RESUMEN
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: IDS presented pathognomonic dilatation of the jejunum up to Meckel's diverticulum.IDS caused weight loss, decreased egg production, and increased culling and mortality.Chicken parvovirus (ChPV) was consistently detected through PCR assays.Chicken megrivirus (ChMV) was consistently detected through viral metagenomics.
Asunto(s)
Pollos , Infecciones por Parvoviridae , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Animales , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/virología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/patología , Pollos/virología , Infecciones por Parvoviridae/veterinaria , Infecciones por Parvoviridae/virología , Femenino , Parvovirus/genética , Parvovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/veterinaria , Dilatación Patológica/veterinaria , Dilatación Patológica/virología , Yeyuno/virología , Yeyuno/patología , ParvovirinaeRESUMEN
This work aimed to study the effect of repeated exposure to low doses of ozone on alpha-synuclein and the inflammatory response in the substantia nigra, jejunum, and colon. Seventy-two male Wistar rats were divided into six groups. Each group received one of the following treatments: The control group was exposed to air. The ozone groups were exposed for 7, 15, 30, 60, and 90 days for 0.25 ppm for four hours daily. Afterward, they were anesthetized, and their tissues were extracted and processed using Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and qPCR. The results indicated a significant increase in alpha-synuclein in the substantia nigra and jejunum from 7 to 60 days of exposure and an increase in NFκB from 7 to 90 days in the substantia nigra, while in the jejunum, a significant increase was observed at 7 and 15 days and a decrease at 60 and 90 days for the colon. Interleukin IL-17 showed an increase at 90 days in the substantia nigra in the jejunum and increases at 30 days and in the colon at 15 and 90 days. Exposure to ozone increases the presence of alpha-synuclein and induces the loss of regulation of the inflammatory response, which contributes significantly to degenerative processes.
Asunto(s)
Colon , Yeyuno , Ozono , Sustancia Negra , alfa-Sinucleína , Animales , Masculino , Ratas , alfa-Sinucleína/metabolismo , Colon/metabolismo , Colon/efectos de los fármacos , Colon/patología , Inflamación/metabolismo , Inflamación/inducido químicamente , Inflamación/patología , Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Yeyuno/metabolismo , Yeyuno/efectos de los fármacos , Yeyuno/patología , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Ozono/toxicidad , Ratas Wistar , Sustancia Negra/metabolismo , Sustancia Negra/efectos de los fármacos , Sustancia Negra/patologíaRESUMEN
Studies have reported the occurrence of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, primarily diarrhea, in COVID-19. However, the pathobiology regarding COVID-19 in the GI tract remains limited. This work aimed to evaluate SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein interaction with gut lumen in different experimental approaches. Here, we present a novel experimental model with the inoculation of viral protein in the murine jejunal lumen, in vitro approach with human enterocytes, and molecular docking analysis. Spike protein led to increased intestinal fluid accompanied by Cl- secretion, followed by intestinal edema, leukocyte infiltration, reduced glutathione levels, and increased cytokine levels [interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1ß, IL-10], indicating inflammation. Additionally, the viral epitope caused disruption in the mucosal histoarchitecture with impairment in Paneth and goblet cells, including decreased lysozyme and mucin, respectively. Upregulation of toll-like receptor 2 and toll-like receptor 4 gene expression suggested potential activation of local innate immunity. Moreover, this experimental model exhibited reduced contractile responses in jejunal smooth muscle. In barrier function, there was a decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance and alterations in the expression of tight junction proteins in the murine jejunal epithelium. Additionally, paracellular intestinal permeability increased in human enterocytes. Finally, in silico data revealed that the Spike protein interacts with cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and calcium-activated chloride conductance (CaCC), inferring its role in the secretory effect. Taken together, all the events observed point to gut impairment, affecting the mucosal barrier to the innermost layers, establishing a successful experimental model for studying COVID-19 in the GI context.
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COVID-19 , Mucosa Intestinal , SARS-CoV-2 , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/metabolismo , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/inmunología , Animales , SARS-CoV-2/fisiología , SARS-CoV-2/inmunología , Humanos , Ratones , COVID-19/inmunología , COVID-19/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/inmunología , Yeyuno/inmunología , Yeyuno/metabolismo , Yeyuno/patología , Yeyuno/virología , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Enterocitos/metabolismo , Enterocitos/virología , Inmunidad Innata , Citocinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Masculino , Relevancia ClínicaRESUMEN
AIM: Exposure to pesticides and consumption of high-fat diets are widespread in society. Reports have shown that exposure to glyphosate and a high-fat diet can cause gastrointestinal disorders and increase susceptibility to obesity. Thus, this study evaluated the impacts of perinatal exposure to glyphosate followed by consumption of a high-fat diet in adulthood on the histology and morphometry of jejunums and enteric nervous system of C57BL/6 mice. MATERIAL AND METHODS: After mating, 20 C57BL/6 female mice were separated into a control group (CG) and a glyphosate group (GLY) that received water with 0.5% glyphosate. After the lactation period, some male offspring were randomly separated into CG-SD and GLY-SD (standard diet) groups or CG-HD and GLY-HD (high-fat diet) groups. After 12 weeks, jejunum samples were collected and submitted to histological analysis. KEY FINDINGS: Indirect exposure to glyphosate changed the morphometry of the intestinal wall, increased the proportion of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and goblet cells, and altered the area occupied by collagen fibers. The hyperlipidemic diet hypertrophied the jejunal total wall, total muscular and submucosal layers, decreased IELs, and increased the proportion of goblet cells. GLY-HD mice had shallower crypts, shorter villi, and less goblet cells and IELs than mice from GLY-SD group. GLY-HD also showed an increased number of neurons in myenteric and submucosal plexuses. Groups exposed to glyphosate and/or fed a high-fat diet had atrophied submucosal neurons. SIGNIFICANCE: This study suggests that perinatal glyphosate exposure combined with a high-fat diet in adulthood increases the risk of jejunum inflammation and dysfunction.
Asunto(s)
Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Glicina/análogos & derivados , Herbicidas/efectos adversos , Yeyuno/efectos de los fármacos , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/inducido químicamente , Animales , Femenino , Glicina/efectos adversos , Células Caliciformes/efectos de los fármacos , Células Caliciformes/patología , Yeyuno/patología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Embarazo , GlifosatoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Serotonin (5-HT) is present in the epithelial enterochromaffin cells (EC), mast cells of the lamina propria and enteric neurons. The 5-HT is involved in regulating motility, secretion, gut sensation, immune system and inflammation. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effects of diabetes and quercetin supplementation on serotoninergic cells and its cell loss by apoptosis in jejunal mucosa of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ-rats). METHODS: Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: normoglycemic (C), normoglycemic supplemented with 40 mg/day quercetin (Q), diabetic (D) and diabetic supplemented with 40 mg/day quercetin (DQ). After 120 days, the jejunum was collected and fixated in Zamboni's solution for 18 h. After obtaining cryosections, immunohistochemistry was performed to label 5-HT and caspase-3. Quantification of 5-HT and caspase-3 immunoreactive (IR) cells in the lamina propria, villi and crypts were performed. RESULTS: The diabetic condition displayed an increase of the number of 5-HT-IR cells in villi and crypts, while decreased number of these cells was observed in lamina propria in the jejunum of STZ-rats. In the diabetic animals, an increased density of apoptotic cells in epithelial villi and crypts of the jejunum was observed, whereas a decreased number of caspase-3-IR cells was observed in lamina propria. Possibly, quercetin supplementation slightly suppressed the apoptosis phenomena in the epithelial villi and crypts of the STZ-rats, however the opposite effect was observed on the 5-HT-IR cells of the lamina propria. Quercetin supplementation on healthy animals promoted few changes of serotoninergic function and apoptotic stimuli. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that quercetin supplementation mostly improved the serotonergic function affected by diabetes maybe due to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of quercetin.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/administración & dosificación , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Caspasa 3/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Suplementos Dietéticos , Yeyuno/patología , Quercetina/administración & dosificación , Serotonina/metabolismo , Animales , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/patología , Inmunohistoquímica , Células Intersticiales de Cajal/efectos de los fármacos , Células Intersticiales de Cajal/patología , Mucosa Intestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Yeyuno/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
Intussuscepção é uma afecção relativamente comum na clínica veterinária, porém é uma condição rara em felinos. Caracteriza-se pela invaginação de um segmento intestinal em outro adjacente. Os fatores predisponentes de intussuscepção são desconhecidos, no entanto acredita-se que corpos estranhos, neoplasias, parasitismos e até mesmo causas idiopáticas podem levar a esta afecção. Os sinais clínicos em gatos são inespecíficos e geralmente incluem anorexia, perda de peso, desidratação e massa palpável abdominal. O diagnóstico se dá pelos sinais clínicos e exames complementares, como radiografias e ultrassonografias, mas em alguns casos à doença pode evoluir rapidamente, o que muitas vezes pode impedir um diagnóstico precoce, como no caso relatado de um felino fêmea, da raça American Curl de aproximadamente dois anos de idade, com histórico de êmese e emagrecimento. O animal apresentou rápida piora no quadro clínico e foi a óbito dois dias após o início dos sinais clínicos. As alterações macroscópicas encontradas no exame de necropsia foram compatíveis com intussuscepção duodenojejunal.(AU)
Intussusception is a relatively common condition in the veterinary clinic, but is a rare condition in felines. It is characterized by the invagination of one intestinal segment in an adjacent one. The predisposing factors of intussusception are unknown; however it is believed that foreign bodies, neoplasms, parasitisms and even idiopathic causes can lead to this condition. Clinical signs in cats are non-specific and generally include anorexia, weight loss, dehydration, and palpable abdominal mass. Diagnosis is due to clinical signs and complementary tests, such as X-rays and ultrasound, but in some cases the disease can evolve rapidly, which can often prevent an early diagnosis, as in the case of a female American Curl feline. Approximately two years old, with a history of emesis and weight loss. The animal presented a rapid worsening in the clinical picture and died two days after the onset of clinical signs. The macroscopic changes found in the necropsy examination were compatible with duodenojejunal intussusception.(AU)
La intususcepción es una afección relativamente común en la clínica veterinaria, pero es una condición rara en los felinos. Se caracteriza por la invaginación de un segmento intestinal en otro adyacente. Los factores predisponentes de intususcepción son desconocidos, pero se cree que los cuerpos extraños, las neoplasias, los parasitismos e incluso las causas idiopáticas pueden conducir a esta afección. Los signos clínicos en gatos son inespecíficos y generalmente incluyen anorexia, pérdida de peso, deshidratación y masa palpable abdominal. El diagnóstico se da por los signos clínicos y complementarios complementarios, como radiografías y ultrasonografías, pero en algunos casos la enfermedad puede evolucionar rápidamente, lo que muchas veces puede impedir un diagnóstico precoz, como en el caso relatado de un felino hembra, raza American Curl de aproximadamente dos años de edad, con historial de eemesis y adelgazamiento. El animal presentó un rápido empeoramiento en el cuadro clínico y murió dos días después del inicio de los signos clínicos. Los cambios macroscópicos encontrados en el examen de neurosis fueron compatibles con intususcepción duodenojejunal.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Femenino , Gatos , Intususcepción/patología , Intususcepción/veterinaria , Duodeno/patología , Yeyuno/patología , Autopsia/veterinariaRESUMEN
AIMS: The aim of our study was to study the pathological mechanisms induced by the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on the Enteric Nervous System (ENS). MAIN METHODS: We evaluated the effect of the chronic arthritis and its treatment with 50â¯mg/kg quercetin alone (AQ) and combined with 17.5â¯mg/kg ibuprofen (AIQ) for 60 days on neurons, glial cells and intestinal wall. Other groups were used: control (C), arthritic (A) and arthritic treated with 17.5â¯mg/kg ibuprofen (AI). After 60 days, the jejunum was removed and processed for immunohistochemical techniques. Immunostainings were performed for HuC/D and S100 (myenteric and submucosal plexuses), and GFAP (only myenteric plexus), while immunolabeling for CD45 and CD20 lymphocytes was performed using cryosections. Western blot was performed for GDNF, S100 and GFAP. KEY FINDINGS: A group yielded a remarkable density decrease of the neurons and glial cells with morphometric changes in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses, reduction of the GDNF expression and GFAP-related parameters (GFAP expression, occupancy area and GFAP-expressing glial cells) and intestinal inflammation and atrophy of the mucosa and intestinal wall. AQ group substantially reversed most of these effects, except for intestinal atrophy of the jejunum. The AI and AIQ groups displayed lower beneficial results than AQ for parameters related to the neurons and glial cells, although AIQ did not prevent the inflammation of the mucosa. SIGNIFICANCE: The severe chronic rheumatoid arthritis induced severe effects on ENS and mucosa, and quercetin treatment continues to be an important antioxidant supplement preventing the progression of the RA severity.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Artritis Experimental/complicaciones , Artritis Reumatoide/complicaciones , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Yeyuno/efectos de los fármacos , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas/tratamiento farmacológico , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/farmacología , Quercetina/farmacología , Animales , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Artritis Experimental/inducido químicamente , Sistema Nervioso Entérico/efectos de los fármacos , Sistema Nervioso Entérico/patología , Inflamación/etiología , Inflamación/patología , Yeyuno/inmunología , Yeyuno/patología , Masculino , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas/etiología , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas/patología , Neuroprotección/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-DawleyRESUMEN
ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Serotonin (5-HT) is present in the epithelial enterochromaffin cells (EC), mast cells of the lamina propria and enteric neurons. The 5-HT is involved in regulating motility, secretion, gut sensation, immune system and inflammation. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effects of diabetes and quercetin supplementation on serotoninergic cells and its cell loss by apoptosis in jejunal mucosa of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ-rats). METHODS: Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: normoglycemic (C), normoglycemic supplemented with 40 mg/day quercetin (Q), diabetic (D) and diabetic supplemented with 40 mg/day quercetin (DQ). After 120 days, the jejunum was collected and fixated in Zamboni's solution for 18 h. After obtaining cryosections, immunohistochemistry was performed to label 5-HT and caspase-3. Quantification of 5-HT and caspase-3 immunoreactive (IR) cells in the lamina propria, villi and crypts were performed. RESULTS: The diabetic condition displayed an increase of the number of 5-HT-IR cells in villi and crypts, while decreased number of these cells was observed in lamina propria in the jejunum of STZ-rats. In the diabetic animals, an increased density of apoptotic cells in epithelial villi and crypts of the jejunum was observed, whereas a decreased number of caspase-3-IR cells was observed in lamina propria. Possibly, quercetin supplementation slightly suppressed the apoptosis phenomena in the epithelial villi and crypts of the STZ-rats, however the opposite effect was observed on the 5-HT-IR cells of the lamina propria. Quercetin supplementation on healthy animals promoted few changes of serotoninergic function and apoptotic stimuli. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that quercetin supplementation mostly improved the serotonergic function affected by diabetes maybe due to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of quercetin.
RESUMO CONTEXTO: A serotonina (5-HT) está presente nas células epiteliais enterocromafins (CE), nos mastócitos da lâmina própria e nos neurônios entéricos. A 5-HT está envolvida na regulação da motilidade, secreção, nocepção intestinal, sistema imunológico e inflamação. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos do diabetes e da suplementação de quercetina sobre a função serotoninérgica e a perda celular por apoptose na mucosa jejunal de ratos diabéticos induzidos por estreptozotocina (ratos STZ). MÉTODOS: Vinte e quatro ratos Wistar machos foram divididos em quatro grupos: normoglicêmico (C), normoglicêmico suplementado com quercetina 40 mg/dia (Q), diabético (D) e diabético suplementado com quercetina 40 mg/dia (DQ). Após 120 dias, o jejuno foi coletado e fixado na solução de Zamboni por 18 horas. Após a obtenção de cortes em criostato, a imuno-histoquímica foi realizada para marcar 5-HT e caspase-3. A quantificação de células imunorreativas (IR) à 5-HT e caspase-3 foram realizadas na lâmina própria, vilosidades e criptas. RESULTADOS: A condição diabética ocasionou um aumento do número de células 5-HT-IR nas vilosidades e criptas, enquanto que na lâmina própria houve uma redução dessas células, no jejuno de ratos STZ. Nos animais diabéticos, foi observada uma densidade aumentada de células apoptóticas no epitélio do jejuno, tanto nas vilosidades quanto nas criptas, por outro lado um número reduzido de células caspase-3-IR foi observado na lâmina própria. Possivelmente, a suplementação de quercetina suprimiu ligeiramente os fenômenos de apoptose no epitélio de vilosidades e criptas do jejuno de ratos STZ, no entanto, o efeito oposto foi observado nas células 5-HT-IR da lâmina própria. A suplementação com quercetina em animais saudáveis promoveu poucas alterações na função serotoninérgica e nos estímulos apoptóticos. CONCLUSÃO: Estes resultados sugerem que a suplementação de quercetina melhorou principalmente a função serotoninérgica afetada pelo diabetes, talvez devido às propriedades antioxidantes e anti-inflamatórias da quercetina.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Masculino , Ratas , Quercetina/administración & dosificación , Serotonina/metabolismo , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Suplementos Dietéticos , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Caspasa 3/metabolismo , Yeyuno/patología , Antioxidantes/administración & dosificación , Inmunohistoquímica , Ratas Wistar , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/patología , Células Intersticiales de Cajal/efectos de los fármacos , Células Intersticiales de Cajal/patología , Mucosa Intestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Yeyuno/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Assessing the gut mucosa milieu is important to grade the inflammatory process in conditions such as food hypersensitivity, allergy, gut parasitosis, etc. However, the gastrointestinal tract comprises a challenging system to evaluate, due to its thin tubular structure and mucosa, which suffer fast autolysis after death. Irrespective of the preferred inflammatory score system, it is important to choose the technique that will render the best tissue analysis. Thus, our aim was to compare two of the most frequently used methods to collect, process and analyze gut segments, the Swiss Roll and the Intestinal Strips. Normal C57Bl/6 mice were randomly assigned to Rolls or Strips group. After an overdose of anesthetics, segments of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were collected and prepared accordingly for histological processing and analysis. Our results show the villi in the Rolls tend to be shorter and wider than those in the Strips in the duodenum and jejunum but not the ileum. No significant differences were observed in intra-epithelial lymphocytes and goblet cells counts. Finally, we staged each segment using our histomorphometric classification system, which revealed that although all animals presented a normal intestinal mucosa, those assigned to the Rolls group had their mucosa staged in the Infiltrative Stage while the Strips group had their mucosa staged as Normal. In conclusion, Swiss Rolls might be desirable for a wider assessment of the intestine, as it allows large segments to be analyzed at once, while Strips are better suited when detailed evaluation of each villus is intended.
Asunto(s)
Duodeno/patología , Tracto Gastrointestinal/patología , Íleon/patología , Inflamación/patología , Mucosa Intestinal/patología , Yeyuno/patología , Manejo de Especímenes/métodos , Animales , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Manejo de Especímenes/clasificaciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Diabetes causes damage to the enteric nervous system. The enteric nervous system consists of neurons and enteric glial cells (EGCs). The present study evaluated the effects of an ethyl-acetate fraction (EAF) from Trichilia catigua (T. catigua; 200 mg/kg) on the total population of enteric neurons (HuC/D-immunoreactive [IR]) and EGCs (S100-IR and glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP]-IR) in the total preparation and jejunal mucosa in diabetic rats. METHODS: The animals were distributed into four groups: normoglycemic rats (N), diabetic rats (D), normoglycemic rats that received the EAF (NC), and diabetic rats that received the EAF (DC). The jejunum was processed for immunohistochemistry to evaluate HuC/D, S100, and GFAP immunoreactivity. The expression of S100 and GFAP proteins was also quantified by Western blot. RESULTS: The D group exhibited a decrease in the number of neurons and EGCs, an increase in the area of cell bodies, an increase in S100 protein expression, a decrease in GFAP protein expression, and a decrease in S100-IR and GFAP-IR EGCs in the jejunal mucosa. The DC group exhibited a decrease in the number of neurons and EGCs, a decrease in the area of cell bodies, a decrease in S100 and GFAP protein expression, and a decrease in S100-IR and GFAP-IR EGCs in the jejunal mucosa. The NC group exhibited maintenance of the number of neurons and EGCs, an increase in the area of cell bodies, and a decrease in S100 and GFAP protein expression. CONCLUSION: The EAF from T. catigua partially conferred protection against diabetic neuropathy in the enteric nervous system.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/complicaciones , Neuropatías Diabéticas/prevención & control , Yeyuno/inervación , Meliaceae/química , Neuroglía/efectos de los fármacos , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Acetatos/química , Animales , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/patología , Neuropatías Diabéticas/etiología , Neuropatías Diabéticas/patología , Sistema Nervioso Entérico/efectos de los fármacos , Proteína Ácida Fibrilar de la Glía/análisis , Yeyuno/efectos de los fármacos , Yeyuno/patología , Masculino , Neuroglía/patología , Neuronas/patología , Neuroprotección/efectos de los fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/química , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/uso terapéutico , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Proteínas S100/análisisRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To analyze the effects of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in the expression of apoptosis-related genes in rat small intestine subjected to ischemia and reperfusion. METHODS: Thirty anesthetized rats underwent laparotomy and were drive into five groups: control (CG); ischemia (IG); ischemia and reperfusion (IRG); IPC and ischemia (IG+IPC); IPC and ischemia and reperfusion (I/RG+IPC). Intestinal ischemia was performed by clamping the superior mesenteric artery for 60 minutes, whereas reperfusion lasted for 120 minutes. IPC was carried out by one cycle of 5 minutes of ischemia followed by 10 minutes of reperfusion prior to the prolonged 60-minutes-ischemia and 120-minutes-reperfusion. Thereafter, the rats were euthanized and samples of small intestine were processed for histology and gene expression. RESULTS: Histology of myenteric plexus showed a higher presence of neurons presenting pyknotic nuclei and condensed chromatin in the IG and IRG. IG+IPC and I/RG+IPC groups exhibited neurons with preserved volume and nuclei, along with significant up-regulation of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2l1 and down-regulation of pro-apoptotic genes. Moreover, Bax/Bcl2 ratio was lower in the groups subjected to IPC, indicating a protective effect of IPC against apoptosis. CONCLUSION: Ischemic preconditioning protect rat small intestine against ischemia/reperfusion injury, reducing morphologic lesions and apoptosis.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Reguladoras de la Apoptosis/análisis , Apoptosis/genética , Precondicionamiento Isquémico/métodos , Yeyuno/irrigación sanguínea , Yeyuno/patología , Daño por Reperfusión/prevención & control , Animales , Proteínas Reguladoras de la Apoptosis/genética , Constricción , Regulación hacia Abajo , Células Endoteliales/patología , Expresión Génica , Masculino , Arteria Mesentérica Superior , Isquemia Mesentérica/genética , Isquemia Mesentérica/patología , Distribución Aleatoria , Ratas Wistar , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Valores de Referencia , Reproducibilidad de los ResultadosRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Obesity is a pandemic associated with significant comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes (T2DM). RYGB is an effective treatment modality for obesity and T2DM. However, bariatric surgery is currently limited to a relatively small population of patients. The duodenal-jejunal bypass sleeve (DJBS) has recently emerged as a promising therapy for obesity and T2DM by providing similar physiological effects to RYGB. We describe a case of a patient with a previously placed DJBS presenting with abdominal pain from anchor erosion managed with an endoscopic approach. METHODS: A 58-year-old man with obesity and T2DM who had failed prior medical therapy for obesity was referred for DJBS placement. This was placed without complications. At 8 weeks follow-up, he developed abdominal pain and vomiting prompting immediate endoscopic evaluation. RESULTS: EGD revealed an anchor erosion resulting in mild stenosis of the pylorus. Additionally, hyperplastic tissue was found to be adhered to the device in the duodenal bulb. Endoscopic removal with balloon dilation was unsuccessful, and a stent was placed in a "stent-in-stent" fashion through the sleeve to compress the area of tissue ingrowth encouraging local tissue necrosis and device extraction. At 15 days follow-up, the stent was removed; however, the DJBS remained adhered and immobile. Next, the ingrowing hyperplastic tissue was resected in a piecemeal fashion. This resulted in mobilization of the sleeve anchors in the duodenal bulb and successful removal of the DJBS. CONCLUSIONS: DJBS endoscopic removal is safe and effective even in challenging cases, thus preventing the need for surgical intervention.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/cirugía , Endoscopía Gastrointestinal/métodos , Falla de Equipo , Gastroplastia/efectos adversos , Obesidad/cirugía , Píloro/cirugía , Remoción de Dispositivos/métodos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicaciones , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/patología , Duodeno/patología , Duodeno/cirugía , Gastroplastia/instrumentación , Humanos , Yeyuno/patología , Yeyuno/cirugía , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Obesidad/complicaciones , Obesidad/patología , Píloro/patología , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Intussuscepção é uma afecção relativamente comum na clínica veterinária, porém é uma condição rara em felinos. Caracteriza-se pela invaginação de um segmento intestinal em outro adjacente. Os fatores predisponentes de intussuscepção são desconhecidos, no entanto acredita-se que corpos estranhos, neoplasias, parasitismos e até mesmo causas idiopáticas podem levar a esta afecção. Os sinais clínicos em gatos são inespecíficos e geralmente incluem anorexia, perda de peso, desidratação e massa palpável abdominal. O diagnóstico se dá pelos sinais clínicos e exames complementares, como radiografias e ultrassonografias, mas em alguns casos à doença pode evoluir rapidamente, o que muitas vezes pode impedir um diagnóstico precoce, como no caso relatado de um felino fêmea, da raça American Curl de aproximadamente dois anos de idade, com histórico de êmese e emagrecimento. O animal apresentou rápida piora no quadro clínico e foi a óbito dois dias após o início dos sinais clínicos. As alterações macroscópicas encontradas no exame de necropsia foram compatíveis com intussuscepção duodenojejunal.
Intussusception is a relatively common condition in the veterinary clinic, but is a rare condition in felines. It is characterized by the invagination of one intestinal segment in an adjacent one. The predisposing factors of intussusception are unknown; however it is believed that foreign bodies, neoplasms, parasitisms and even idiopathic causes can lead to this condition. Clinical signs in cats are non-specific and generally include anorexia, weight loss, dehydration, and palpable abdominal mass. Diagnosis is due to clinical signs and complementary tests, such as X-rays and ultrasound, but in some cases the disease can evolve rapidly, which can often prevent an early diagnosis, as in the case of a female American Curl feline. Approximately two years old, with a history of emesis and weight loss. The animal presented a rapid worsening in the clinical picture and died two days after the onset of clinical signs. The macroscopic changes found in the necropsy examination were compatible with duodenojejunal intussusception.
La intususcepción es una afección relativamente común en la clínica veterinaria, pero es una condición rara en los felinos. Se caracteriza por la invaginación de un segmento intestinal en otro adyacente. Los factores predisponentes de intususcepción son desconocidos, pero se cree que los cuerpos extraños, las neoplasias, los parasitismos e incluso las causas idiopáticas pueden conducir a esta afección. Los signos clínicos en gatos son inespecíficos y generalmente incluyen anorexia, pérdida de peso, deshidratación y masa palpable abdominal. El diagnóstico se da por los signos clínicos y complementarios complementarios, como radiografías y ultrasonografías, pero en algunos casos la enfermedad puede evolucionar rápidamente, lo que muchas veces puede impedir un diagnóstico precoz, como en el caso relatado de un felino hembra, raza American Curl de aproximadamente dos años de edad, con historial de eemesis y adelgazamiento. El animal presentó un rápido empeoramiento en el cuadro clínico y murió dos días después del inicio de los signos clínicos. Los cambios macroscópicos encontrados en el examen de neurosis fueron compatibles con intususcepción duodenojejunal.
Asunto(s)
Femenino , Animales , Gatos , Duodeno/patología , Intususcepción/patología , Intususcepción/veterinaria , Yeyuno/patología , Autopsia/veterinariaRESUMEN
Mucositis is one of the commonest side effects in cancer patients undergoing treatment with radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy, and it currently lacks appropriate and effective treatment. Acmella oleracea, a species of flowering herb from South America, contains spilanthol, an alkylamide that has several pharmacological properties, including anesthetic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of spilanthol in intestinal mucositis in Swiss mice induced by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), an antineoplastic agent administered systemically for the treatment of many different cancers. The repeated administration of 5-FU resulted in intestinal mucositis and consequent decreased food intake, together with weight loss, in all the animals. Daily administration of spilanthol significantly lowered the severity of intestinal mucositis, reducing histopathological changes and increasing the villus height in the animals treated with spilanthol at a dosage of 30 mg/kg (p < 0.0044) compared to a group exposed only to 5-FU. A decrease of myeloperoxidase activity was also observed in the animals treated with 30 mg/kg of spilanthol (p < 0.05), although several pro-inflammatory cytokines were not quantifiable in any group. In conclusion, the data demonstrated that spilanthol effectively reduced inflammation in a mouse model of intestinal mucositis induced by 5-FU, and that the compound might be a promising therapeutic candidate for the prevention and treatment of this condition.
Asunto(s)
Asteraceae/química , Enfermedades Intestinales/tratamiento farmacológico , Mucositis/tratamiento farmacológico , Alcamidas Poliinsaturadas/uso terapéutico , Animales , Fluorouracilo/farmacología , Enfermedades Intestinales/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades Intestinales/patología , Yeyuno/patología , Masculino , Ratones , Mucositis/inducido químicamente , Mucositis/patologíaRESUMEN
Abstract Purpose: To analyze the effects of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in the expression of apoptosis-related genes in rat small intestine subjected to ischemia and reperfusion. Methods: Thirty anesthetized rats underwent laparotomy and were drive into five groups: control (CG); ischemia (IG); ischemia and reperfusion (IRG); IPC and ischemia (IG+IPC); IPC and ischemia and reperfusion (I/RG+IPC). Intestinal ischemia was performed by clamping the superior mesenteric artery for 60 minutes, whereas reperfusion lasted for 120 minutes. IPC was carried out by one cycle of 5 minutes of ischemia followed by 10 minutes of reperfusion prior to the prolonged 60-minutes-ischemia and 120-minutes-reperfusion. Thereafter, the rats were euthanized and samples of small intestine were processed for histology and gene expression. Results: Histology of myenteric plexus showed a higher presence of neurons presenting pyknotic nuclei and condensed chromatin in the IG and IRG. IG+IPC and I/RG+IPC groups exhibited neurons with preserved volume and nuclei, along with significant up-regulation of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2l1 and down-regulation of pro-apoptotic genes. Moreover, Bax/Bcl2 ratio was lower in the groups subjected to IPC, indicating a protective effect of IPC against apoptosis. Conclusion: Ischemic preconditioning protect rat small intestine against ischemia/reperfusion injury, reducing morphologic lesions and apoptosis.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Masculino , Daño por Reperfusión/prevención & control , Apoptosis/genética , Precondicionamiento Isquémico/métodos , Proteínas Reguladoras de la Apoptosis/análisis , Yeyuno/irrigación sanguínea , Yeyuno/patología , Valores de Referencia , Distribución Aleatoria , Regulación hacia Abajo , Expresión Génica , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Ratas Wistar , Arteria Mesentérica Superior , Constricción , Células Endoteliales/patología , Proteínas Reguladoras de la Apoptosis/genética , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Isquemia Mesentérica/genética , Isquemia Mesentérica/patologíaRESUMEN
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), as a universal pathogen, often causes diarrhea in animals and humans. However, whether ETEC infection induces apoptosis in host remains controversial. Herein, we use ETEC-infected piglet to investigate apoptosis in the jejunum. Apoptosis and the activation of capase-3 are observed in piglet jejunum after ETEC infection. Additionally, ETEC infection induces the activation of caspase-8 pathway, but inhibits the activation of caspase-9 pathway in piglet jejunum. These findings demonstrate that ETEC infection may inhibit the intrinsic pathway and activate the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis in piglets.
Asunto(s)
Apoptosis , Escherichia coli Enterotoxigénica/crecimiento & desarrollo , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/patología , Yeyuno/patología , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Caspasa 3/análisis , Caspasa 8/análisis , Caspasa 9/análisis , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/microbiología , PorcinosRESUMEN
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin that affects the intestinal morphology of animals, impairing nutrient intake and growth. On the other hand, dietary supplementation with functional oligosaccharides as chito-oligosaccharides (COS) has shown positive effects on the intestinal health of piglets. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of low doses of COS in preventing DON-induced intestinal histological changes, using a swine jejunal explant technique. The intestinal explants were incubated at 37 °C in culture medium for 4 h and exposed to the following treatments: (a) control (only culture medium), (b) DON (10 µM), (c) 25COS (0.025 mg·mL−1 of COS); (d) 50COS (0.05 mg·mL−1 of COS); (e) 25COS plus DON (25COS + DON); (f) 50COS plus DON (50COS + DON). Explants exposed to COS presented intestinal morphology similar to control samples. DON induced a significant decrease in the histological score as a consequence of moderate to severe histological changes (apical necrosis, villi atrophy, and fusion) and a significant decrease in morphometric parameters (villi height, crypt depth, villi height:crypt depth ratio, and goblet cells density). The intestinal morphology of samples exposed to COS + DON remained similar to DON treatment. In conclusion, low levels of COS did not counteract DON-induced intestinal lesions.
Asunto(s)
Yeyuno/efectos de los fármacos , Oligosacáridos/farmacología , Tricotecenos/toxicidad , Animales , Yeyuno/patología , PorcinosRESUMEN
Acute appendicitis is one of the most common surgical emergencies in paediatrics. However, acute appendicitis in early infancy is an uncommon condition. Furthermore, strangulation of the small intestine through appendicular knotting is described as very unusual in the literature and is generally not well-diagnosed in the clinical context. This article reports the case of a 23-month-old girl who entered the emergency department with a three-day history of abdominal symptoms and who died in less than 24 hours without receiving surgical intervention. The case turned judicial at the request of the parents who claimed lack of clarity in the diagnosis. A medico-legal autopsy was ordered to clarify the cause and manner of death. The autopsy documented herniation, strangulation and torsion of a 70 cm segment of the jejunum/ileum through an appendicular knot caused by the attachment of the distal end of the inflamed appendage to the ileum. The case is relevant because it is the first case of death by appendicular knot and strangulation of small bowel in an infant reported in the literature. The importance of autopsy to clarify the clinical diagnosis is noted.
Asunto(s)
Apendicitis/patología , Vólvulo Intestinal/patología , Anomalía Torsional/patología , Resultado Fatal , Femenino , Humanos , Íleon/patología , Lactante , Obstrucción Intestinal/etiología , Vólvulo Intestinal/etiología , Yeyuno/patología , Anomalía Torsional/etiologíaRESUMEN
AIM: To evaluate the mucosal tunic and submucosal plexus of the jejunum of rats infected with different inoculum doses of Toxoplasma gondii. MAIN METHODS: Rats were infected with different inoculum doses (50, 500, 1000 and 5000 oocysts) of the T. gondii for 30days, while a control group (CG) received saline solution. Blood and feces were collected before euthanasia for analysis of blood and fecal leukocytes (LEs). Histological analysis of the mucosa, submucosa, villi, crypts and enterocytes were performed. Goblet cells, intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and Paneth cells were quantified. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess enteroendocrine serotonergic (5HT-IR) cells, proliferative cells (PCNA+) and mast cells. Whole mounts were obtained to determine the total submucosal neurons by Giemsa staining and metabolically active neurons (NADH-d+), nitrergic neurons (NADPH-d+) and glial cells (S100). KEY FINDINGS: An increase in blood LEs was observed 30days post-infection (dpi). Fecal LEs were more abundant in the feces in all infected groups at 21 dpi when compared to the CG. The number of IELs, sulfomucin-producing goblet cells, Paneth cells, PCNA+ cells and mast cells increased, whereas the number of 5HT-IR cells decreased. The jejunal architecture was altered, with atrophy of the mucosa, submucosa, villi and crypts. The number of total submucosal neurons decreased, but the NADPH-d+ subpopulation increased. SIGNIFICANCE: The results show how chronic toxoplasmic infection affects the tissue and cellular composition of the rat jejunum. These structural changes tend to intensify with the inoculum dose, demonstrating the importance of the parasitic load on intestinal alterations.
Asunto(s)
Yeyuno/patología , Toxoplasma/fisiología , Toxoplasmosis/patología , Animales , Enterocitos/parasitología , Enterocitos/patología , Heces/parasitología , Mucosa Intestinal/parasitología , Mucosa Intestinal/patología , Yeyuno/parasitología , Recuento de Leucocitos , Masculino , Plexo Mientérico/parasitología , Plexo Mientérico/patología , Neuronas/parasitología , Neuronas/patología , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Toxoplasmosis/sangre , Toxoplasmosis/parasitologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine whether carvacryl acetate acts as a TRPA1 receptor agonist and its effects against irinotecan (CPT-11) induced intestinal mucositis in mice. METHODS: TRPA1 structure was obtained from a protein databank, and the 3D structure of carvacryl acetate was determined. Appropriate binding conformations were discovered via automatic docking simulations. To determine the effect of carvacryl acetate in vivo, mice were treated with either DMSO 2%, CPT-11, carvacryl acetate followed by CPT-11, or HC-030031, a TRPA1 antagonist, followed by carvacryl acetate. Jejunum samples were taken and structural, inflammatory and antioxidant parameters were studied. KEY FINDINGS: Eight amino acids residues in TRPA1 established stable interactions with carvacryl acetate, which led to pharmacological efficacy against CPT-11-induced intestinal mucositis via reduction of both neutropenia and bacteremia, increase in villi height and crypt depth, decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1ß, keratinocyte chemoattractant and tumour necrosis factor-α) and decrease in malondialdehyde and nitric oxide metabolite levels in the jejunum. CONCLUSIONS: Carvacryl acetate is a promising anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent, a fact confirmed through observations of its interactions with TRPA1 in CPT-11-induced intestinal mucositis in mice.