RESUMEN
Nos últimos anos, a obesidade vem aumentando consideravelmente entre adultos e crianças e, segundo a OMS, estima-se que em 2025 o número de obesos ultrapasse a 2,3 milhões em todo o mundo. O indivíduo obeso apresenta maiores riscos de desenvolver doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, como diabetes, doenças cardiovasculares, dislipidemias e ainda alguns tipos de cânceres. O tratamento para a obesidade é variado e inclui mudanças no estilo de vida como: hábitos alimentares e prática de atividade física, tratamento medicamentoso, cirurgia bariátrica e fitoterápicos com o potencial de auxiliar no tratamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma revisão bibliográfica a fim de avaliar os benefícios da utilização de medicamentos fitoterápicos como auxiliar no tratamento da obesidade, seus principais ativos, mecanismos de ação e sua utilização popular. Dentre as plantas pesquisadas e que demonstraram potencial para atuar no tratamento da obesidade encontram-se Camelia sinensis, Citrus aurantium, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Coffea arabica, Ephedra sinica, Zingiber oficinale e Senna alexandrina. Os principais mecanismos de ação envolvidos no potencial anti-obesidade das plantas medicinais são a capacidade de controle do apetite e ingestão de energia, estímulo da termogênese, inibição da lipase pancreática e redução da absorção de gordura, diminuição da lipogênese e aumento da lipólise. Desta forma, conclui-se que as plantas selecionadas neste estudo apresentaram efeitos positivos nos parâmetros bioquímicos e físicos, podendo ser incluídas nos protocolos como coadjuvantes nos tratamentos de emagrecimento.
In recent years, obesity has increased considerably among adults and children and according to the WHO, it is estimated that in 2025 the number of obese people will exceed 2.3 million worldwide. The obese individual is at greater risk of developing non-communicable chronic diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia and even some types of cancer. The treatment for obesity is varied, including changes in lifestyle such as eating habits and physical activity, drug treatment, bariatric surgery and phytotherapy with the potential to aid in the treatment. The objective of this work was to carry out a literature review, evaluating the benefits of using herbal medicines as an aid in the treatment of obesity, their main assets, mechanisms of action and their popular use. Among the plants researched and that have shown potential to act in the treatment of obesity are Camelia sinensis, Citrus aurantium, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Coffea arabica, Ephedra sinica, Zingiber officiale and Senna alexandrina. The main mechanisms of action involved in the antiobesity potential of medicinal plants are the ability to control appetite and energy intake, thermogenesis stimulation, pancreatic lipase inhibition and reduction of fat absorption, lipogenesis decrease and lipolysis increase. Thus, it is concluded that the plants selected in this study showed positive effects on biochemical and physical parameters, and can be included in the protocols as adjuvants in weight loss treatments.
En los últimos años, la obesidad ha aumentado considerablemente entre adultos y niños y, según la OMS, se estima que en 2025 el número de obesos superará los 2,3 millones en todo el mundo. Los individuos obesos tienen un mayor riesgo de desarrollar enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, como la diabetes, las enfermedades cardiovasculares, las dislipidemias e incluso algunos tipos de cáncer. El tratamiento de la obesidad es variado e incluye cambios en el estilo de vida como: hábitos alimenticios y práctica de actividad física, tratamiento farmacológico, cirugía bariátrica y medicamentos a base de hierbas con potencial para ayudar en el tratamiento. El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar una revisión bibliográfica para evaluar los beneficios del uso de las hierbas medicinales como ayuda en el tratamiento de la obesidad, sus principales activos, mecanismos de acción y su uso popular. Entre las plantas investigadas y que mostraron potencial para actuar en el tratamiento de la obesidad están Camelia sinensis, Citrus aurantium, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Coffea arabica, Ephedra sinica, Zingiber oficinale y Senna alexandrina. Los principales mecanismos de acción implicados en el potencial antiobesidad de las plantas medicinales son la capacidad de controlar el apetito y la ingesta de energía, estimular la termogénesis, inhibir la lipasa pancreática y reducir la absorción de grasas, disminuir la lipogénesis y aumentar la lipólisis. Por lo tanto, se concluye que las plantas seleccionadas en este estudio mostraron efectos positivos sobre los parámetros bioquímicos y físicos, y pueden ser incluidas en los protocolos como coadyuvantes en los tratamientos de pérdida de peso.
Asunto(s)
Medicamento Fitoterápico , Obesidad/terapia , Plantas Medicinales/efectos de los fármacos , Té/efectos de los fármacos , Pérdida de Peso/efectos de los fármacos , Citrus/efectos de los fármacos , Zingiber officinale/efectos de los fármacos , Sobrepeso/terapiaRESUMEN
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent dementia in the elderly, causing disability, physical, psychological, social, and economic damage to the individual, their families, and caregivers. Studies have shown some spices, such as saffron, rosemary, cinnamon, turmeric, and ginger, have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that act in inhibiting the aggregation of acetylcholinesterase and amyloid in AD. For this reason, spices have been studied as beneficial sources against neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. In this sense, this study aims to present a review of some spices (Saffron, Rosemary, Cinnamon, Turmeric and Ginger) and their bioactive compounds, most consumed and investigated in the world regarding AD. In this article, scientific evidence is compiled in clinical trials in adults, the elderly, animals, and in vitro, on properties considered neuroprotective, having no or negative effects on neuroprotection of these spices and their bioactive compounds. The importance of this issue is based on the pharmacological treatment for AD that is still not very effective. In addition, the recommendations and prescriptions of these spices are still permeated by questioning and lack of robust evidence of their effects on neurodegeneration. The literature search suggests all spices included in this article have bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions associated with neuroprotection. To date, the amounts of spice ingestion in humans are not uniform, and there is no consensus on its indication and chronic consumption guarantees safety and efficacy in neuroprotection. Therefore, clinical evidence on this topic is necessary to become a formal adjuvant treatment for AD.
Asunto(s)
Acetilcolinesterasa/farmacología , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/tratamiento farmacológico , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Productos Biológicos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Especias , Animales , Cinnamomum zeylanicum , Crocus/efectos de los fármacos , Curcuma/efectos de los fármacos , Zingiber officinale/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Neuroprotección , Rosmarinus/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of 1-MCP on the sprouting and preservation of ginger rhizomes during storage at room temperature. Ginger rhizomes were treated with 1 µL L-1 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and stored at 23 ± 0.2 °C. Our data showed that application of 1-MCP reduced the rate of sprouting during storage compared with the control rhizome. Respiration rate and the reducing sugar content were also reduced following 1-MCP treatment, while the starch content increased. 1-MCP treatment increased the total phenol content and inhibited polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity. 1-MCP treatment was also associated with a higher ascorbic acid content but a reduced crude fiber content. The generation of superoxide anion free radicals (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) was lower following 1-MCP treatment, while the activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were higher compared with the controls. These results suggested that application of 1-MCP could reduce sprouting rates, decrease the accumulation of ROS, and maintain the quality of ginger rhizomes during storage at room temperature. It would be useful to further explore the role and mechanisms of action of ethylene in regulating the sprouting of ginger rhizomes.
Asunto(s)
Ciclopropanos/farmacología , Conservación de Alimentos/métodos , Rizoma/efectos de los fármacos , Rizoma/crecimiento & desarrollo , Temperatura , Zingiber officinale/efectos de los fármacos , Zingiber officinale/crecimiento & desarrollo , Etilenos/análisis , Zingiber officinale/química , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/análisis , Malondialdehído/análisis , Fenoles/análisisRESUMEN
The mercury residue in soil not only poisons plants, but also bioaccumulates and biomagnifies through the food chain, causing a significant risk to human health. As an essential condiment on the table, the food safety of ginger should be focused on. Using soil culture experiments, this study aimed to identify the response of ginger growth to mercury pollution, assess the transmission and residue of mercury in different product organs and explore the mitigation mechanism of silicon on mercury toxicity. Effects of soil mercury pollution on ginger growth showed hormesis and time effect. Long-term mercury pollution led to growth inhibition and quality degradation of ginger, eventually reducing its yield by 25.96% (mercury = 9 mg kg-1). Contents of mercury and silicon in different organs both were the highest in root, followed by rhizome, less in stem and leaf, especially the mercury residue in rhizome manifested as Mother-ginger > Son-ginger > Grandson-ginger. At 6 mg kg-1 soil mercury level, the mercury residue of Mother-ginger exceeds the edible pollutant limit standard (China) by 10.7 times, which makes no obvious risk after being consumed by adults, but poses a potential health threat to children. Notably, it is safer to consume the newly sprouted and inflated tender ginger. Application of silicon fertilizer could alleviate mercury toxicity, mainly by promoting ginger root growth and leaf pigment synthesis, stimulating water-gas exchange system, fluorescence system and antioxidant system to make an anti-stress response. 2 mg kg-1 silicon fertilizer had the most significant mitigation effect on mercury stress, which increased the yield of ginger by 24.85% and reduced the mercury residue of ginger block by 44.44%-60.17%.
Asunto(s)
Mercurio/toxicidad , Silicio/farmacología , Contaminantes del Suelo/toxicidad , Zingiber officinale/efectos de los fármacos , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Fertilizantes , Zingiber officinale/crecimiento & desarrollo , Zingiber officinale/metabolismo , Mercurio/farmacocinética , Hojas de la Planta/química , Rizoma/metabolismo , Medición de Riesgo , Contaminantes del Suelo/farmacocinéticaRESUMEN
The aim of this work was exploring the effects of silicon, selenium, and a microorganism fertilizer on alleviating the effects of lead (Pb) toxicity in ginger. Ginger plants were grown in soil containing 500â¯mg/kg Pb(NO3)2 without (CK) or with Si, Se, or microorganism fertilizer (T1, T2, T3) as soil conditioners. Morphology indexes, Pb accumulation and distribution rates, and antioxidant enzyme activities were investigated. The Pb transfer and Pb absorption coefficients were calculated, and Pb accumulation in plant organs at various developmental stages were determined. All three soil conditioners alleviated Pb stress in ginger plants. The rhizome fresh weight in T1, T2, and T3 was increased by 96.06, 85.81, and 41.58%, respectively, compared with CK. The accumulation of Pb in organs was lower in all treatments than in CK. The chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in leaves, and root activity, root length, and the tolerance index, were higher in the treatments than in CK. The reactive oxygen species content in ginger leaves and roots was significantly lower in all treatments than in CK. Soil conditioners alleviated the negative effects of Pb stress on ginger plants: Si was the most effective, followed by Se, and then the microorganism fertilizer.
Asunto(s)
Plomo , Selenio , Zingiber officinale , Fertilizantes , Zingiber officinale/efectos de los fármacos , Zingiber officinale/microbiología , Plomo/toxicidad , Hojas de la Planta/efectos de los fármacos , Selenio/farmacología , Silicatos/farmacología , Estrés Fisiológico/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Cisplatin (CP) is a chemotherapy medication used to treat different types of organs cancers. It has damaging effects on testes. Mirtazapine is an antidepressant, which is used primarily in the treatment of depression and other anxiety disorders. Ginger is a naturally growing plant with antioxidant properties. Thirty-six adult male albino rats, subdivided into six groups (six animals each) received treatment for 30 days. Group I (control) received saline solution orally; group II received mirtazapine (20 mg/kg). Group III received ginger (200 mg/kg/day), group IV received CP (7 mg/kg) IP single dose, at day 23rd, group V received mirtazapine (200 mg/day) orally till day 23rd, CP (7 mg/kg) IP at day 23rd, mirtazapine till day 30th, group VI received ginger (200 mg/Kg/day) orally till day 23rd, CP (7 mg/kg) IP at day 23rd, and then ginger at the previous dose till day 30th. This study examined the microscopic changes associated with CP and the possible testicular protective role of mirtazapine versus ginger of adult male rats. Mirtazapine and ginger resulted in cellular protection of testicular tissue as evident from microscopic changes including Sertoli cells, spermatogonia, and Leydig cells. Ginger showed to have a more protective effect than mirtazapine on testicular tissue against CP treatment.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/farmacología , Mirtazapina/farmacología , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Testículo/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Cisplatino/farmacología , Zingiber officinale/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Ratas , Espermatozoides/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
The presence of antibiotic residues in vegetables has been highlighted as a risk to human health; antibiotics not only cause toxic effects to plants but can also induce antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) expression. Using a soil-free approach, this study aimed to explore the response of ginger growth to tetracycline (TC) pollution and to assess the levels of antibiotic residues in different plant organs and the presence of ARGs in the rhizome. Ginger growth in a highly TC-contaminated environment was remarkably inhibited. Photosynthetic parameters, fluorescence parameters, and some physiological indicators (oxidative substances, photosynthetic pigments, enzyme activity, etc.) were negatively influenced by TC contamination. Although the superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) activity levels significantly increased, their effects appear to be limited. The accumulation of TC in the rhizome (28.1â¯mgâ¯kg-1) was greater than that in the roots, stem, or leaves. All tested antibiotic resistance genes except for tetL were detectable in the rhizome, and their relative abundance was in the order integron1>tetGâ¯>â¯tetAâ¯>â¯tetCâ¯>â¯tetBâ¯>â¯tetM. The level of TC in ginger rhizomes was much higher than the maximum residue limits. The potential dose of TC acquired from the consumption of ginger grown in a highly TC-contaminated environment poses no obvious risk to adults but may be a threat to children.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/toxicidad , Farmacorresistencia Microbiana/genética , Contaminantes del Suelo/toxicidad , Tetraciclina/toxicidad , Zingiber officinale , Antibacterianos/metabolismo , Transferencia de Gen Horizontal , Genes Bacterianos , Zingiber officinale/efectos de los fármacos , Zingiber officinale/genética , Zingiber officinale/crecimiento & desarrollo , Rizoma/genética , Suelo/química , Contaminantes del Suelo/metabolismo , Tetraciclina/metabolismoRESUMEN
The ability of chitosan and oligochitosan to enhance ginger (Zingiber officinale) resistance to rhizome rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum in storage was investigated. Both chitosan and oligochitosan at 1 and 5g/L significantly inhibited rhizome rot, with the best control at 5g/L. Chitosan and oligochitosan applied at 5g/L also reduced weight loss, measured as a decrease in fresh weight, but did not affect soluble solids content or titratable acidity of rhizomes. The two compounds applied at 5g/L induced ß-1,3-glucanase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase enzyme activity and the transcript levels of their coding genes, as well as the total phenolic compounds in rhizome tissues. Therefore, the ability of chitosan and oligochitosan to reduce rot in stored rhizomes may be associated with their ability to induce defense responses in ginger. These results have practical implications for the application of chitosan and oligochitosan to harvested ginger rhizomes to reduce postharvest losses.
Asunto(s)
Quitina/análogos & derivados , Fusarium/efectos de los fármacos , Enfermedades de las Plantas/prevención & control , Rizoma/efectos de los fármacos , Zingiber officinale/efectos de los fármacos , Quitina/farmacología , Quitosano , Fusarium/fisiología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Zingiber officinale/enzimología , Zingiber officinale/genética , Zingiber officinale/microbiología , Glucano 1,3-beta-Glucosidasa/genética , Glucano 1,3-beta-Glucosidasa/metabolismo , Oligosacáridos , Fenilanina Amoníaco-Liasa/genética , Fenilanina Amoníaco-Liasa/metabolismo , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Rizoma/enzimología , Rizoma/genética , Rizoma/microbiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Chloropicrin (Pic) offers a potential alternative to methyl bromide (MB) against Ralstonia solanacarum in ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) production. MB is scheduled to be withdrawn from routine use by 2015 in developing countries. METHODS: Pic treatments were evaluated in a laboratory study and in three commercial ginger fields. RESULTS: Laboratory studies showed that the EC50 value and EC80 value of Pic were 2.7 and 3.7 mg a.i. kg-1 soil, respectively. Field trials in highly infested soil revealed that treatments of Pic at the dose of 50 g m-2 covered with totally impermeable film (TIF) or polyethylene film (PE) sharply reduced Ralstonia solanacarum and maintained high ginger yields. Both of the Pic treatments provided results similar to, or in some cases slightly lower than, MB with respect to Ralstonia solanacarum control, plant survival, plant growth and yield. All of the fumigant treatments were significantly better than the non-treated control. CONCLUSIONS: The present study confirms that the Pic is a promising alternative with good efficacy against Ralstonia solanacarum for ginger production and could be used in integrated pest management programs in China.
Asunto(s)
Hidrocarburos Clorados/química , Ralstonia , Microbiología del Suelo , Suelo/química , Zingiber officinale/crecimiento & desarrollo , Agricultura , China , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Fumigación , Germinación/efectos de los fármacos , Zingiber officinale/química , Zingiber officinale/efectos de los fármacos , Hidrocarburos Clorados/farmacología , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Plaguicidas/química , Plaguicidas/farmacología , Fenotipo , Carácter Cuantitativo Heredable , Ralstonia/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) and turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), members of the Zingiberaceae, are widely used in traditional Asian cuisines and herbal medicine. Gingerols and diarylheptanoids, important compounds from these plants, appear to be produced by enzymes of the type III polyketide synthase class. Previous efforts to detect activity of such enzymes in tissues from these plants were only marginally successful in turmeric and completely unsuccessful in ginger because of very rapid hydrolysis of the hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA substrates (p-coumaroyl-CoA, feruloyl-CoA and caffeoyl-CoA) in these assays, presumably due to the presence of thioesterases in these tissues. In order to determine whether such thioesterase activities were specific and could be reduced so that the polyketide synthase activities could be better characterized, three inhibitors of the thioesterase domain of fatty acid synthase were tested in assays with leaf and rhizome crude protein extracts from these plants: orlistat, a reduced form of lipstatin, and peptide 1 and peptide 2 from hydrolysates of soybean ß-conglycinin. Results of these analyses indicated that specific thioesterases do exist in these plants and that they could indeed be inhibited, with highest inhibition occurring with a mixture of these three compounds, leading for example to a reduction of caffeoyl-CoA hydrolysis in leaves and rhizomes of ginger by 40-fold and 27-fold, respectively.
Asunto(s)
Curcuma/enzimología , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Esterasas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Zingiber officinale/enzimología , Curcuma/efectos de los fármacos , Activación Enzimática/efectos de los fármacos , Zingiber officinale/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is a perennial herb. It belongs to the family Zingiberaceae and commercially cultivated in most tropical regions of the world. The underground rhizomes are the planting materials in a conventional propagation of ginger however it has a low multiplication rate. It is known that there are possible methods are available for rapid vegetative propagation of ginger through direct organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis under in vitro conditions but it is necessary to find the best protocol for in vitro multiplication of ginger. Limited studies on the tissue culture technology of ginger are available in Sri Lanka. However, significant efforts have been made in the procedure for in vitro micropropagation in the other ginger growing countries. The available literature with respect to in vitro plant regeneration has been perused and this review mainly focused on the in vitro propagation via direct organogenesis from rhizome buds or shoot tips of ginger often used as explants. This review article may be an appropriate and effective guidance for establishing in vitro cultures and subsequent production of in vitro plantlets in clonal propagation of ginger.
Asunto(s)
Organogénesis de las Plantas , Zingiber officinale/crecimiento & desarrollo , Zingiber officinale/efectos de los fármacos , Zingiber officinale/embriología , Organogénesis de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/farmacología , Brotes de la Planta/crecimiento & desarrollo , Regeneración , Rizoma/crecimiento & desarrollo , Técnicas de Cultivo de TejidosRESUMEN
The effect of foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) at different concentrations (10-3 M and 10-5 M) was investigated on the production of secondary metabolites (flavonoids), chalcone synthase (CHS) activity, antioxidant activity and anticancer activity (against breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) in two varieties of Malaysian ginger, namely Halia Bentong and Halia Bara. The results of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that application of SA induced the synthesis of anthocyanin and fisetin in both varieties. Anthocyanin and fisetin were not detected in the control plants. Accordingly, the concentrations of some flavonoids (rutin and apigenin) decreased significantly in plants treated with different concentrations of SA. The present study showed that SA enhanced the chalcone synthase (CHS) enzyme activity (involving flavonoid synthesis) and recorded the highest activity value of 5.77 nkat /mg protein in Halia Bara with the 10-5 M SA treatment. As the SA concentration was decreased from 10-3 M to 10-5 M, the free radical scavenging power (FRAP) increased about 23% in Halia Bentong and 10.6% in Halia Bara. At a concentration of 350 µg mL-1, the DPPH antioxidant activity recorded the highest value of 58.30%-72.90% with the 10-5 M SA treatment followed by the 10-3 M SA (52.14%-63.66%) treatment. The lowest value was recorded in the untreated control plants (42.5%-46.7%). These results indicate that SA can act not only as an inducer but also as an inhibitor of secondary metabolites. Meanwhile, the highest anticancer activity against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines was observed for H. Bara extracts treated with 10-5 M SA with values of 61.53 and 59.88%, respectively. The results suggest that the high anticancer activity in these varieties may be related to the high concentration of potent anticancer components including fisetin and anthocyanin. The results thus indicate that the synthesis of flavonoids in ginger can be increased by foliar application of SA in a controlled environment and that the anticancer activity in young ginger extracts could be improved.
Asunto(s)
Aciltransferasas/metabolismo , Antocianinas/biosíntesis , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/biosíntesis , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Ácido Salicílico/farmacología , Zingiber officinale/efectos de los fármacos , Zingiber officinale/metabolismo , Antocianinas/química , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/farmacología , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Vías Biosintéticas , Compuestos de Bifenilo/antagonistas & inhibidores , Línea Celular Tumoral , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Activación Enzimática , Flavonoides/biosíntesis , Flavonoides/química , Flavonoides/farmacología , Humanos , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Oxidación-Reducción/efectos de los fármacos , Picratos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is prone to photoinhibition under intense sunlight. Excessive light can be dissipated by the xanthophyll cycle, where violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) plays a critical role in protecting the photosynthesis apparatus from the damage of excessive light. We isolated ~2.0 kb of ginger VDE (GVDE) gene promoter, which contained the circadian box, I-box, G-box and GT-1 motif. Histochemical staining of Arabidopsis indicated the GVDE promoter was active in almost all organs, especially green tissues. ß-glucuronidase (GUS) activity driven by GVDE promoter was repressed rather than activated by high light. GUS activity was altered by hormones, growth regulators and abiotic stresses, which increased with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and decreased with abscisic acid, salicylic acid, zeatin, salt (sodium chloride) and polyethylene glycol. Interestingly, GUS activities with gibberellin or indole-3-acetic acid increased in the short-term (24 h) and decreased in the long-term (48 and 72 h). Analysis of 5' flank deletion found two crucial functional regions residing in -679 to -833 and -63 to -210. Northern blotting analysis found transcription to be regulated by the endogenous circadian clock. Finally, we found a region necessary for regulating the circadian rhythm and another for the basic promoter activity. Key message A novel promoter, named GVDE promoter, was first isolated and analyzed in this study. We have determined one region crucial for promoter activity and another responsible for keeping circadian rhythms.
Asunto(s)
Ritmo Circadiano/genética , Genes de Plantas/genética , Luz , Oxidorreductasas/genética , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Zingiber officinale/enzimología , Zingiber officinale/genética , Arabidopsis/citología , Arabidopsis/efectos de los fármacos , Arabidopsis/genética , Arabidopsis/efectos de la radiación , Emparejamiento Base/genética , Secuencia de Bases , Ritmo Circadiano/efectos de los fármacos , Ritmo Circadiano/efectos de la radiación , Clonación Molecular , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de la radiación , Zingiber officinale/efectos de los fármacos , Zingiber officinale/efectos de la radiación , Glucuronidasa/metabolismo , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Oxidorreductasas/metabolismo , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/farmacología , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Estrés Fisiológico/efectos de los fármacos , Estrés Fisiológico/genética , Estrés Fisiológico/efectos de la radiación , Transcripción Genética/efectos de los fármacos , Transcripción Genética/efectos de la radiaciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: NF-kappaB is a survival signaling transcription factor complex involved in the malignant phenotype of many cancers, including squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). The citrus coumarin, auraptene (AUR), and the ethno-medicinal ginger (Alpinia galanga) phenylpropanoid, 1'-acetoxychavicol acetate (ACA), were previously shown to suppress 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) induced mouse skin tumor promotion. The goal of the present study was to determine whether AUR and ACA are effective either alone or in combination with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) for suppressing SCC tumor growth. METHODS: We first determined the effects of orally administered ACA (100 mg/kg bw) and AUR (200 mg/kg bw) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NF-kappaB activation in NF-kappaB-RE-luc (Oslo) luciferase reporter mice. Dietary administration of AUR and ACA +/- ATRA was next evaluated in a xenograft mouse model. Female SCID/bg mice were fed diets containing the experimental compounds, injected with 1 x 106 SRB12-p9 cells s.c., palpated and weighed twice a week for 28 days following injection. RESULTS: Both ACA and AUR suppressed LPS-induced NF-kappaB activation in the report mice. In the xenograft model, AUR (1000 ppm) and ACA (500 ppm) modestly suppressed tumor volume. However, in combination with ATRA at 5, 10, and 30 ppm, ACA 500 ppm significantly inhibited tumor volume by 56%, 62%, and 98%, respectively. The effect of ATRA alone was 37%, 33%, and 93% inhibition, respectively. AUR 1000 ppm and ATRA 10 ppm were not very effective when administered alone, but when combined, strongly suppressed tumor volume by 84%. CONCLUSIONS: Citrus AUR may synergize the tumor suppressive effects of ATRA, while ACA may prolong the inhibitory effects of ATRA. Further studies will be necessary to determine whether these combinations may be useful in the control of human SCC.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Alcoholes Bencílicos/farmacología , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/tratamiento farmacológico , Cumarinas/farmacología , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Neoplasias Cutáneas/tratamiento farmacológico , Tretinoina/farmacología , Animales , Western Blotting , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patología , Citrus/efectos de los fármacos , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Quimioterapia Combinada , Femenino , Zingiber officinale/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Luciferasas/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones SCID , FN-kappa B/genética , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Neoplasias Cutáneas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Cutáneas/patología , Células Tumorales Cultivadas , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de XenoinjertoRESUMEN
A protocol was developed for the in vitro propagation of ginger (Zingiber officinale) cv. Suprava using dormant axillary buds from unsprouted rhizomes. The dormant axillary buds embedded in the rhizome nodes were induced to sprout when cultured on MS medium supplemented with 6-benzyladenine (BA) alone (1-6 mg/1) or with a combination of BA (1-6 mg/1) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) (0.5, 1 mg/l). In vitro sprouted buds were transferred to the multiplication medium containing various combinations of auxins and cytokinins. MS basal medium supplemented with BA (1 mg/l), IAA (1 mg/l) and adenine sulfate (100 mg/l) was found optimum for the in vitro multiplication of shoots producing (8.2 +/- 0.2) shoots from a single explant within 30 days of culture. The multiplication rate remained unchanged in subsequent subcultures. Rooting of shoots occurred in the same multiplication media. Upon transfer of the in vitro culture to ex vitro in pots, 96% of plants survived and established successfully under natural conditions. Tissue culture-raised plantlets of ginger could be conserved in vitro through subculturing at an interval of 4 months. The genetic stability of micropropagated clones was evaluated at regular intervals of 6 months up to 24 months in culture using cytophotometric estimation of 4C nuclear DNA content and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Cytophotometric analysis revealed a unimodal distribution of the DNA content with a peak corresponding to the 4C value (23.1 pg), and RAPD analysis revealed monomorphic bands showing the absence of polymorphism in all fifty regenerants analyzed, thus confirming the genetic uniformity among in vitro grown somaclones of Z. officinale. This study is of commercial significance as axillary bud explants are available throughout the year for initiating a fresh culture of the elite ginger cv. Suprava to be used as a source of true-to-type disease-free planting material thereby minimizing the adverse effect of repeated subculturing from the same explant source.
Asunto(s)
Rizoma/genética , Zingiber officinale/genética , Cartilla de ADN , ADN de Plantas/genética , Zingiber officinale/efectos de los fármacos , Zingiber officinale/crecimiento & desarrollo , Zingiber officinale/fisiología , Ácidos Indolacéticos/farmacología , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/farmacología , Brotes de la Planta/efectos de los fármacos , Brotes de la Planta/genética , Brotes de la Planta/fisiología , Técnica del ADN Polimorfo Amplificado Aleatorio , RegeneraciónRESUMEN
An efficient cryopreservation technique for in vitro grown shoots of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc) was developed based on encapsulation dehydration, encapsulation vitrification and vitrification procedures. Pregrowth and serial preculture were needed to obtain the best regrowth for all techniques. The vitrification procedure resulted in higher regrowth (80%) when compared to encapsulation vitrification (66%) and encapsulation dehydration (41%). In the vitrification procedure shoots were: precultured in liquid Murashige-Skoog medium containing 0.3 M sucrose for 3 days; cryoprotected with a mixture of 5% DMSO and 5% glycerol for 20 min at room temperature; osmoprotected with a mixture of 2 M glycerol and 0.4 m sucrose for 20 min at 25 degrees C; before being dehydrated with a highly concentrated vitrification solution (PVS2) for 40 min at 25 degrees C. The dehydrated shoots were transferred to 2 ml cryotubes, suspended in 1 ml PVS2 and plunged directly into liquid nitrogen. In all the three cryopreservation procedures tested, shoots grew from cryopreserved shoot tips without intermediary callus formation. The genetic stability of cryopreserved ginger shoot buds were confirmed using ISSR and RAPD profiling.
Asunto(s)
Criopreservación/métodos , Brotes de la Planta/crecimiento & desarrollo , Brotes de la Planta/fisiología , Zingiber officinale/fisiología , Aberraciones Cromosómicas , Crioprotectores/farmacología , Dermatoglifia del ADN , ADN de Plantas/genética , Desecación , Dimetilsulfóxido/farmacología , Zingiber officinale/efectos de los fármacos , Zingiber officinale/genética , Glicerol/farmacología , Brotes de la Planta/efectos de los fármacos , Sacarosa/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Using techniques previously employed to identify ginger constituents in fresh organically grown Hawaiian white and yellow ginger varieties, partially purified fractions derived from the silica gel column chromatography and HPLC of a methylene chloride extract of commercially processed dry ginger, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiberaceae, which demonstrated remarkable anti-inflammatory activity, were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In all, 115 compounds were identified, 88 with retention times (R(t)) >21 min and 27 with <21 min. Of those 88 compounds, 45 were previously reported by us from fresh ginger, 12 are cited elsewhere in the literature and the rest (31) are new: methyl [8]-paradol, methyl [6]-isogingerol, methyl [4]-shogaol, [6]-isoshogaol, two 6-hydroxy-[n]-shogaols (n=8 and 10), 6-dehydro-[6]-gingerol, three 5-methoxy-[n]-gingerols (n=4, 8 and 10), 3-acetoxy-[4]-gingerdiol, 5-acetoxy-[6]-gingerdiol (stereoisomer), diacetoxy-[8]-gingerdiol, methyl diacetoxy-[8]-gingerdiol, 6-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-2-nonyl-2-hydroxytetrahydropyran, 3-acetoxydihydro-[6]-paradol methyl ether, 1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-2-nonadecen-1-one and its methyl ether derivative, 1,7-bis-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-5-methoxyheptan-3-one, 1,7-bis-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-5-acetoxyheptane, acetoxy-3-dihydrodemethoxy-[6]-shogaol, 5-acetoxy-3-deoxy-[6]-gingerol, 1-hydroxy-[6]-paradol, (2E)-geranial acetals of [4]- and [6]-gingerdiols, (2Z)-neral acetal of [6]-gingerdiol, acetaldehyde acetal of [6]-gingerdiol, 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2,4-dehydro-6-decanone and the cyclic methyl orthoesters of [6]- and [10]-gingerdiols. Of the 27 R(t)<21 min compounds, we had found 5 from fresh ginger, 20 others were found elsewhere in the literature, and two are new: 5-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-pent-2-en-1-al and 5-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-1-pentanal. Most of the short R(t) compounds are probably formed by thermal degradation during GC (which mimics cooking) and/or commercial drying. The concentrations of gingerols, the major constituents of fresh ginger, were reduced slightly in dry ginger, while the concentrations of shogaols, the major gingerol dehydration products, increased.
Asunto(s)
Dinoprostona/metabolismo , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Zingiber officinale/química , Zingiber officinale/metabolismo , Cromatografía de Gases , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Manipulación de Alimentos , Zingiber officinale/efectos de los fármacos , Cloruro de Metileno , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/metabolismoRESUMEN
The induction of rooting in microshoots of Zingiber officinale cvs. Suprava, Turia local, Suruchi and V3S18 was achieved on half-strength basal Murashige and Skoog's medium supplemented with 0.5-1.0 mg/l either indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 2% (w/v) sucrose within 7-9 days of culture. Rooting was inhibited when the microshoots were cultured under higher concentration of auxins. The microshoots cultured on medium supplemented with NAA induced large number of thin root hairs with friable calluses within 6-7 days. Peroxidase activity was determined during root induction (0-day to the 10th day at every 2 day interval) from microshoots derived in vitro. The activity was minimum in the inductive phase (primary) and at the maximum level during the root initiative phase. These finding may be useful in monitoring the rooting behaviour in microshoots derived from different subculture and peroxidase activity as a marker for root initiation.