RESUMEN

To investigate the variation and fractionation of stable isotopes from irrigation water to soil, grapes, and wine, δ2H, δ18O, and δ17O in different samples from 10 regions in China were determined using a water isotope analyser. The values were significantly different among regions according to the chemometric analysis. All isotopes were significantly and positively correlated with irrigation water-soil and grape-wine. A significant water isotopic fractionation effect was observed from the irrigation water to the soil, grapes, and wine. Stable isotope distribution characteristics correlated with longitude, latitude, altitude, temperature, precipitation, station pressure and wind speed. The linear discriminant analysis (LDA), random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and feed-forward neural network (FNN) models 58.33-100 %, 80-100 %, 53.33-100 %, and 73.33-100 % accurate for distinguishing the geographical origins of all samples from training and test data, respectively. These findings provide a theoretical basis for authenticating the geographic origin of Chinese wines using stable isotope analysis.

Asunto(s)

Riego Agrícola , Isótopos de Oxígeno , Suelo , Vitis , Vino , Vino/análisis , Vitis/química , Vitis/clasificación , Vitis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Suelo/química , Isótopos de Oxígeno/análisis , China , Agua/análisis , Agua/química , Deuterio/análisis , Análisis Discriminante , Geografía , Fraccionamiento Químico

RESUMEN

The water relation strategy is a key issue in climate change. Given the difficulty of determining water relations strategy, there is a need for simple traits with a solid theoretical basis to estimate it. Traits associated with resource allocation patterns along a 'fast-slow' plant economics spectrum are particularly compelling, reflecting trade-offs between growth rate and carbon allocation. Avocado (Persea americana ), fig tree (Ficus carica ), mandarin (Citrus reticulata ), olive (Olea europaea ), pomegranate (Punica granatum ), and grapevine (Vitis vinifera ) were characterised in terms of iso-anisohydric strategy through stomatal behaviour, water potential at the turgor loss point (TLP), and hydroscape area. Additionally, the association of these metrics with leaf mass per area (LMA) and wood density (WDen) was explored. We observed high coordination between LMA and WDen, and both traits were related to metrics of water relation strategy. More anisohydric species tended to invest more carbon per unit leaf area or unit stem volume, which has implications for hydraulic efficiency and water stress tolerance. WDen and TLP were the most powerful traits in estimating the water relation strategy for six fruit species. These traits are easy to measure, time-cost efficient, and appear central to coordinating multiple traits and behaviours along the water relations strategies.

Asunto(s)

Carbono , Hojas de la Planta , Tallos de la Planta , Árboles , Agua , Hojas de la Planta/fisiología , Hojas de la Planta/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hojas de la Planta/anatomía & histología , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Agua/metabolismo , Carbono/metabolismo , Tallos de la Planta/crecimiento & desarrollo , Tallos de la Planta/fisiología , Tallos de la Planta/anatomía & histología , Árboles/crecimiento & desarrollo , Árboles/fisiología , Persea/fisiología , Persea/crecimiento & desarrollo , Citrus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Citrus/fisiología , Citrus/anatomía & histología , Frutas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Vitis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Vitis/fisiología , Olea/fisiología , Olea/crecimiento & desarrollo , Ficus/fisiología , Ficus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Granada (Fruta)

RESUMEN

Benzothiadiazole (BTH) regulates grape development, ripening, volatiles, and phenolics. This study used metabolomics and transcriptomics to understand how exogenous BTH affects Chardonnay grapes' maturation and synthesis of isoprenoids. A 0.37 mM BTH solution was sprayed during the swelling and veraison stages, and then the ripe grapes were analyzed. Our results show that BTH application significantly increased levels of important isoprenoids such as free terpinen-4-ol, bound linalool, and 8'-apo-ß-carotenal. Additionally, BTH was found to modulate several signaling pathways, including those involved in ethylene biosynthesis, salicylic acid synthesis, the abscisic acid pathway, and sugar metabolism, by regulating the expression of genes like VvACO4, VvTAR, VvPLD, VvTIP1-1, VvSTKs, VvPK, VvSUC2, VvGST4, and VvSTS. BTH also promoted grapevine resistance by up-regulating the expression of VvHSP20, VvGOLS4, VvOLP, and VvPR-10. Furthermore, BTH affected isoprenoids biosynthesis by regulating the expression of VvTPS35 and VvMYB24. Moreover, 13 hub genes in the MEgreen module were identified as crucial for the biosynthesis of isoprenoids. BTH application during the swelling stage remarkably promoted isoprenoid biosynthesis more effectively than veraison. Our study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying BTH-induced regulation of grape development and offers a promising approach for enhancing the quality and resistance of grapes.

Asunto(s)

Frutas , Terpenos , Tiadiazoles , Transcriptoma , Vitis , Vitis/genética , Vitis/metabolismo , Vitis/efectos de los fármacos , Vitis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Terpenos/metabolismo , Tiadiazoles/farmacología , Frutas/metabolismo , Frutas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Frutas/genética , Frutas/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo

RESUMEN

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is the most effective preservative for table grapes as it reduces the respiratory intensity of berries and inhibits mold growth. However, excessive SO2 causes berry abscission during storage, resulting in an economic loss postharvest. In this study, grapes were exogenously treated with SO2, SO2 + 1.5% chitosan, SO2 + 1.5% eugenol, and SO2 + eugenol-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (SN). In comparison to SO2 treatment, SN treatment reduced the berries' abscission rate by 74% while maintaining the quality of the berries. Among the treatments, SN treatment most effectively inhibited berry abscission and maintained berry quality. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed that SN treatment promoted the expression of genes related to cell wall metabolism. Among these genes, VlCOMT was detected as the central gene, playing a key role in mediating the effects of SN. Dual luciferase and yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) assays demonstrated that VlbZIP14 directly activated VlCOMT by binding to the G-box motif in the latter's promoter, which then participated in lignin synthesis. Our results provide key insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the SN-mediated inhibition of berry abscission and could be used to improve the commercial value of SO2-treated postharvest table grapes.

Asunto(s)

Frutas , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Lignina , Proteínas de Plantas , Factores de Transcripción , Vitis , Vitis/efectos de los fármacos , Vitis/genética , Vitis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Vitis/metabolismo , Lignina/biosíntesis , Frutas/efectos de los fármacos , Frutas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Frutas/metabolismo , Frutas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Quitosano/farmacología , Dióxido de Azufre/farmacología , Pared Celular/metabolismo , Pared Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas

RESUMEN

The paper investigates how tropospheric ozone affects the financial performance of French wine companies by influencing their operating income, using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) methodology. The study encompasses 487 active French wine industry companies from 2010 to 2022, considering various market, climate, and financial factors. The main findings show that high concentrations of tropospheric ozone negatively affect both the quality and quantity of grapes, thereby reducing the operating income of French wine companies and, consequently, their financial performance. More precisely, within the current market conditions and climate context, a 1% rise in tropospheric ozone levels leads to a 10.4% decrease in the operating income of French wine companies, which translates to a 0.7-0.8% decline in their financial performance. A strong market position enables French wine companies to achieve higher revenues, increased profit margins, and sustainable growth. Additionally, lower soil wetness, humidity, and temperature under higher atmospheric pressure improve grapevine growth and grape quality, further boosting revenue. Policy implications for wine producers include adopting site selection, irrigation, and canopy management strategies to enhance grape quality and financial health. Public authorities can address tropospheric ozone pollution through air quality standards, monitoring systems, financial incentives, and educational programs to mitigate its adverse effects.

Asunto(s)

Ozono , Vino , Vitis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Contaminación del Aire , Francia

RESUMEN

Harvest and alcohol adjustment effects were evaluated for Sauvignon blanc grapes harvested at three potential alcohols (11, 13 and 15% (v/v)) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and descriptive analysis. Alcohol concentration was controlled for pre-fermentation by dilution or chaptalization and post-fermentation by dealcoholization. The initial experimental alcohol was treated as the control and the dealcoholized wine the treatment. Wine treatments sharing the same alcohol target and harvest date as the dealcoholized wine were designated as the negative control. All aroma compounds measured increased because of higher ethanol or declined because of dealcoholization. Similar aroma concentrations were observed to be a factor of alcohol concentration, apart from volatile thiols which were influenced by harvest. Statistical analysis of sensory and aroma compounds showed a corresponding relationship between low versus high alcohol wines. Dealcoholization appears to be an effective tool for altering wine aroma and winemaking style with comparable aroma loss to pre-fermentation adjustment.

Asunto(s)

Fermentación , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Odorantes , Vitis , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles , Vino , Vino/análisis , Vitis/química , Vitis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Odorantes/análisis , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/química , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/análisis , Humanos , Gusto , Frutas/química , Etanol/análisis , Etanol/química , Femenino , Masculino

RESUMEN

Seedlessness is a crucial quality trait in table grape (Vitis vinifera L.) breeding. However, the development of seeds involved intricate regulations, and the polygenic basis of seed abortion remains unclear. Here, we combine comparative genomics, population genetics, quantitative genetics, and integrative genomics to unravel the evolution and polygenic basis of seedlessness in grapes. We generated the haplotype-resolved genomes for two seedless grape cultivars, "Thompson Seedless" (TS, syn. "Sultania") and "Black Monukka" (BM). Comparative genomics identified a ∼4.25 Mb hemizygous inversion on Chr10 specific in seedless cultivars, with seedless-associated genes VvTT16 and VvSUS2 located at breakpoints. Population genomic analyses of 548 grapevine accessions revealed two distinct clusters of seedless cultivars, and the identity-by-descent (IBD) results indicated that the origin of the seedlessness trait could be traced back to "Sultania." Introgression, rather than convergent selection, shaped the evolutionary history of seedlessness in grape improvement. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) analysis identified 110 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with 634 candidate genes, including previously unidentified candidate genes, such as three 11S GLOBULIN SEED STORAGE PROTEIN and two CYTOCHROME P450 genes, and well-known genes like VviAGL11. Integrative genomic analyses resulted in 339 core candidate genes categorized into 13 functional categories related to seed development. Machine learning-based genomic selection achieved a remarkable prediction accuracy of 97% for seedlessness in grapevines. Our findings highlight the polygenic nature of seedlessness and provide candidate genes for molecular genetics and an effective prediction for seedlessness in grape genomic breeding.

Asunto(s)

Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Genómica , Sitios de Carácter Cuantitativo , Semillas , Vitis , Vitis/genética , Vitis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Semillas/genética , Semillas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Genoma de Planta/genética , Herencia Multifactorial/genética , Fitomejoramiento

RESUMEN

Fruit maturity at harvest is a major factor in determining its quality. In this study, external skin color of grape has been utilized to predict their chemical content and, in turn, the maturity of the fruit. Measurements of the chemical content such as Brix and acidity were made on ten bunches of "Shine Muscat" grapes at three different harvest periods (immature, mature, and overmature). Using a machine vision system, color and UV-excited fluorescence images of grape berries and bunches were taken during the respective harvest stages. Acquired images were processed using ImageJ to obtain RGB values. Rratio and a*/b* are strongly related to Brix and sugar-to-acid ratio of grape fruit, with regression coefficients of 0.5626 and 0.5180, repectively. It was found that a* color index was the best predictor of grape bunch maturity. Furthermore, discriminant analysis has shown that color images of grape berries perform better than 365 nm fluorescence images.

Asunto(s)

Color , Frutas , Vitis , Vitis/química , Vitis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Frutas/química , Frutas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Fluorescencia , Control de Calidad , Rayos Ultravioleta

RESUMEN

Understanding the effects of grapevine rootstock and scion genotypes on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), as well as the roles of these fungi in plant development, could provide new avenues for adapting viticulture to climate change and reducing agrochemical inputs. The root colonization of 10 rootstock/scion combinations was studied using microscopy and metabarcoding approaches and linked to plant development phenotypes. The AMF communities were analysed using 18S rRNA gene sequencing. The 28S rRNA gene was also sequenced for some combinations to evaluate whether the method changed the results. Root colonization indexes measured by microscopy were not significantly different between genotypes. Metabarcoding analyses showed an effect of the rootstock genotype on the ß-diversity and the enrichment of several taxa with both target genes, as well as an effect on the Chao1 index with the 18S rRNA gene. We confirm that rootstocks recruit different AMF communities when subjected to the same pedoclimatic conditions, while the scion has little or no effect. Significant correlations were observed between AMF community composition and grapevine development, suggesting that AMF have a positive effect on plant growth. Given these results, it will be important to define consensus methods for studying the role of these beneficial micro-organisms in vineyards.

Asunto(s)

Micorrizas , Raíces de Plantas , Vitis , Micorrizas/genética , Micorrizas/clasificación , Micorrizas/fisiología , Micorrizas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Vitis/microbiología , Vitis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Raíces de Plantas/microbiología , Microbiología del Suelo , ARN Ribosómico 18S/genética , Genotipo , Micobioma/genética , Filogenia

RESUMEN

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) crops are continuously exposed to biotic and abiotic stresses, which can cause genetic and epigenetic alterations. To determine the possible effects of grapevine cryopreservation on the regulation of DNA demethylase genes, this work studied the expression of DNA demethylase genes in cryopreserved and post-cryopreserved grapevine tissues. V. vinifera DNA demethylases were characterized by in silico analysis, and gene expression quantification was conducted by RT‒qPCR. Three DNA demethylase sequences were found: VIT_13s0074g00450 (VvDMT), VIT_08s0007g03920 (VvROS1), and VIT_06s0061g01270 (VvDML3). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the sequences from V. vinifera and A. thaliana had a common ancestry. In the promoters of responsive elements to transcription factors such as AP-2, Myb, bZIP, TBP, and GATA, the conserved domains RRM DME and Perm CXXC were detected. These responsive elements play roles in the response to abiotic stress and the regulation of cell growth. These data helped us characterize the V. vinifera DNA demethylase genes. Gene expression analysis indicated that plant vitrification solution 2 (PVS2) treatment does not alter the expression of DNA demethylase genes. The expression levels of VvDMT and VvROS1 increased in response to cryopreservation by vitrification. Furthermore, in post-cryopreservation, VvROS1 was highly induced, and VvDML3 was repressed in all the treatment groups. Gene expression differences between different treatments and tissues may play roles in controlling methylation patterns during gene regulation in tissues stressed by cryopreservation procedures and in the post-cryopreservation period during plant growth and development.

Asunto(s)

Criopreservación , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Proteínas de Plantas , Vitis , Vitis/genética , Vitis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Criopreservación/métodos , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Filogenia , Semillas/genética , Semillas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Desmetilación del ADN , Cigoto/metabolismo , Metilación de ADN , Crioprotectores/farmacología

RESUMEN

The growing demand for grapevine planting materials, due to growing global viticulture, is promoting research studies to improve vineyard sustainability. In greenhouse nurseries, peat is the most common growing medium component used although is an expensive and non-renewable material. Indeed, the reduction of peat exploitation is receiving great attention, and currently, several materials are being investigated as peat substitutes for composing the cultivation substrates. Biochar, a carbon-rich, recalcitrant charred organic co-product of the pyrolysis or gasification process, has emerged as a potentially promising replacement for soilless substrates in nursery plant material propagation. Although several studies carried out at greenhouse nurseries have shown that biochar, can improve plant growth, only a few studies have focused on the production of grapevine plant material. To fulfil this knowledge gap and push forward the sustainability of the nursery sector, we evaluated above and below-ground morpho-physiological traits of one-year-old potted grapevine cuttings growing with 30% volume of four different biochar types (i.e., from pyrolysis and gasification) mixed with commercial peat. The present study shows that biochar can be used in growing media mixes without adverse effects on roots, improves soil water retention and leaf water potential, and improves the effects on soil microbiology.

Asunto(s)

Carbón Orgánico , Suelo , Vitis , Carbón Orgánico/química , Vitis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Suelo/química , Raíces de Plantas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hojas de la Planta , Agua/química

RESUMEN

The black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) is attracting increasing interest for its ability to convert low-value substrates into highly nutritious feed. This study aimed at evaluating grape pomace from two varieties (Becuet - B; Moscato - M) as rearing substrates for black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), focusing on the related effects on larval growth performance, proximate composition, and fatty acid profile. A total of six replicates per treatment, and 1 000 BSFL per replica, were used. Larval development was assessed by larvae weight, which was recorded eight times during the trial: the day after the beginning of the trial, and then on days 5, 8, 13, 15, 20, 22, and 27 (day in which the 30% of BSFL reached the prepupal stage). Production and waste reduction efficiency parameters, namely the growth rate, substrate reduction and substrate reduction index, were calculated. The two grape pomace varieties were analysed for their proximate composition and fatty acid profile; the same analyses were conducted on BSFL (30 larvae per replica) that were collected at the end of the trial (day 27). The growth rate of BSFL showed a higher value when the larvae were reared on B substrate (4.4 and 3.2 mg/day for B and M, respectively; P < 0.01). The rearing substrate did not significantly affect the proximate composition of BSFL. The percentage of total lipids (TL) in M-fed BSFL was significantly higher than in B ones. Total saturated (P < 0.001) and monounsaturated fatty acids (P < 0.05) were significantly higher in M-fed BSFL, while an opposite trend was observed for total branched-chain (P < 0.001) and total polyunsaturated fatty acids (P < 0.001). Interestingly, some conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers [i.e., C18:2 c9t11(+t7c9+t8c10) and t9t11] were detected in low amounts in both rearing substrates (total CLA equal to 0.085 and 0.16 g/100 g TL in B and M substrate, respectively). Some CLA isomers (i.e., C18:2 c9t11, t7c9, and t10c12) were also found in BSFL, reaching a total CLA concentration equal to 2.95 and 0.052 g/100 g of TL in B-fed and M-fed BSFL, respectively. This study demonstrates that winery by-products from different grape varieties can significantly affect the development and lipid composition of BSFL. The CLA biosynthesis potential of BSFL opens newsworthy perspectives for a new valorisation of winery by-products to produce full-fat black soldier fly meal and black soldier fly oil enriched in specific fatty acids of potential health-promoting interest.

Asunto(s)

Alimentación Animal , Ácidos Grasos , Larva , Vitis , Animales , Vitis/química , Vitis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Ácidos Grasos/análisis , Larva/crecimiento & desarrollo , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Dieta/veterinaria , Simuliidae/crecimiento & desarrollo , Dípteros/crecimiento & desarrollo

RESUMEN

Abscisic acid (ABA) is a major regulator of nonclimacteric fruit ripening, with its processes involving epigenetic mechanisms. It remains unclear whether DNA methylation is associated with ABA-regulated ripening. In this study, we investigated the patterns of DNA methylation and gene expression following ABA treatment in grape berries by using whole-genome bisulfite sequencing and RNA-sequencing. ABA application changed global DNA methylation in grapes. The hyper-/hypo-differently methylated regions were enriched in defense-related metabolism, degreening processes, or ripening-related metabolic pathways. Many differentially expressed genes showed an alteration in DNA methylation after ABA treatment. Specifically, ten downregulated genes with hypermethylation in promoters were involved in the ripening process, ABA homeostasis/signaling, and stress response. Nine upregulated genes exhibiting hypo-methylation in promoters were related to the ripening process and stress response. These findings demonstrated ABA-induced DNA alteration of ripening related and stress-responsive genes during grape ripening, which provides new insights of the epigenetic regulation of ABA on fruit ripening.

Asunto(s)

Ácido Abscísico , Metilación de ADN , Epigénesis Genética , Frutas , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Proteínas de Plantas , Vitis , Vitis/genética , Vitis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Vitis/metabolismo , Vitis/efectos de los fármacos , Ácido Abscísico/metabolismo , Ácido Abscísico/farmacología , Metilación de ADN/efectos de los fármacos , Frutas/genética , Frutas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Frutas/metabolismo , Frutas/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Epigénesis Genética/efectos de los fármacos , Estrés Fisiológico/genética , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/farmacología , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/metabolismo , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas

RESUMEN

Evaluating archaeobotanical data from over 3.9 million seeds and 124,300 charcoal fragments across 330 archaeological site phases in Southwest Asia, we reconstruct the history of olive and grape cultivation spanning a period of 6,000 years. Combining charcoal and seed data enables investigation into both the production and consumption of olive and grape. The earliest indication for olive and grape cultivation appears in the southern Levant around ca. 5000 BC and 4th millennium BC respectively, although cultivation may have been practiced prior to these dates. Olive and grape cultivation in Southwest Asia was regionally concentrated within the Levant until 600 BC, although there were periodic pushes to the East. Several indications for climate influencing the history of olive and grape cultivation were found, as well as a correlation between periods of high population density and high proportions of olive and grape remains in archaeological sites. While temporal uncertainty prevents a detailed understanding of the causal mechanisms behind these correlations, we suggest that long distance trade in olives, grapes and their associated products was integral to the economic, social, and demographic trajectories of the region.

Asunto(s)

Arqueología , Carbón Orgánico , Olea , Semillas , Vitis , Vitis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Olea/crecimiento & desarrollo , Semillas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Humanos , Historia Antigua , Asia , Agricultura/historia

RESUMEN

Potassium (K) is essential for the development of grapevines (Vitis vinifera ), accumulating into berries during maturation. Elevated K has been associated with high sugar and low acidity in juice. Characterising the accumulation patterns of K and other components in pericarps treated with various experimental factors may indicate potential regulators of berry K levels. A soil fertiliser trial using nutrient solutions with two K supply rates was conducted on potted Shiraz vines during berry ripening. Doubled-K supply increased L-malic acid content in the early-ripening phase, and increased K and magnesium concentrations in the late-ripening phase. Doubled-K supply reduced the ratio of K to sodium in later ripening phases, suggesting that the accumulation of K relative to sodium was limited in more mature berries supplied with extra K. Pericarp water percentage, sugar, K and ATP were correlated in both treatments, indicating links between hydration, solute transport and energy in maturing berries. In a separate rootstock trial over the two growing seasons, Shiraz scions grafted onto 420-A rootstock produced berries with lower K concentration and content than those grafted onto Ramsey or Ruggeri-140 rootstocks and own-rooted vines. This study demonstrated that the K supply and berry ripening phase impacted the berry K level.

Asunto(s)

Frutas , Raíces de Plantas , Potasio , Vitis , Agua , Potasio/metabolismo , Frutas/metabolismo , Frutas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Vitis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Vitis/metabolismo , Agua/metabolismo , Raíces de Plantas/metabolismo , Raíces de Plantas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Sodio/metabolismo

RESUMEN

Grapevine varieties from "Douro Superior" (NE Portugal) experience high temperatures, solar radiation, and water deficit during the summer. This summer's stressful growing conditions induce nucleic acids, lipids, and protein oxidation, which cause cellular, physiological, molecular, and biochemical changes. Cell cycle anomalies, mitosis delay, or cell death may occur at the cellular level, leading to reduced plant productivity. However, the foliar application of kaolin (KL) can mitigate the impact of abiotic stress by decreasing leaf temperature and enhancing antioxidant defence. Hence, this study hypothesised that KL-treated grapevine plants growing in NE Portugal would reveal, under summer stressful growing conditions, higher progression and stability of the leaf mitotic cell cycle than the untreated (control) plants. KL was applied after veraison for two years. Leaves, sampled 3 and 5 weeks later, were cytogenetically, molecularly, and biochemically analysed. Globally, integrating these multidisciplinary data confirmed the decreased leaf temperature and enhanced antioxidant defence of the KL-treated plants, accompanied by an improved regularity and completion of the leaf cell cycle relative to the control plants. Nevertheless, the KL efficacy was significantly influenced by the sampling date and/or variety. In sum, the achieved results confirmed the hypothesis initially proposed.

Asunto(s)

Caolín , Hojas de la Planta , Vitis , Vitis/genética , Vitis/efectos de los fármacos , Vitis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Vitis/metabolismo , Hojas de la Planta/efectos de los fármacos , Hojas de la Planta/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hojas de la Planta/genética , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Caolín/farmacología , Estaciones del Año , Estrés Fisiológico/efectos de los fármacos , Ciclo Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Antioxidantes/farmacología

RESUMEN

AIMS: Incorporating biofertilizers, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AM) fungal inoculants, into vineyard management practices may enhance vine growth and reduce environmental impact. Here, we evaluate the effects of commercially available and local AM fungal inoculants on the growth, root colonization, and nutrient uptake of wine grapes (Vitis vinifera) when planted in a field soil substrate. METHODS AND RESULTS: In a greenhouse experiment, young wine grapes were planted in a field soil substrate and inoculated with one of three commercially available mycorrhizal inoculant products, or one of two locally collected whole soil inoculants. After 4 months of growth, inoculated vines showed no differences in plant biomass, colonization of roots by AM fungi, or foliar macronutrient concentrations compared to uninoculated field soil substrate. However, vines grown with local inoculants had greater shoot biomass than vines grown with mycorrhizal inoculant products. CONCLUSIONS: Although effects from inoculations with AM fungi varied by inoculant type and source, inoculations may not improve young vine performance in field soils with a resident microbial community.

Asunto(s)

Inoculantes Agrícolas , Biomasa , Micorrizas , Raíces de Plantas , Microbiología del Suelo , Suelo , Vitis , Micorrizas/fisiología , Micorrizas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Vitis/microbiología , Vitis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Raíces de Plantas/microbiología , Raíces de Plantas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Inoculantes Agrícolas/fisiología , Suelo/química , Nutrientes/metabolismo , Vino/microbiología , Vino/análisis , Agricultura/métodos

RESUMEN

In Mediterranean regions, severe summers are becoming more common, leading to restrictions to vine productivity and yield quality, requiring sustainable practices to support this sector. We assessed the behaviour of three red grapevine varieties from the Douro Region to examine their tolerance to summer climate stress from the perspective that the less common varieties may have potential for increased use in a climate change scenario. Leaf and fruit biochemical profile, antioxidant activity and fruit colorimetric parameters were assessed at different phenological stages in Aragonez (AR), Tinto Cão (TC) and Touriga Nacional (TN) grape varieties. All three varieties exhibit significant variability in phenological timing, influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Photosynthetic pigment strategies differed among varieties. Chlorophyll content in AR was high to cope with high radiation, while TN displaying a balanced approach, and TC had lower pigment levels, with higher levels of phenolics, antioxidants, and soluble sugars, particularly during stress. The variations in berry biochemical profile highlight the distinct characteristics of the varieties. TC and TN show potential for coping with climate change, having elevated total acidity, while AR has larger and heavier berries with distinct coloration. These findings reinforce the need to study the behaviour of different varieties in each Terroir, to understand their diverse strategies to deal with summer climate stress. This will help in selecting the most suitable variety for these conditions under vineyard management in the Douro Region.

Asunto(s)

Antioxidantes , Clorofila , Frutas , Vitis , Vitis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Vitis/fisiología , Vitis/metabolismo , Clorofila/metabolismo , Frutas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Frutas/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Región Mediterránea , Cambio Climático , Estaciones del Año , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Hojas de la Planta/crecimiento & desarrollo , Clima , Fotosíntesis/fisiología

RESUMEN

Veraison marks the transition from berry growth to berry ripening and is a crucial phenological stage in grapevine (Vitis vinifera): the berries become soft and begin to accumulate sugars, aromatic substances, and, in red cultivars, anthocyanins for pigmentation, while the organic acid levels begin to decrease. These changes determine the potential quality of wine. However, rising global temperatures lead to earlier flowering and ripening, which strongly influence wine quality. Here, we combined genotyping-by-sequencing with a bioinformatics pipeline on ∼150 F1 genotypes derived from a cross between the early ripening variety "Calardis Musqué" and the late-ripening variety "Villard Blanc". Starting from 20,410 haplotype-based markers, we generated a high-density genetic map and performed a quantitative trait locus analysis based on phenotypic datasets evaluated over 20 yrs. Through locus-specific marker enrichment and recombinant screening of ∼1,000 additional genotypes, we refined the originally postulated 5-mb veraison locus, Ver1, on chromosome 16 to only 112 kb, allowing us to pinpoint the ethylene response factor VviERF027 (VCost.v3 gene ID: Vitvi16g00942, CRIBIv1 gene ID: VIT_16s0100g00400) as veraison candidate gene. Furthermore, the early veraison allele could be traced back to a clonal "Pinot" variant first mentioned in the seventeenth century. "Pinot Precoce Noir" passed this allele over "Madeleine Royale" to the maternal grandparent "Bacchus Weiss" and, ultimately, to the maternal parent "Calardis Musqué". Our findings are crucial for ripening time control, thereby improving wine quality, and for breeding grapevines adjusted to climate change scenarios that have a major impact on agro-ecosystems in altering crop plant phenology.

Asunto(s)

Mapeo Cromosómico , Frutas , Genotipo , Sitios de Carácter Cuantitativo , Vitis , Vitis/genética , Vitis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Mapeo Cromosómico/métodos , Frutas/genética , Frutas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Sitios de Carácter Cuantitativo/genética , Genes de Plantas/genética , Fenotipo , Haplotipos/genética , Técnicas de Genotipaje/métodos , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Cromosomas de las Plantas/genética , Marcadores Genéticos

RESUMEN

Applying plant protection products (PPP) on grapevine pruning wounds is a viticultural practice used to mitigate the spread of grapevine tuck disease, which is posing serious economic losses in the vine-wine industry. However, the impact of PPP on woody tissues remains unclear. Our study, conducted in two European vineyards, investigated the effects of Cuprocol, Tessior, Esquive, and Bentogran on stilbenes, in canes of Cabernet sauvignon and Syrah, at three phenological stages. Main stilbenes, quantified by HPLC-UV-DAD (1260 Agilent Infinity System) and identified by HPLC-ESI/MS (Thermo Scientific LCQ FLEET system), included E-resveratrol, E-ε-viniferin, E-piceatannol, and E-polydatin. Canes exhibited varying proportions of individual stilbenes, reflecting differences based on climatic conditions and phenological phases, rather than on the application of specific PPP. Vines grown in cool-climate conditions exhibited higher levels of E-resveratrol, whereas vines from the Mediterranean climate area exhibited higher levels of E-ε-viniferin. We also observed divergences in the accumulation trend of wood stilbenes throughout the season in canes collected in the two different growing areas.

Asunto(s)

Estilbenos , Vitis , Vitis/química , Vitis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Estilbenos/análisis , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Extractos Vegetales/química , Enfermedades de las Plantas/prevención & control , Resveratrol/análisis