples were collected and divided into 4 size classes (mesh size ã20 µm, 20-60 µm, 60-150 µm andã 150 µm) and three toxicity proxies were assessed (mcyE gene and transcripts copy numbers and microcystin concentration) for each size-class. For all the size-classes, the logarithm of the number of mcyE gene copies per sample was proportional to the logarithm of the corresponding biovolume fraction, showing that MAC biovolume is a good indicator of toxicity potential. When toxicity was analyzed through mcyE transcript abundance and microcystin concentration, the largest size fraction (>150 µm) showed the highest toxicity values of both proxies. Nevertheless, mcyE transcription and toxin production per cell were higher in the colonies retained in the 60 to 150 µm size fractions, followed by single cells (<20 µm). At the reservoir, where environmental variability is low, the total abundance of mcyE gene copies was significantly explained by MAC biovolume, regardless of the environmental conditions. However, when data from the reservoir to the estuary were modeled, biovolume and temperature (with a minor contribution of salinity and wind intensity) were selected in the best models. According to these results, the size distribution of MAC biovolume appears as a good predictor of active toxin production, being the colonies in the 60-150 µm size fraction good indicators of higher toxicity. These results can be used to predict MAC toxicity based on the size structure of the community.
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Microcystis , Estuários , Rios , Salinidade , TemperaturaRESUMO
The nasal priming with nonviable Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 (NV1505) or its purified peptidoglycan (PG1505) differentially modulates the respiratory innate immune response in infant mice, improving their resistance to primary respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection and secondary pneumococcal pneumonia. In association with the protection against RSV-pneumococcal superinfection, it was found that NV1505 or PG1505 significantly enhance the numbers of CD11c+SiglecF+ alveolar macrophages (AMs) producing interferon (IFN)-ß. In this work, we aimed to further advance in the characterization of the beneficial effects of NV1505 and PG1505 in the context of a respiratory superinfection by evaluating whether their immunomodulatory properties are dependent on AM functions. Macrophage depletion experiments and a detailed study of their production of cytokines and antiviral factors clearly demonstrated the key role of this immune cell population in the improvement of both the reduction of pathogens loads and the protection against lung tissue damage induced by the immunobiotic CRL1505 strain. Studies at basal conditions during primary RSV or S. pneumoniae infections, as well as during secondary pneumococcal pneumonia, brought the following five notable findings regarding the immunomodulatory effects of NV1505 and PG1505: (a) AMs play a key role in the beneficial modulation of the respiratory innate immune response and protection against RSV infection, (b) AMs are necessary for improved protection against primary and secondary pneumococcal pneumonia, (c) the generation of activated/trained AMs would be essential for the enhanced protection against respiratory pathogens, (d) other immune and nonimmune cell populations in the respiratory tract may contribute to the protection against bacterial and viral infections, and (e) the immunomodulatory properties of NV1505 and PG1505 are strain-specific. These findings significantly improve our knowledge about the immunological mechanisms involved in the modulation of respiratory immunity induced by beneficial microbes.
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Fatores Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Macrófagos Alveolares/imunologia , Peptidoglicano/uso terapêutico , Infecções Pneumocócicas/imunologia , Infecções por Vírus Respiratório Sincicial/imunologia , Animais , Antígenos CD11/genética , Antígenos CD11/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Chlorocebus aethiops , Imunidade Inata , Fatores Imunológicos/farmacologia , Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus/metabolismo , Macrófagos Alveolares/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Peptidoglicano/farmacologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/terapia , Infecções por Vírus Respiratório Sincicial/terapia , Lectinas Semelhantes a Imunoglobulina de Ligação ao Ácido Siálico/genética , Lectinas Semelhantes a Imunoglobulina de Ligação ao Ácido Siálico/metabolismo , Células VeroRESUMO
We investigated whether the ability of commensal respiratory bacteria to modulate the innate immune response against bacterial and viral pathogens was a shared or strain-specific characteristic. Bacterial strains belonging to the Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum and Dolosigranulum pigrum species were compared by studying their influence in the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2- and TLR3-triggered immune responses in the respiratory tract, as well as in the resistance to Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Streptococcus pneumoniae infections. We demonstrated that nasally administered C. pseudodiphteriticum 090104 or D. pigrum 040417 were able to modulate respiratory immunity and increase the resistance against pathogens, while other strains of the same species did not influence the respiratory immune responses, demonstrating a clear strain-dependent immunomodulatory effect of respiratory commensal bacteria. We also reported here that bacterium-like particles (BLP) and cell walls derived from immunomodulatory respiratory commensal bacteria are an interesting alternative for the modulation of the respiratory immune system. Our study is a step forward in the positioning of certain strains of respiratory commensal bacteria as next-generation probiotics for the respiratory tract.
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Non-viable lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been proposed as antigen delivery platforms called bacterium-like particles (BLPs). Most studies have been performed with Lactococcus lactis-derived BLPs where multiple antigens were attached to the peptidoglycan surface and used to successfully induce specific immune responses. It is well-established that the immunomodulatory properties of LAB are strain dependent and therefore, the BLPs derived from each individual strain could have different adjuvant capacities. In this work, we obtained BLPs from immunomodulatory (immunobiotics) and non-immunomodulatory Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus plantarum strains and comparatively evaluated their ability to improve the intestinal and systemic immune responses elicited by an attenuated rotavirus vaccine. Results demonstrated that orally administered BLPs from non-immunomodulatory strains did not induce significant changes in the immune response triggered by rotavirus vaccine in mice. On the contrary, BLPs derived from immunobiotic lactobacilli were able to improve the levels of anti-rotavirus intestinal IgA and serum IgG, the numbers of CD24+B220+ B and CD4+ T cells in Peyer's patches and spleen as well as the production of IFN-γ by immune cells. Interestingly, among immunobiotics-derived BLPs, those obtained from L. rhamnosus CRL1505 and L. rhamnosus IBL027 enhanced more efficiently the intestinal and systemic humoral immune responses when compared to BLPs from other immunobiotic bacteria. The findings of this work indicate that it is necessary to perform an appropriate selection of BLPs in order to find those with the most efficient adjuvant properties. We propose the term Immunobiotic-like particles (IBLPs) for the BLPs derived from CRL1505 and IBL027 strains that are an excellent alternative for the development of mucosal vaccines.
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Adjuvantes Imunológicos/administração & dosagem , Imunidade nas Mucosas , Imunização/métodos , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus/imunologia , Lactobacillus plantarum/imunologia , Vacinas contra Rotavirus/administração & dosagem , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Feminino , Imunogenicidade da Vacina , Imunoglobulina A/metabolismo , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Vacinas contra Rotavirus/imunologia , Vacinas Atenuadas/imunologiaRESUMO
The effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 (Lr) on macrophages (Ma) and dendritic cells (DC) in the orchestration of anti-pneumococcal immunity was studied using malnutrition and pneumococcal infection mouse models. Monocytes (Mo), Ma, and DC in two groups of malnourished mice fed with balanced diet (BCD) were studied through flow cytometry; one group was nasally administered with Lr (BCD+Lr group), and the other group was not (BCD group). Well-nourished (WNC) and malnourished (MNC) mice were used as controls.Malnutrition affected the number of respiratory and splenic mononuclear phagocytes. The BCD+Lr treatment, unlike BCD, was able to increase and normalize lung Mo and Ma. The BCD+Lr mice were also able to upregulate the expression of the activation marker MHC II in lung DC and to improve this population showing a more significant effect on CD11b+ DC subpopulation. At post-infection, lung Mo values were higher in BCD+Lr mice than in BCD mice and similar to those obtained in WNC group. Although both repletion treatments showed similar values of lung Ma post-infection, the Ma activation state in BCD+Lr mice was higher than that in BCD mice. Furthermore, BCD+Lr treatment was able to normalize the number and activation of splenic Ma and DC after the challenge.Lr administration stimulates respiratory and systemic mononuclear phagocytes. Stimulation of Ma and DC populations would increase the microbicide activity and improve the adaptive immunity through its antigen-presenting capacity. Thus, Lr contributes to improved outcomes of pneumococcal infection in immunocompromised hosts.
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Imunidade , Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus , Desnutrição/terapia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/terapia , Probióticos/administração & dosagem , Animais , Células Dendríticas/citologia , Pulmão/imunologia , Macrófagos/citologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Infecções Pneumocócicas/imunologia , Baço/imunologiaRESUMO
Lactobacillus fermentum UCO-979C, a strain isolated from a human stomach, was previously characterized by its potential probiotic properties. The UCO-979C strain displayed the ability to beneficially regulate the innate immune response triggered by Helicobacter pylori infection in human gastric epithelial cells. In this work, we conducted further in vitro studies in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and in vivo experiments in mice in order to characterize the potential immunomodulatory effects of L. fermentum UCO-979C on the intestinal mucosa. Results demonstrated that the UCO-979C strain is capable to differentially modulate the immune response of IECs triggered by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation through the modulation of TLR negative regulators' expression. In addition, we demonstrated for the first time that L. fermentum UCO-979C is able to exert its immunomodulatory effect in the intestinal mucosa in vivo. The feeding of mice with L. fermentum UCO-979C significantly increased the production of intestinal IFN-γ, stimulated intestinal and peritoneal macrophages and increased the number of Peyer's patches CD4+ T cells. In addition, L. fermentum UCO-979C augmented intestinal IL-6, reduced the number of immature B220+CD24high B cells from Peyer's patches, enhanced the number of mature B B220+CD24low cells, and significantly increased intestinal IgA content. The results of this work revealed that L. fermentum UCO-979C has several characteristics making it an excellent candidate for the development of immunobiotic functional foods aimed to differentially regulate immune responses against gastric and intestinal pathogens.
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Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Mucosa Intestinal/microbiologia , Limosilactobacillus fermentum/fisiologia , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Humanos , Imunidade Inata , Imunoglobulina A/metabolismo , Imunomodulação , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Ativação de Macrófagos , Camundongos , Probióticos , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/metabolismoRESUMO
Resumen El presente artículo de investigación analiza orientaciones emocionales colectivas de carácter político como barreras psicosociales para la construcción de la paz y la reconciliación en Colombia. Se realizaron 55 entrevistas semiestructuradas y en profundidad a ciudadanos del común en la ciudad de Medellín, de las que emergieron discursos relacionados con estas orientaciones emocionales, dirigidas al proceso de negociación política del conflicto armado entre el gobierno colombiano y la guerrilla de las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia - Ejército del Pueblo (FARC-EP). Se identificaron diversas orientaciones emocionales como ira, indignación y odio, dirigidas hacia las FARC, especialmente por los participantes que se mostraron en desacuerdo. Mientras que, quienes estaban de acuerdo, en menor medida expresaron este tipo de emociones hacia paramilitares. Sin embargo, hacia la fuerza pública, los tres grupos categorizados expresaron orientaciones emocionales de admiración, orgullo y sentimiento de patriotismo. De otro lado, la esperanza y la empatía como posibilitadoras de escenarios de transformación del conflicto armado primaron en quienes se encontraban de acuerdo. Finalmente, la tristeza y el dolor emergieron en la mayoría de los participantes, pero en quienes estaban de acuerdo se asoció con solidaridad hacia las víctimas y deseo de transformar la guerra en Colombia por la vía de la negociación política.
Abstract This current research paper analyzes the collective emotional guidelines of a political nature as psychosocial barriers for the construction of peace and reconciliation in Colombia. 55 deep and semi-structured interviews were carried out to ordinary people in the city of Medellín, from which speech related with these emotional guidelines emerged, which are addressed to the process of political negotiation of the armed conflict between the Colombian government and the guerrilla of Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia - Peoples' Army (FARC-EP). Diverse emotional guidelines, such as wrath, outrage, and hatred; targeted to FARC were identified, especially by the participants, who showed their disagreement. While, those who agreed, in a lesser measure, expressed this type of emotions toward paramilitary groups. Nevertheless, toward the law enforcement, the three categorized groups expressed emotional guidelines of admiration, pride, and feeling of patriotism. Otherwise, hope and empathy as enablers of transformation scenarios of the armed conflict prevailed in those who agreed. Finally, sadness and pain emerged in most of the participants, but in those who agreed, it was associated with solidarity toward the victims and the desire of transforming war in Colombia by means of the political negotiation.
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Respiratory tract infections and invasive disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in high-risk groups are a major global health problem. Available human vaccines have reduced immunogenicity and low immunological memory in these populations, as well as high cost as a public health strategy in poor communities. In addition, no single pneumococcal protein antigen has been able to elicit protection comparable to that achieved using protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines. In this context, chimeric pneumococcal proteins raise as potential good vaccine candidates because of their simplicity of production and reduced cost. The aim of this work was to study whether the nasal immunization of infant mice with the recombinant chimeric pneumococcal protein (PSFP) was able to improve resistance to S. pneumoniae, and whether the immunomodulatory strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 or its cell wall (CW1505) could be used as effective mucosal adjuvants. Our results showed that the nasal immunization with PSPF improved pneumococcal-specific IgA and IgG levels in broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL), reduced lung bacterial counts, and avoided dissemination of pneumococci into the blood. Of interest, immunization with PSPF elicited cross-protective immunity against different pneumococcal serotypes. It was also observed that the nasal immunization of infant mice with PSPF+CW1505 significantly increased the production of pneumococcal-specific IgA and IgG in BAL, as well as IgM and IgG in serum when compared with PSPF alone. PSPF+CW1505 immunization also improved the reduction of pneumococcal lung colonization and its dissemination in to the bloodstream when compared to PSPF alone. Our results suggest that immunization with PSPF together with the cell wall of the immunomodulatory strain L. rhamnosus CRL1505 as a mucosal adjuvant could be an interesting alternative to improve protection against pneumococcal infection in children.
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Infecções Pneumocócicas/imunologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/prevenção & controle , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/administração & dosagem , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/administração & dosagem , Administração Intranasal , Animais , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Antígenos de Bactérias/administração & dosagem , Proteínas de Bactérias/administração & dosagem , Proteínas de Bactérias/imunologia , Parede Celular/imunologia , Criança , Proteção Cruzada , Citocinas/sangue , Humanos , Imunidade nas Mucosas , Imunização , Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus/imunologia , Pulmão/imunologia , Pulmão/microbiologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Infecções Pneumocócicas/microbiologia , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/imunologia , Pneumonia Pneumocócica/imunologia , Pneumonia Pneumocócica/microbiologia , Pneumonia Pneumocócica/prevenção & controle , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/administração & dosagem , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/imunologia , Streptococcus pneumoniae/imunologiaRESUMO
Previously, we reported that Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 peptidoglycan (PG05) improves the innate immune response in immunocompromised-malnourished mice after Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. This study extends those previous findings by demonstrating that the dietary recovery of malnourished mice with nasal administration of PG05 improves not only the innate immune response but the respiratory and systemic adaptive humoral response as well. PG05 enhanced the Th2 response, the recovery of B cells, and the concentration and opsonophagocytic activity of anti-pneumococcal antibodies. In addition, by performing comparative studies with the peptidoglycans from lactobacilli of the same species (L. rhamnosus CRL534) or with similar immunomodulatory properties (L. plantarum CRL1506), we demonstrated here that PG05 has unique immunomodulatory properties that cannot be extended to peptidoglycans from other probiotic strains. However, the knowledge of the molecular characteristics of PG05 is indispensable to understand immunomodulatory abilities of L. rhamnosus CRL1505.
Assuntos
Fatores Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Imunoterapia/métodos , Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus/imunologia , Desnutrição/complicações , Peptidoglicano/uso terapêutico , Pneumonia Pneumocócica/terapia , Probióticos , Imunidade Adaptativa , Administração Intranasal , Animais , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Bacteriemia/imunologia , Bacteriemia/microbiologia , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/citologia , Citocinas/sangue , Imunidade Celular , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Fatores Imunológicos/administração & dosagem , Lactobacillus plantarum/imunologia , Contagem de Leucócitos , Pulmão/patologia , Macrófagos Peritoneais/fisiologia , Masculino , Desnutrição/dietoterapia , Desnutrição/imunologia , Camundongos , Peptidoglicano/administração & dosagem , Peptidoglicano/imunologia , Peptidoglicano/farmacologia , Fagocitose , Pneumonia Pneumocócica/imunologia , Pneumonia Pneumocócica/patologia , Streptococcus pneumoniae/imunologiaRESUMO
The genome sequence of the immunomodulatory strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain IBL027 is described here. The reads were assembled into contigs with a total size 2,898,501 bp. The genome information will be useful for further specific genetic studies of this strain to evaluate its immunomodulatory and biotechnological properties as a vaccine adjuvant.
RESUMO
Several research works have demonstrated that beneficial microbes with the capacity to modulate the mucosal immune system (immunobiotics) are an interesting alternative to improve the outcome of bacterial and viral respiratory infections. Among the immunobiotic strains with the capacity to beneficially modulate respiratory immunity, Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 has outstanding properties. Although we have significantly advanced in demonstrating the capacity of L. rhamnosus CRL1505 to improve resistance against respiratory infections as well as in the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in its beneficial activities, the potential protective ability of this strain or its immunomodulatory cellular fractions in the context of a secondary bacterial pneumonia has not been addressed before. In this work, we demonstrated that the nasal priming with non-viable L. rhamnosus CRL1505 or its purified peptidoglycan differentially modulated the respiratory innate antiviral immune response triggered by toll-like receptor 3 activation in infant mice, improving the resistance to primary respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, and secondary pneumococcal pneumonia. In association with the protection against RSV-pneumococcal superinfection, we found that peptidoglycan from L. rhamnosus CRL1505 significantly improved lung CD3+CD4+IFN-γ+, and CD3+CD4+IL-10+ T cells as well as CD11c+SiglecF+IFN-ß+ alveolar macrophages with the consequent increases of IFN-γ, IL-10, and IFN-ß in the respiratory tract. Our results also showed that the increase of these three cytokines is necessary to achieve protection against respiratory superinfection since each of them are involved in different aspect of the secondary pneumococcal pneumonia that have to be controlled in order to reduce the severity of the infectious disease: lung pneumococcal colonization, bacteremia, and inflammatory-mediated lung tissue injury.
RESUMO
The number of granulocytes is maintained by a regulated balance between granulopoiesis in the bone marrow and clearance and destruction in peripheral tissues. Granulopoiesis plays a fundamental role in the innate immune response. Therefore, factors affecting the normal granulopoiesis lead to alterations in innate defenses and reduce the resistance against infections. In this study, we give a description on recent advances regarding the molecular and cellular events that regulate steady-state and emergency granulopoiesis, which are crucial processes for the generation of protective innate immune responses. Particular attention will be given to emergency granulopoiesis alterations in immunosuppression states caused by malnutrition and chemotherapy. The role of microbiota in maintaining a steady-state granulopoiesis and the immunological mechanisms involved are also discussed. Moreover, we describe the findings of our laboratory demonstrating that the dietary supplementation with immunobiotics is an interesting alternative to improve steady-state and emergency granulopoiesis, the respiratory innate immune response, and the resistance against respiratory pathogens in immunocompromised hosts.
RESUMO
The epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) has been underdiagnosed because it does not have a specific clinical presentation, and the signs and symptoms are similar to the irritable bowel syndrome and pelvic inflammatory disease. EOC is less common than breast and cervical cancer, but it is more lethal. On the whole, EOC has an early dissemination to peritoneal cavity, which delays a timely diagnosis and increases the rate of advanced diagnosed disease. The diagnosis usually surprises the women and the primary care physician. Therefore, it is necessary to count on prevention and early diagnosis programs. EOC has 80% response to surgical treatment, but nearly 70% of the patients may relapse in five years. The objectives of this document are presenting a summary of the EOC epidemiology and comment about advancements in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of this cancer. That will raise awareness about the importance of this disease.