RESUMEN
Anaplasma is an intracellular alphaproteobacteria that infects diverse blood cell types in animal hosts including small ruminants. Epidemiological and risk factors information on zoonotic anaplasmosis with respect to anaplasmosis in sheep and goats are scarce. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to estimate the prevalence, risk factors of anaplasmosis and phylogenetic investigation of A. capra in sheep and goats from Faisalabad district, Pakistan. Briefly, 384 blood samples were randomly collected from sheep and goats of Faisalabad district, Pakistan, during January to May 2022. The samples were processed for the detection of Anaplasma targeting 16S rRNA gene using PCR. The data regarding disease determinants were collected using a predesigned questionnaire. Out of 384 samples, 131 samples were found positive for Anaplasma spp. with a prevalence rate of 34.11%. The results indicated a significantly higher prevalence of anaplasmosis in goats (41.88%) compared to sheep (22.00%). In addition, the chi square indicated that housing type, tick infestation, gender, tick control practices, age, mix farming, and hygiene were significantly associated with the occurrence of disease. The analysis of multivariate logistic regression expressed gender as the significant risk factor (p = 0.0001, OR = 1.757, CI = 1.305-2.366). The acquired sequences revealed four novel isolates of A. capra (Genbank accession numbers ON834323, ON838209, ON838210, and ON838211). The phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene of A. capra revealed three distinct clusters with 99-100% homology with other isolates from different countries. Our isolates showed higher similarity with isolates from China (KM206273, KP314237, MT799937), Pakistan (ON238129, ON238130, ON238131), Angola (MT898988), India (MZ558066), Iran (MW692362), and Turkey (MT632469) isolated from human, sheep, ticks, goats, cattle, Gaddi goat, Persian Onager (Equus hemionus onager), and Turkish goats, respectively. In conclusion, A. capra is endemic in Punjab, Pakistan, there is a need to conduct large scale surveillance studies to assess the status of this pathogen at human-animal interface as well as to develop effective preventive and control strategies to reduce the economic losses associated with anaplasmosis in small ruminants.
Asunto(s)
Anaplasma , Anaplasmosis , Enfermedades de las Cabras , Cabras , Filogenia , ARN Ribosómico 16S , Enfermedades de las Ovejas , Animales , Pakistán/epidemiología , Anaplasmosis/epidemiología , Anaplasmosis/microbiología , Cabras/microbiología , Ovinos , Anaplasma/genética , Anaplasma/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/microbiología , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Enfermedades de las Cabras/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/microbiología , Masculino , Femenino , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Zoonosis/epidemiología , Zoonosis/microbiología , HumanosRESUMEN
This concurrent qualitative study was carried out with the main objective to determine wildlife beliefs, taboos, usages, health perceptions, and practices among ten ethnic groups in four communities in Tak and Mae Hong Son provinces of Thailand from November 2020 to January 2021. We also gathered comprehensive information on study respondents' knowledge related to potential risk behaviors that could lead to zoonotic disease transmission and infection. Furthermore, we intended to use the study's findings to develop communication strategies and health literacy improvement interventions for mitigating risky behaviors, with a focus on ethnic groups and particular individuals who live in close proximity to forests and wildlife, to prevent future pandemics. Sixty-five respondents were purposively selected based on their extensive knowledge, active participation in local cultural contexts, beliefs, and exposure to wildlife contact or consuming game animals. Twenty (30.8%) participated in in-depth interviews (IDIs), while 45 (69.2%) participated in eight focused group discussions (FGDs). The results revealed that the characteristics of wildlife contact are similar and distinct based on their beliefs and taboos among various ethnic groups and study locations, which are influenced by cultural backgrounds and traditions. Although some ethnic groups do not have explicit restrictions on the consumption of wildlife, others adhere to specific beliefs and taboos that forbid the consumption or killing of specific wild animals. These beliefs frequently correspond with conservation initiatives, thereby facilitating the preservation of threatened species. The study also revealed a lack of appropriate health knowledge, perceptions, and practices regarding wildlife contact and consumption. As a result, it is recommended that public health officials and local governments develop and execute communication and education initiatives. These campaigns should aim to increase health literacy and promote safe handling, preparation, and cooking practices to reduce the risk of zoonotic disease transmission and infection effectively. Moreover, it is necessary to design and implement wildlife conservation education and outreach activities. The programs should promote environmental stewardship while considering the cultural contexts, beliefs, and practices of various ethnic groups. The activities should involve diverse stakeholders, including local leaders, religious influencers, community members, schoolteachers, students, health professionals, village health volunteers, and civil society organizations.
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Animales Salvajes , Etnicidad , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Investigación Cualitativa , Tabú , Humanos , Tailandia/etnología , Animales , Masculino , Etnicidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Etnicidad/psicología , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Zoonosis/prevención & control , Grupos Focales , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Sparganosis is one of the common zoonotic diseases caused by infection with the larval plerocercoids (spargana) of the cestode genus Spirometra. While this parasite distributes globally in canine and feline hosts, human infection is predominantly reported in East Asia, especially China, Korea, Japan, and Thailand. Maybe related to the behavior and food culture, this zoonotic disease is rather rare in South Asia to the Middle East. In these areas, sporadic case reports have been appeared mostly in the local medical journals. To draw a solid picture of sparganosis in these non-endemic areas of Asia, we made an extensive literature survey to gather sparganosis cases in the Indian subcontinent and the Middle East.
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Esparganosis , Animales , Esparganosis/epidemiología , Esparganosis/diagnóstico , Esparganosis/parasitología , Humanos , Medio Oriente/epidemiología , India/epidemiología , Zoonosis/parasitología , Spirometra/aislamiento & purificación , Perros , GatosRESUMEN
The Global Burden of Animal Diseases provides an analytical framework to measure the overall health of various farmed animal populations, to estimate the farm-level burden of different diseases, incorporating production losses due to morbidity and mortality as well as health expenditure, and to identify the wider economic and human health impacts of animal disease. Attributing the burden of animal diseases to specific causes or groups of causes requires methodological choices, including the classification of diseases and the resulting health states that manifest in loss of production. The aim of this article is to address the key challenges in the process of estimating farm-level disease burden, including ambiguity in terminology, data availability and collation, and adjustments for comorbidity. Using infection with zoonotic Brucella spp. in small ruminants as an aetiological cause of disease and abortion as a sequela of multiple diseases, practical examples of the framework are provided. Cause-specific attribution of the burden of animal disease captures temporal and spatial trends, an understanding of which is essential for planning, monitoring and evaluating animal health programmes and disease interventions.
Le programme " Impact mondial des maladies animales " fournit un cadre analytique pour mesurer l'état de santé général de diverses populations d'animaux d'élevage, estimer la charge de morbidité associée à certaines maladies à l'échelle d'une exploitation, prendre en compte aussi bien les pertes de production dues à la morbidité et à la mortalité que les dépenses de santé, et mettre en lumière les effets plus larges des maladies animales sur l'économie et la santé humaine. Des choix méthodologiques doivent être faits pour attribuer l'impact des maladies animales à des facteurs spécifiques ou à des séries de facteurs, en classant les maladies et en définissant les profils sanitaires qui en résultent et qui induisent des pertes de production. L'objectif de cet article est d'aborder les principales difficultés rencontrées lors de l'estimation de la charge de morbidité à l'échelle des exploitations, en particulier celles relevant d'une terminologie ambiguë, de la disponibilité et modalités de collecte des données, et des ajustements à effectuer en cas de comorbidité. Les auteurs donnent des exemples concrets du cadre proposé, en prenant d'une part l'infection zoonotique par des Brucella spp. chez les petits ruminants comme cause étiologique de la maladie, et d'autre part les avortements comme séquelles de plusieurs maladies. L'attribution de l'impact des maladies animales à des facteurs spécifiques permet de saisir les tendances aussi bien dans le temps que dans l'espace, dont la connaissance se révèle indispensable pour assurer la planification, le suivi et l'évaluation des programmes de santé animale et des interventions liées aux maladies.
El impacto global de las enfermedades animales proporciona un marco analítico para medir la sanidad general de diversas poblaciones de animales de granja, estimar el impacto de las distintas enfermedades en las explotaciones, incorporando las pérdidas de producción debidas a la morbilidad y a la mortalidad, así como los gastos sanitarios, y determinar las repercusiones más amplias de las enfermedades animales en la economía y la salud humana. Para atribuir el impacto de las enfermedades animales a causas o grupos de causas específicos es necesario tomar decisiones metodológicas, incluida la clasificación de las enfermedades y de los estados sanitarios resultantes, que se traducen en pérdidas de producción. El objetivo de este artículo es abordar las principales dificultades que se plantean en el proceso de la estimación del impacto de las enfermedades en las explotaciones, entre ellas la ambigûedad terminológica, la disponibilidad y el cotejo de datos, y los ajustes por comorbilidad. Utilizando la infección zoonótica por Brucella spp. en pequeños rumiantes como causa etiológica de enfermedad y el aborto como secuela de múltiples enfermedades, se ofrecen ejemplos prácticos del marco. La atribución del impacto de las enfermedades animales a causas específicas permite captar tendencias temporales y espaciales cuya comprensión es esencial para planificar, supervisar y evaluar programas de sanidad animal e intervenciones relacionadas con enfermedades.
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Enfermedades de los Animales , Animales , Enfermedades de los Animales/epidemiología , Costo de Enfermedad , ZoonosisRESUMEN
Quantifying the impact of poor animal health outcomes on human health represents a complex challenge. Using the disability-adjusted life year (DALY) metric as an endpoint, this article discusses how animal health outcomes can impact humans through three key processes: directly through zoonotic disease, indirectly via changes in yields and their impacts on nutrition and wealth, and finally, through indirect features associated with the agricultural industry, such as pharmaceuticals and climate change. For each process, the current state of the art and feasibility of global DALY-associated estimates are discussed. Existing frameworks for zoonoses already consider some key pathogens; ensuring completeness in the pathogens considered and consistency in methodological decisions is an important next step. For diet, risk factor frameworks enable a calculation of attributable DALYs; however, significant economic methodological developments are needed to ensure that local production changes are appropriately mapped to both local and global changes in dietary habits. Concerning wealth-related impacts, much work needs to be done on method development. Industry-related impacts require a focus on key research topics, such as attribution studies for animal antimicrobial resistance contributing to human outcomes. For climate change, a critical next step is identifying to what extent associated industry emissions are amenable to change should animal health outcomes improve. Allocation of finite funds to improve animal health must also consider the downstream impact on humans. Leveraging DALYs enables comparisons with other human health-related decisions and would represent a transformative way of approaching animal health decision-making should the obstacles in this article be addressed and new methods be developed.
La quantification de l'impact des problèmes de santé animale sur la santé humaine constitue un défi d'une grande complexité. En se servant de l'indicateur des années de vie ajustées sur l'incapacité (DALY) comme critère d'évaluation, les auteurs examinent trois processus essentiels illustrant l'impact que la situation zoosanitaire peut avoir sur la santé humaine : impact direct résultant des maladies zoonotiques, impact indirect résultant des mauvaises performances des animaux et de leurs conséquences sur la nutrition et la création de richesses, et enfin, effets indirects résultant de facteurs en lien avec le secteur agricole, par exemple l'utilisation de produits pharmaceutiques et le changement climatique. Pour chacun de ces processus, les auteurs font le point sur l'état actuel des connaissances et sur l'applicabilité des évaluations mondiales basées sur l'indicateur DALY. Les cadres existants relatifs aux zoonoses recouvrent déjà certains agents pathogènes majeurs ; la prochaine étape importante consistera à assurer une couverture complète des agents pathogènes et à veiller à la cohérence des décisions méthodologiques. S'agissant de l'alimentation, les cadres basés sur l'analyse des facteurs de risque permettent de calculer les DALY imputables à l'alimentation ; toutefois, d'importantes avancées méthodologiques sur les aspects économiques de cette corrélation seront nécessaires pour s'assurer que tout changement intervenant localement en matière de production animale est correctement mis en correspondance avec les modifications des habitudes alimentaires dans ce même contexte local mais aussi à l'échelle mondiale. S'agissant des impacts liés à la création de richesses, il reste beaucoup à faire dans le domaine méthodologique. La détermination des impacts liés aux filières d'élevage requiert des travaux axés sur des sujets précis, par exemple des études visant à déceler les sources de la résistance aux agents antimicrobiens qui contribuent à l'apparition d'antibiorésistances chez l'être humain. Enfin, pour ce qui concerne le changement climatique, une étape cruciale consistera à déterminer dans quelle mesure les émissions associées à l'élevage sont susceptibles de changer en cas d'amélioration de la situation zoosanitaire. Dans un contexte de ressources limitées, l'affectation de fonds à l'amélioration de la santé animale doit également prendre en compte l'impact en aval sur la santé humaine. L'utilisation de l'indicateur DALY permet des comparaisons avec d'autres décisions de santé publique et représenterait une approche transformative de la prise de décision en santé animale, dès lors que les obstacles mentionnés dans cet article sont surmontés et que de nouvelles méthodes sont mises au point.
Cuantificar el impacto de una mala sanidad animal en la salud humana es un desafío complejo. Utilizando el parámetro de años de vida ajustados en función de la discapacidad (AVAD o DALY) como criterio de valoración, en este artículo se examina cómo la sanidad animal puede repercutir en los seres humanos a través de tres procesos clave: directamente, a través de las zoonosis; indirectamente, a través de cambios en los rendimientos y sus repercusiones en la nutrición y la riqueza; y, por último, a través de factores indirectos asociados a la industria agropecuaria, como los fármacos y el cambio climático. Para cada uno de estos procesos, se examinan el estado actual y la viabilidad de estimar AVAD a escala mundial. Los marcos existentes para la zoonosis ya tienen en cuenta algunos patógenos claves; garantizar la exhaustividad de los patógenos considerados y la coherencia en las decisiones metodológicas es un próximo paso importante. En lo que respecta a la alimentación, aunque los marcos de factores de riesgo permiten calcular los AVAD atribuibles, se necesitan importantes avances metodológicos en el ámbito económico para asegurar que los cambios en la producción local se correspondan adecuadamente con los cambios locales y mundiales en los hábitos alimentarios. En cuanto a las repercusiones en la riqueza, queda mucho trabajo por hacer en el desarrollo de métodos. Para abordar las repercusiones relacionadas con la industria, es necesario centrarse en temas clave de investigación, como los estudios de atribución relativos al impacto en la salud humana de la resistencia a los antimicrobianos en los animales. En lo que se refiere al cambio climático, un próximo paso crucial es determinar en qué medida las emisiones de la industria podrían cambiar, en función de la mejora de los resultados en materia de sanidad animal. Al asignar fondos limitados para la mejora de la sanidad animal también se deben tener en cuenta las repercusiones correspondientes en los seres humanos. Utilizar los AVAD permite hacer comparaciones con otras decisiones importantes relacionadas con la salud humana y representaría una forma transformadora de enfocar la toma de decisiones en materia de sanidad animal, en caso de que se aborden los obstáculos presentados en ese artículo y se desarrollen nuevos métodos.
Asunto(s)
Cambio Climático , Zoonosis , Animales , Humanos , Agricultura , Años de Vida Ajustados por Discapacidad , Salud Global , Costo de Enfermedad , Enfermedades de los Animales/prevención & control , Enfermedades de los Animales/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Animales/economíaRESUMEN
In the Reserva Ecológica del Pedregal of San Ángel, located in the south of Mexico City, Mexico, free-roaming dogs and cats coexist with 148 bird, 33 of mammal, 23 of reptile and seven amphibian species, that represent a remnant of the original fauna of the Mexican Plateau. The negative impact that dogs and cats have on local fauna is unobjectionable, however, the role that these introduced vertebrates play as potential transmitters of infectious diseases for native fauna and humans, is much less understood. Information about parasitic infections in native and introduced animals in this location is scarce. In order to ameliorate this lack of information, the objective of this study is to characterize the helminth fauna of the free-ranging dogs and cats of the ecological reserve. Between 2018 and 2023, 36 Felis silvestris catus and 7 Canis lupus familiaris were studied from the helminthological perspective. Endoparasites were obtained from the digestive tract and were identified to the species level using morphological and molecular evidence. Hosts were parasitized by eight species of helminths: in cats the cestodes Hydatigera taeniaeformis, Mesocestoides sp., Taenia rileyi and the nematode Toxocara cati were recorded, while in dogs, the cestode Taenia pisiformis and the nematodes Ancylostoma caninum, and Uncinaria stenocephala were found. The only species shared between cats and dogs was the cestode Dipylidium caninum. These free-ranging animals act as definitive hosts of 5 species known to have zoonotic potential; their presence in the area may generate a public and animal health problem if programs of dog and cat population control are not continued.
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Enfermedades de los Gatos , Enfermedades de los Perros , Helmintiasis Animal , Helmintos , Zoonosis , Animales , Perros/parasitología , Gatos/parasitología , México/epidemiología , Helmintos/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades de los Gatos/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Gatos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Zoonosis/parasitología , Zoonosis/epidemiología , Helmintiasis Animal/epidemiología , Helmintiasis Animal/parasitología , Humanos , Masculino , FemeninoRESUMEN
Bats are natural reservoirs for zoonotic pathogens, yet the determinants of microbial persistence as well as the specific functionality of their immune system remain largely enigmatic. Their propensity to harbor viruses lethal to humans and/or livestock, mostly in absence of clinical disease, makes bats stand out among mammals. Defending against pathogens relies on avoidance, resistance, and/or tolerance strategies. In bats, disease tolerance has recently gained increasing attention as a prevailing host defense paradigm. We here summarize the current knowledge on immune responses in bats in the context of infection with zoonotic agents and discuss concepts related to disease tolerance. Acknowledging the wide diversity of bats, the broad spectrum of bat-associated microbial species, and immune-related knowledge gaps, we identify research priorities necessary to provide evidence-based proofs for disease tolerance in bats. Since disease tolerance relies on networks of biological processes, we emphasize that investigations beyond the immune system, using novel technologies and computational biology, could jointly advance our knowledge about mechanisms conferring bats reservoir abilities. Although disease tolerance may not be the "one fit all" defense strategy, deciphering disease tolerance in bats could translate into novel therapies and inform prevention of spillover infections to humans and livestock.
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Quirópteros , Tolerancia Inmunológica , Animales , Quirópteros/inmunología , Quirópteros/virología , Tolerancia Inmunológica/inmunología , Reservorios de Enfermedades/virología , Zoonosis/inmunología , HumanosRESUMEN
This case describes a 58-year-old woman who presented to the dermatology outpatient clinic with progressive skin lesions on the hands. Physical examination showed erythematosquamous plaques. The diagnosis zoonotic dermatomycosis was made based on fungal cultures, which showed a Trichophyton erinacei. This dermatophyte is particularly transmitted through hedgehogs. The patient appeared to have taken care of an infected hedgehog.
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Erizos , Tiña , Trichophyton , Humanos , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Erizos/microbiología , Tiña/diagnóstico , Tiña/tratamiento farmacológico , Tiña/microbiología , Animales , Trichophyton/aislamiento & purificación , Zoonosis/diagnóstico , Antifúngicos/uso terapéuticoAsunto(s)
Coinfección , Subtipo H3N2 del Virus de la Influenza A , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae , Coinfección/virología , Subtipo H3N2 del Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Animales , Humanos , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/virología , Gripe Humana/virología , Zoonosis/virología , Zoonosis/transmisiónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: HEV is endemic in several Middle Eastern countries including Saudi Arabia, which hosts the annual pilgrimage for Muslims from around the world. One of the Hajj rituals is the sacrifice of animals, including camels, cows, goats, and sheep. HEV Zoonosis is established in swine and other suspected species, including deer, rabbits, dromedary, and Bactrian camels. HEV was identified in small, domesticized animals like goats, cows, sheep, and horses. We previously investigated HEV seroprevalence in Camels. This study aimed to evaluate HEV seroprevalence in other highly consumed ruminants in Saudi Arabia, namely cows, sheep, and goats. METHODS: Sera from cows (n = 47), goats (n = 56), and sheep (n = 67) were analyzed for the presence of HEV-IgG by using in-house developed ELISA assays. RESULTS: The highest seroprevalence was found in sheep (62.7%), followed by cows (38.3%), and then goats (14.3%), with a p-value of < 0.001. No other demographic characteristics of the animals were significantly correlated with the HEV seroprevalence. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides baseline data as the first study on the seroprevalence of HEV in ruminant animals in Saudi Arabia. The high seroprevalence found in sheep and cows must be further investigated for the potential zoonotic HEV transmission to humans. Further studies are needed to investigate the active viremia in these animal species through nucleic acid detection and sequencing to provide data on the circulating HEV genotypes among the targeted animal species. The detection of HEV in different animal products, such as milk, liver, and others, also remains an important study area to consider.
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Cabras , Virus de la Hepatitis E , Hepatitis E , Rumiantes , Animales , Virus de la Hepatitis E/genética , Virus de la Hepatitis E/inmunología , Virus de la Hepatitis E/aislamiento & purificación , Hepatitis E/epidemiología , Hepatitis E/veterinaria , Hepatitis E/virología , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Cabras/virología , Ovinos , Arabia Saudita/epidemiología , Bovinos , Rumiantes/virología , Femenino , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Zoonosis/virología , Zoonosis/epidemiología , Zoonosis/diagnóstico , Anticuerpos Antihepatitis/sangre , Enfermedades de las Cabras/virología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de las Cabras/sangre , MasculinoRESUMEN
Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) is the causative agent of Borna disease, a fatal neurologic disorder of domestic mammals and humans, resulting from spill-over infection from its natural reservoir host, the bicolored white-toothed shrew (Crocidura leucodon). The known BoDV-1-endemic area is remarkably restricted to parts of Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Liechtenstein. To gain comprehensive data on its occurrence, we analysed diagnostic material from suspected BoDV-1-induced encephalitis cases based on clinical and/or histopathological diagnosis. BoDV-1 infection was confirmed by RT-qPCR in 207 domestic mammals, 28 humans and seven wild shrews. Thereby, this study markedly raises the number of published laboratory-confirmed human BoDV-1 infections and provides a first comprehensive summary. Generation of 136 new BoDV-1 genome sequences from animals and humans facilitated an in-depth phylogeographic analysis, allowing for the definition of risk areas for zoonotic BoDV-1 transmission and facilitating the assessment of geographical infection sources. Consistent with the low mobility of its reservoir host, BoDV-1 sequences showed a remarkable geographic association, with individual phylogenetic clades occupying distinct areas. The closest genetic relatives of most human-derived BoDV-1 sequences were located at distances of less than 40 km, indicating that spill-over transmission from the natural reservoir usually occurs in the patient´s home region.
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Enfermedad de Borna , Virus de la Enfermedad de Borna , Epidemiología Molecular , Filogenia , Filogeografía , Musarañas , Animales , Virus de la Enfermedad de Borna/genética , Virus de la Enfermedad de Borna/fisiología , Humanos , Enfermedad de Borna/epidemiología , Enfermedad de Borna/virología , Musarañas/virología , Femenino , Masculino , Alemania/epidemiología , Reservorios de Enfermedades/virología , Genoma Viral/genética , Austria/epidemiología , Zoonosis/epidemiología , Zoonosis/virología , Zoonosis/transmisión , Suiza/epidemiología , Adulto , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Zoonotic sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis has become the main subcutaneous mycosis in Brazil. Minas Gerais (MG) is located in southeast Brazil and since 2015 has experienced an epidemic of zoonotic sporotrichosis. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to reconstruct the epidemiological scenario of sporotrichosis from S. brasiliensis in recent epizooty in the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte (MRBH), MG. METHODS: A total of 95 Sporothrix spp. isolates (Sporothirx brasiliensis n = 74, S. schenckii n = 11 and S. globosa n = 10) were subjected to Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) genotyping and mating-type analysis to determine genetic diversity and population structure. Of these, 46 S. brasiliensis isolates were recovered from animals (cats n = 41 and dogs n = 5) from MRBH. RESULTS: Our study describes the high interspecific differentiation power of AFLP-based genotyping between the main phylogenetic Sporothrix groups. S. brasiliensis presents high genetic variability and pronounced population structure with geographically focused outbreaks in Brazil. The genetic groups include older genotypes from the prolonged epidemic in Southeast (Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo), South (Rio Grande do Sul), Northeast (Pernambuco) and new genotypes from the MRBH. Furthermore, we provide evidence of heterothallism mating strategy in pathogenic Sporothrix species. Genotypes originating in Rio de Janeiro and Pernambuco carry the predominant MAT1-2 idiomorph as opposed to genotypes from Rio Grande do Sul, which have the MAT1-1 idiomorph. We observed an overwhelming occurrence of MAT1-1 among MRBH isolates. CONCLUSION: Our study provides clear evidence of the predominance of a genetic group profile circulating in animals in Minas Gerais, independent of that disseminated from Rio de Janeiro. Our data can help us understand the genetic population processes that drive the evolution of this fungus in Minas Gerais and contribute to future mitigation actions for this ongoing epidemic.
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Análisis del Polimorfismo de Longitud de Fragmentos Amplificados , Enfermedades de los Gatos , Epidemias , Variación Genética , Genotipo , Sporothrix , Esporotricosis , Esporotricosis/epidemiología , Esporotricosis/microbiología , Brasil/epidemiología , Sporothrix/genética , Sporothrix/clasificación , Sporothrix/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Gatos , Perros , Enfermedades de los Gatos/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Gatos/epidemiología , Zoonosis/epidemiología , Zoonosis/microbiología , Filogenia , Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/microbiología , HumanosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Monkeypox is a viral zoonotic disease endemic to West and Central Africa; it has been reported in more countries during the last decade than in the previous 40 years. In 2022 a multinational outbreak occurred. This change in the epidemiology of the virus may represent an evolutionary adaptation. The purpose of this study is to analyze the molecular aspects of Monkeypox virus (MPXV) disease that may explain the latter's change in epidemiology during the 2022 outbreak. METHODS: From July 2022 through December 2022, the period of the outbreak, a narrative review was conducted on the available literature, with a total of 271 articles published in the MEDLINE/PubMed and LILACS databases being examined. The chosen articles were organized using the search and reference manager Mendeley Desktop 1.19.4. Duplicates and articles that did not meet the study's objective were eliminated, resulting in the selection of 49 articles for the present review. DISCUSSION: MPXV resurgence poses challenges due to waning immunity and changing epidemiological patterns. Recent outbreaks show different transmission routes, affecting new demographics. Genomic evolution, vaccination history, and potential new animal reservoirs complicate containment efforts. Continued surveillance and vaccination are crucial for control. CONCLUSIONS: It seems possible that MPXV has (re-)emerged to occupy the ecological niche left by the smallpox virus. Mutations of the apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic subunit 3G motif, in MPXV clade IIb since 2017 may explain the epidemiological change that has occurred in recent years. This pattern could be due to sustained transmission in a new host or a new route of infection.
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Brotes de Enfermedades , Monkeypox virus , Mpox , Mpox/epidemiología , Mpox/virología , Humanos , Monkeypox virus/genética , Animales , Zoonosis/epidemiología , Zoonosis/virologíaRESUMEN
While more and more health-related data is being produced and published every day, few of it is being prepared in a way that would be beneficial for daily use outside the scientific realm. Interactive visualizations that can slice and condense enormous amounts of multi-dimensional data into easy-to-digest portions are a promising tool that has been under-utilized for health-related topics. Here we present two case studies for how interactive maps can be utilized to make raw health data accessible to different target audiences: i) the European Notifiable Diseases Interactive Geovisualization (ENDIG) which aims to communicate the implementation status of disease surveillance systems across the European Union to public health experts and decision makers, and ii) the Zoonotic Infection Risk in Twente-Achterhoek Map (ZIRTA map), which aims to communicate information about zoonotic diseases and their regional occurrence to general practitioners and other healthcare providers tasked with diagnosing infectious diseases on a daily basis. With these two examples, we demonstrate that relatively straight-forward interactive visualization approaches that are already widely used elsewhere can be of benefit for the realm of public health.
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Zoonosis , Humanos , Zoonosis/epidemiología , Animales , Análisis Espacio-Temporal , Salud Pública , Personal de Salud , Unión Europea , Mapeo Geográfico , Vigilancia de la Población/métodos , Difusión de la Información , Sistemas de Información GeográficaRESUMEN
Introduction: brucellosis is a global neglected zoonotic disease affecting mainly livestock, causing communicable and zoonotic infections. This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence and determine epidemiological risk factors associated with Brucella infection in sheep and goats in Al Jufrah central district of Libya. Methods: sera samples from 555 animals (goats (n=320) and sheep (n=235)) sheep) were obtained and subjected to the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) then further confirmed by a validated Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Collected data was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Results: in total, 2.7% were ELISA seropositive for brucellosis with the highest seropositivity rate among the studied animals from Sokna with 5.8% (n=13/225) followed by 0.7% (n=2/285) in Waddan and 0% (n=0/45) in Houn. Only location was identified as a significant risk and no significant differences were identified between seropositivity and the age studied groups, species of animals, gender, and size of farms (p-value>0.05). Conclusion: the present study provides important information on the epidemiological status of Brucella infection in an important region in North Africa. Prevention control systems adopting "One Health" concept, and regional and international collaboration are important to control brucellosis and other zoonotic and transboundary diseases.
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Brucelosis , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Enfermedades de las Cabras , Cabras , Enfermedades de las Ovejas , Zoonosis , Animales , Brucelosis/epidemiología , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Libia/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/microbiología , Ovinos , Femenino , Masculino , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/microbiología , Factores de Riesgo , Zoonosis/epidemiología , Brucella/aislamiento & purificación , Brucella/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Leishmaniosis by Leishmania infantum is a zoonotic vector-borne disease transmitted to humans and dogs by the bite of female sand-flies. The domestic dog is the main reservoir and infected dogs may show or not clinical symptoms. The prevalence of infection in dogs varies according to the population studied, the geographic area, and the diagnostics employed. This study aims to estimate the global prevalence, subgrouping per continent, country, diagnostic test and selected risk factors. Cross-sectional studies (n=150; from 1990 to 2020) estimating the prevalence of the infection by Leishmania infantum were extracted from four electronic databases. The pooled global prevalence obtained by random-effects meta-analysis was 15.2â¯% (95â¯%CI 13.6-16.9), mostly in rural (19.5â¯%) and owned dogs (16.5â¯%). Prevalence varied if the diagnosis was made by western blot (WB, 32.9â¯%), cellular immunity tests (27.5â¯%), ELISA (17â¯%), PCR (16.9â¯%), IFAT (15.9â¯%), rapid tests and direct agglutination test (DAT, 11.5â¯%), cytology/immunohistochemistry (13.1â¯%), culture (8.6â¯%). A small studies bias (P<0.005) in the overall prevalence meta-analysis, due to the impact of small-size studies on the overall results was found. Moreover, a continent-related bias was found regarding rapid test, DAT (P=0.021), and WB (P<0.001), as these assays are mainly used in South American studies. A study period bias (P=0.033) and a publication year bias (P=0.002) were detected for PCR, as the test was not employed before the year 2000. In conclusion, a high prevalence of canine leishmaniosis worldwide and high heterogeneity among studies were found.
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Enfermedades de los Perros , Leishmania infantum , Leishmaniasis Visceral , Animales , Perros , Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/parasitología , Prevalencia , Leishmaniasis Visceral/epidemiología , Leishmaniasis Visceral/veterinaria , Factores de Riesgo , Estudios Transversales , Leishmaniasis/epidemiología , Leishmaniasis/veterinaria , Salud Global , Zoonosis/epidemiología , Zoonosis/parasitología , HumanosRESUMEN
This comprehensive review articulates critical insights into the nexus of environmental stressors and their health impacts across diverse species, underscoring significant findings that reveal profound effects on both wildlife and human health systems. Central to our examination is the role of pollutants, climate variables, and pathogens in contributing to complex disease dynamics and physiological disruptions, with particular emphasis on immune and endocrine functions. This research brings to light emerging evidence on the severe implications of environmental pressures on a variety of taxa, including predatory mammals, raptorial birds, seabirds, fish, and humans, which are pivotal as indicators of broader ecosystem health and stability. We delve into the nuanced interplay between environmental degradation and zoonotic diseases, highlighting novel intersections that pose significant risks to biodiversity and human populations. The review critically evaluates current methodologies and advances in understanding the morphological, histopathological, and biochemical responses of these organisms to environmental stressors. We discuss the implications of our findings for conservation strategies, advocating for a more integrated approach that incorporates the dynamics of zoonoses and pollution control. This synthesis not only contributes to the academic discourse but also aims to influence policy by aligning with the Global Goals for Sustainable Development. It underscores the urgent need for sustainable interactions between humans and their environments, which are critical for preserving biodiversity and ensuring global health security. By presenting a detailed analysis of the interdependencies between environmental stressors and biological health, this review highlights significant gaps in current research and provides a foundation for future studies aimed at mitigating these pressing issues. Our study is significant as it proposes integrative and actionable strategies to address the challenges at the intersection of environmental change and public health, marking a crucial step forward in planetary health science.
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Zoonosis , Animales , Humanos , Zoonosis/epidemiología , Animales Salvajes , Biodiversidad , Ecosistema , Contaminantes Ambientales/toxicidad , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Salud Global , Estrés Fisiológico , Contaminación Ambiental/efectos adversos , Monitoreo del AmbienteRESUMEN
The re-emergence of human mpox with the multi-country outbreak and a recent report of borealpox (previously Alaskapox) resulting in one death has heightened awareness of the significance of the Poxviridae family and their zoonotic potential. This review examines various poxviruses affecting humans, with discussion of less commonly encountered Poxviridae members, including pathogenesis, epidemiology, and diagnostic methods. Poxvirus treatment is beyond the intended scope of this review and will not be discussed.
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Infecciones por Poxviridae , Poxviridae , Humanos , Infecciones por Poxviridae/virología , Infecciones por Poxviridae/epidemiología , Infecciones por Poxviridae/diagnóstico , Poxviridae/genética , Poxviridae/clasificación , Animales , Brotes de Enfermedades , Zoonosis Virales/epidemiología , Zoonosis Virales/virología , Zoonosis/virología , Zoonosis/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Filoviruses are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses often associated with severe and highly lethal hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates, with case fatality rates as high as 90%. Of the known filoviruses, Ebola virus (EBOV), the prototype of the genus Orthoebolavirus, has been a major public health concern as it frequently causes outbreaks and was associated with an unprecedented outbreak in several Western African countries in 2013-2016, affecting 28,610 people, 11,308 of whom died. Thereafter, filovirus research mostly focused on EBOV, paying less attention to other equally deadly orthoebolaviruses (Sudan, Bundibugyo, and Taï Forest viruses) and orthomarburgviruses (Marburg and Ravn viruses). Some of these filoviruses have emerged in nonendemic areas, as exemplified by four Marburg disease outbreaks recorded in Guinea, Ghana, Tanzania, and Equatorial Guinea between 2021 and 2023. Similarly, the Sudan virus has reemerged in Uganda 10 years after the last recorded outbreak. Moreover, several novel bat-derived filoviruses have been discovered in the last 15 years (Lloviu virus, Bombali virus, Menglà virus, and Dehong virus), most of which are poorly characterized but may display a wide host range. These novel viruses have the potential to cause outbreaks in humans. Several gaps are yet to be addressed regarding known and emerging filoviruses. These gaps include the virus ecology and pathogenicity, mechanisms of zoonotic transmission, host range and susceptibility, and the development of specific medical countermeasures. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on non-Ebola filoviruses (Bombali virus, Bundibugyo virus, Reston virus, Sudan virus, Tai Forest virus, Marburg virus, Ravn virus, Lloviu virus, Menglà virus, and Dehong virus) and suggest some strategies to accelerate specific countermeasure development.