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Each year, the Brazilian Society for Virology promotes a national meeting during the second semester of the year. In October 2022, the 33rd meeting took place at Arraial da Ajuda, Porto Seguro, Bahia, in-person:.this was the first in-person meeting since 2019, as the 2020 and 2021 events occurred online due to the issues imposed by COVID-19. It was a great pleasure for the whole audience to return to an in-person event, which certainly improved the interactions between the attendees in all ways. As usual, the meeting involved massive participation of undergraduate, graduate, and postdoc students, and several noteworthy international researchers were present. During five afternoons and evenings, attendees could discuss and learn about the most recent data presented by distinguished scientists from Brazil and other countries. In addition, young virology researchers from all levels could present their latest results as oral presentations and posters. The meeting covered all virology areas, with conferences and roundtables about human, veterinary, fundamental, environmental, invertebrate, and plant virology. The costs associated with attending the in-person event caused a slight reduction in the number of attendees compared to the two online events. However, even with this issue, the attendance was impressive. The meeting successfully achieved its most important goals: inspiring young and senior scientists and discussing high-quality, up-to-date virology research.

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Resumen La diabetes mellitus (DM) es una enfermedad metabólica caracterizada principalmente por signos y síntomas derivados del aumento de glucosa sérica o hiperglucemia. La pandemia por la enfermedad del coronavirus 2019 (COVID- 19) afectó a todo el mundo con informes de pronóstico grave en pacientes diabéticos infectados por el virus del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo por coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) y elevada admisión hospitalaria en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) en comparación con pacientes no diabéticos. El objetivo del trabajo de revisión bibliográfica fue evaluar y describir algunos de los mecanismos bioquímicos que conducen al pronóstico grave en pacientes con DM infectados por el virus SARS-CoV-2 mediante la búsqueda sistemática de información en diferentes bases de datos. Los resultados mostraron que la elevada admisión a UCI con un pronóstico grave de pacientes diabéticos infectados por el virus fue por presentar inflamación excesiva que ocasiona síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo, tormenta de citoquinas, neumonía severa, inmunidad deteriorada e hiperglucemia. El virus ingresa a la célula principalmente por la vía endocítica y no endosómica; los receptores celulares centrales implícitos en los mecanismos son receptores de insulina (RI), transportador de glucosa tipo 2 (GLUT-2), dipeptidil-peptidasa-4 (DPP4), transportador de glucosa tipo 4 (GLUT-4), enzima convertidora de angiotensina 2 (ECA2) y el correceptor proteasa transmembrana de serina 2 (TMPRSS2) esencial para la propagación viral. La mayor susceptibilidad a desarrollar COVID- 19 en pacientes diabéticos se debe a la sobreexpresión de ECA2 y las complicaciones graves se incrementan a niveles micro y macrovascular como nefropatías, neuropatías y enfermedades cardiovasculares.

Abstract Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterised mainly by signs and symptoms derived from increased serum glucose or hyperglycemia. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic affected the entire world continenwith reports of severe prognosis in diabetic patients infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and high hospital admissions in the intensive care unit (ICU) compared to non-diabetic patients. The objective of the bibliographic review was to evaluate and describe some of the biochemical mechanisms that lead to severe prognosis in patients with DM infected by the SARSCoV- 2 virus through a systematic search for information in different databases. The results showed that the high ICU admission with a severe prognosis of diabetic patients infected by the virus was due to excessive inflammation that causes acute respiratory distress syndrome, cytokine storm, severe pneumonia, impaired immunity, and hyperglycemia. The virus enters the cell mainly through the endocytic and non-endosomal pathway; the central cellular receptors involved in the mechanisms are insulin receptors (IR), glucose transporter type 2 (GLUT-2), dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT-4), glucose converting enzyme angiotensin 2 (ACE2), and the serine transmembrane protease co-receptor 2 (TMPRSS2) essential for viral propagation. The increased susceptibility to developing COVID-19 in diabetic patients is due to the overexpression of ACE2, and serious complications are increased at the microvascular and macrovascular levels, such as nephropathies, neuropathies, and cardiovascular diseases.

Resumo O diabetes mellitus (DM) é uma doença metabólica caracterizada principalmente por sinais e sintomas decorrentes do aumento de glicose sérica ou hiperglicemia. A pandemia pela doença do coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19) afetou o mundo inteiro com relatos de prognóstico grave em pacientes diabéticos infectados pelo vírus da síndrome respiratória aguda grave por coronavírus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) e altas internações hospitalares na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) em comparação com pacientes não diabéticos. O objetivo do trabalho de revisão bibliográfica foi avaliar e descrever alguns dos mecanismos bioquímicos que levam ao prognóstico grave em pacientes com DM infectados pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2 por meio da busca sistemática de informações em diferentes bancos de dados. Os resultados mostraram que a alta admissão na UTI com prognóstico grave de pacientes diabéticos infectados pelo vírus foi devido à inflamação excessiva que apresentavam e que causa síndrome de desconforto respiratório agudo, tempestade de citocinas, pneumonia grave, imunidade prejudicada e hiperglicemia. O vírus entra na célula principalmente pela via endocítica e não endossômica; os receptores celulares centrais envolvidos nos mecanismos são os receptores de insulina (IR), transportador de glicose tipo 2 (GLUT-2), dipeptidil peptidase-4 (DPP4), transportador de glicose tipo 4 (GLUT-4), enzima conversora de angiotensina 2 (ACE2), e o co-receptor protease transmembrana de serina 2 (TMPRSS2) essencial para a propagação viral. A maior suscetibilidade ao desenvolvimento de COVID-19 em pacientes diabéticos deve-se à superexpressão de ECA2, e complicações graves aumentam nos níveis micro e macrovascular, como nefropatias, neuropatias e doenças cardiovasculares.

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Resumo O artigo analisa como a dengue se apresentou como desafio virológico na década de 1980. O objetivo é entender o papel dos estudos virológicos na compreensão da doença e a construção de uma expertise em arboviroses. Embora surtos da doença já tivessem sido relatados ao longo do século XX, a dengue era pouco conhecida nas Américas até a epidemia de dengue hemorrágica em Cuba, em 1981. Quando em 1986 a doença atingiu a cidade de Nova Iguaçu (RJ), a equipe de virologistas liderada por Hermann Schatzmayr tomaria a doença como objeto, mobilizando esforços a partir da criação do Laboratório de Flavivírus do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz.

Abstract This article analyzes how dengue presented a virological challenge during the 1980s in order to explore the role of virological studies in understanding this disease and constructing expertise in arboviral diseases. Although outbreaks were reported throughout the twentieth century, dengue was barely known in the Americas until the epidemic of dengue fever in Cuba in 1981. When the disease reached the Brazilian city of Nova Iguaçu (RJ) in 1986, it became the focus of attention for a team of virologists led by Hermann Schatzmayr, who mobilized efforts after the creation of the Flavivirus Laboratory at the Oswaldo Cruz Institute.

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Almost two decades after the isolation of the first amoebal giant viruses, indubitably the discovery of these entities has deeply affected the current scientific knowledge on the virosphere. Much has been uncovered since then: viruses can now acknowledge complex genomes and huge particle sizes, integrating remarkable evolutionary relationships that date as early as the emergence of life on the planet. This year, a decade has passed since the first studies on giant viruses in the Brazilian territory, and since then biomes of rare beauty and biodiversity (Amazon, Atlantic forest, Pantanal wetlands, Cerrado savannas) have been explored in the search for giant viruses. From those unique biomes, novel viral entities were found, revealing never before seen genomes and virion structures. To celebrate this, here we bring together the context, inspirations, and the major contributions of independent Brazilian research groups to summarize the accumulated knowledge about the diversity and the exceptionality of some of the giant viruses found in Brazil.

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En los últimos años los microorganismos han generado múltiples evoluciones, provocando enfermedades y problemas agudos de salud pública. Para poder controlar las virosis es necesario conocer su biología y epidemiología, establecer tratamiento y profilaxis adecuada para su control. Para ello, es indispensable comenzar con la formación de los profesionales de la salud, en particular, los estudiantes de medicina, es necesario potenciar el desarrollo de sus habilidades y competencias, no solo dominio del conocimiento científico, si no también pueda promoverlo, transferirlo y aplicarlo con impacto en la salud colectiva y que vaya a la par de los avances tecno-científicos. Es por ello, que surge la inquietud del fórum, discusión acerca del análisis de la enseñanza de la virología para enfrentar enfermedades emergentes en función de perfil del egresado. Se realizó encuesta a los estudiantes de los últimos diez años de la carrera de medicina de UNIANDES, sobre la biología, epidemiologia, respuesta inmunológica y diagnóstico, para mencionadas áreas de conocimiento se obtuvo, tanto en la evaluación objetiva estructurada y evaluación práctica, un nivel altamente satisfactorio. En la pirámide de Miller, se alcanzó nivel tres con conocimiento y desarrollo de habilidades, destrezas y actitudes del egresado satisfactorias. Sin embargo, los profesores de Virología están de acuerdo con innovar en la docencia integrando los contenidos transversalmente a las áreas de conocimiento: enfermedades infecciosas, clínicas, patologías, epidemiología y salud pública, lo que permitirá un aprendizaje integral para realizar abordaje adecuado de caso positivos de las virosis, además de tener capacidades para establecer vigilancia epidemiológica(AU)

In recent years, microorganisms have generated multiple evolutions, causing diseases and acute public health problems. In order to control virosis, it is necessary to know their biology and epidemiology, establish adequate treatment and prophylaxis for their control. For this, it is essential to start with the training of health professionals, in particular, medical students, it is necessary to promote the development of their skills and competencies, not only mastery of scientific knowledge, but also be able to promote it, transfer it and apply it with an impact on collective health and that goes hand in hand with techno-scientific advances. That is why the concern of the forum arises, a discussion about the analysis of the teaching of virology to face emerging diseases based on the profile of the graduate. A survey was conducted to the students of the last ten years of the UNIANDES medical career, on biology, epidemiology, immunological response and diagnosis, for mentioned areas of knowledge it was obtained, both in the objective structured evaluation and practical evaluation, a level highly satisfactory. In the Miller pyramid, level three was reached with satisfactory knowledge and development of abilities, skills and attitudes of the graduate. However, Virology professors agree with innovating in teaching by integrating the content transversally to the areas of knowledge: infectious diseases, clinics, pathologies, epidemiology and public health, which will allow comprehensive learning to carry out an adequate approach to positive cases of virosis, in addition to having the capacity to establish epidemiological surveillance(AU)

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Resumen La detección de SARS-CoV-2 y su implicancia en el diagnóstico de COVID-19 han sido muy debatidas en la pandemia. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el costo/beneficio de la detección de SARS-CoV-2 en contactos estrechos asintomáticos (CE) mediante el uso de distintas pruebas de diagnóstico molecular. Se estudiaron 51 CE de personas con diagnóstico de SARS-CoV-2 confirmado por RTqPCR, clasificadas por el umbral de ciclos (Ct) (<20, entre 20 y 30 y >30) en hospitales públicos de la provincia de Buenos Aires. Del total de contactos estudiados el 15,7% resultó confirmado para SARS-CoV-2; no hubo contactos positivos de casos con Ct>30. La cantidad de contactos positivos de casos con Ct<20 fue significativamente mayor que la de casos con Ct>20. Las muestras con Ct<20 se asociaron a una carga viral estimada de entre uno a cuatro órdenes de magnitud de diferencia con los rangos de Ct>20. Un 13,7% de contactos positivos fueron casos con Ct<20. De las muestras positivas confirmadas por PCR, correspondientes a la semana epidemiológica 1 de 2021 (SE1), sólo un 19,35% correspondían a muestras con Ct<20 y un 50,7% con Ct entre 20 y 30. Estos datos muestran un incremento de sólo un 3,7% de casos detectados. El esfuerzo por parte del sistema de salud pública para esta estrategia, con bajo poder predictivo, puede tener un efecto negativo para el cumplimiento del aislamiento de los contactos y podría generar una demora en los resultados de los casos sospechosos, sin aportar significativamente en el control de la pandemia.

Abstract The detection of SARS-CoV-2 and its implication in the diagnosis of COVID-19 have been highly debated in the pandemic. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cost/benefit of detecting SARS-CoV-2 in asymptomatic close contacts (CC) using different molecular diagnostic tests. A total of 51 CC of people with a diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 confirmed by RTqPCR, classified by the cycle threshold (Ct) (<20, between 20 and 30 and >30), were studied in public hospitals in the Province of Buenos Aires. Of the total contacts studied, 15.7% were confirmed for SARS-CoV-2; there were no positive contacts of cases with Ct>30 positive. The number of positive contacts of cases with Ct<20 was significantly higher than that of cases with Ct>20. Samples with Ct<20 were associated with an estimated viral load of one to four orders of magnitude difference with Ct ranges >20. A total of 13.7% of positive close contacts were from cases with Ct<20. When studying positive samples with confirmed diagnosis by PCR, corresponding to 1 epidemiological week of 2021 (EW1), only 19.35% corresponded to samples with Ct<20 and 50.7% with Ct between 20 and 30. From these data it is shown that with the CC test only 3.7% of the cases were detected. The effort by the public health system for this strategy, with low predictive power, may have a negative effect on the fulfillment of the isolation of contacts and could generate a delay in the results of suspected cases, without contributing significantly to controlling the pandemic.

Resumo A detecção do SARS-CoV-2 e seu envolvimento no diagnóstico da COVID-19 têm sido muito discutidos durante a pandemia. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a relação custo/benefício na detecção de SARSCoV- 2 em casos de contatos próximos assintomático (CP), por meio do uso de diferentes testes de diagnóstico molecular. Foram estudados 51 casos de CP de pessoas com diagnóstico de SARS-CoV-2 confirmado pelo RTqPCR, sendo classificados pelo limiar de ciclos (Ct) (<20, entre 20 e 30 e >30), em hospitais públicos da província de Buenos Aires. Do total de contatos estudados, 15,7% foram confirmados para SARS-CoV-2, não houve contatos positivos de casos com Ct>30. O número de contatos positivos de casos com Ct<20, foi significativamente maior que os casos com Ct>20. As amostras com Ct<20 foram associadas a uma carga viral estimada de uma a quatro ordens de magnitude de diferença com os intervalos de Ct>20. Dos casos positivos, 13,7% foram com Ct<20. Das amostras positivas confirmadas por PCR, correspondentes à semana epidemiológica 1 de 2021 (SE1), apenas 19,35% correspondiam a amostras com Ct>20 e 50,7% com Ct entre 20 e 30. Esses dados mostram incremento de apenas 3,7% de casos detectados. O esforço por parte do sistema de saúde pública para essa estratégia, com baixo poder preditivo, pode ter um efeito negativo no cumprimento do isolamento dos contatos e poderia gerar uma demora nos resultados dos casos suspeitos, sem contribuir significativamente para o controle da pandemia.

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Resumo O artigo analisa a singularidade dos processos históricos, científicos e políticos que vão da descoberta da doença que passou a ser conhecida como mixomatose infecciosa, causada pelo vírus do mixoma (MYXV), à sua aplicação no controle de uma praga de coelhos na Austrália. A narrativa segue especialmente as pesquisas de Henrique de Beaurepaire Aragão, pesquisador do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, e posteriormente os esforços da cientista Jean Macnamara para promover pesquisas e implementar o MYXV na Austrália. Foram consultadas notas de pesquisa de cientistas, documentos oficiais que registraram o desenvolvimento dos experimentos, bem como periódicos. Nesse processo, foi considerado o desenvolvimento histórico do campo de estudos da virologia e controle biológico.

Abstract This article analyzes the singularity of historical, scientific, and political processes from the discovery of the disease caused by the myxoma virus (MYXV) that came to be known as infectious myxomatosis to the application of this virus against a plague of rabbits in Australia. This narrative focuses on research by Henrique de Beaurepaire Aragão, a researcher at the Oswaldo Cruz Institute, and later efforts by the scientist Jean Macnamara to promote studies and implement MYXV in Australia. The scientists' research notes were consulted, along with official documents recording the experiments and periodicals. In this process, the historical development of virology and biological controls as a field of study was also considered.

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Baculoviruses have been applied for biocontrol of agricultural pests, such as velvetbean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis) and fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). Cell culture is an interesting approach for large-scale production of these viruses. Co-infection of a host cell with two distinct viruses can contribute to reduce costs due to saving cell culture media, bioreactor space and the resulting co-occluded polyhedra may help to reduce final biopesticide costs. The baculovirus Anticarsia gemmatalis multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AgMNPV) and Spodoptera frugiperda multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (SfMNPV) were chosen to test a model for in vitro co-infection in SF21 cells. Different proportions of SfMNPV/AgMNPV were evaluated along three in vitro passages by optical microscopy analysis of cells and real-time PCR (qPCR) of DNA obtained from budded viruses (BVs) and occlusion bodies (OBs). The kinetics of viral protein synthesis was carried out for analysis of the co-infection in first passage and bioassays with the resulting OBs were performed against A. gemmatalis and S. frugiperda larvae. The results demonstrated successful co-infection in these cells. The quantity of SfMNPV and AgMNPV in supernatants and sediments tends to be maintained stable during the three passages, although the amount of AgMNPV was higher than SfMPNV in most of the experiments. Analysis of the kinetics of radiolabed proteins showed that the cell protein synthesis was shut off and two distinct bands of about 30 kDa, regarded to be the polyhedrin of each virus, were strongly detected at 48 and 72 hp.i. Although the pathogenicity of the produced viruses was not completely satisfactory, the bioassays confirmed occurrence of co-infected larvae with disproportional amount of each virus.

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Hasta diciembre del 2019, seis tipos de coronavirus ya estaban identificados como generadores de enfermedad en humanos, destacándose dos brotes epidemiológicos anteriores: SARS-CoV en 2002 y MERS-CoV en 2012. El nuevo agente infeccioso que causó la pandemia de 2019 se denominó SARS-CoV-2, el que se manifiesta como un síndrome respiratorio agudo severo (CO-VID-19). Al respecto, el 30 de enero del 2020, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) decretó la emergencia sanitaria. El propósito de esta revisión fue analizar el contexto epidemio-lógico alrededor del SARS-CoV-2, mediante una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos científicas como: PubMed Central, LILACS y Google académico. Se concluyó que el SARS-CoV-2 es altamente transmisible, con una tasa de letalidad en Ecuador del 8,59%.

Six types of coronaviruses were already identified as generators of disease in humans as of 2019, with two previous epidemiological outbreaks standing out: SARS-CoV in 2002 and MERS-CoV in 2012. The new infectious agent that caused the 2019 pandemic was called SARS -CoV-2, which manifests as a severe acute respiratory syndrome (COVID-19). In this regard, on January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization decreed the health emergency. The purpose of this review was to analyze the epidemiological context around SARS-CoV-2 through a bibliographic review in scientific databases such as: PubMed Central, LILACS and Google Scholar. It was concluded that SARS-CoV-2 is highly transmissible, with a fatality rate in Ecuador of 8.59%.

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OBJECTIVE: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic viral disease, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The impact of the disease among the obstetric population remains unclear, and the study of the placenta can provide valuable information. Adequate sampling of the placental tissue can help characterize the pathways of viral infections. METHODS: A protocol of placental sampling is proposed, aiming at guaranteeing representativity of the placenta and describing the adequate conservation of samples and their integrity for future analysis. The protocol is presented in its complete and simplified versions, allowing its implementation in different complexity settings. RESULTS: Sampling with the minimum possible interval from childbirth is the key for adequate sampling and storage. This protocol has already been implemented during the Zika virus outbreak. CONCLUSION: A protocol for adequate sampling and storage of placental tissue is fundamental for adequate evaluation of viral infections on the placenta. During the COVID-19 pandemic, implementation of this protocol may help to elucidate critical aspects of the SARS-CoV-2 infection.

OBJETIVO: A doença do novo coronavírus (COVID-19) é uma doença viral pandêmica causada pelo coronavírus da síndrome respiratória aguda 2 (SARS-CoV-2). O impacto da doença entre a população obstétrica ainda é incerto, e o estudo da placenta pode fornecer informações valiosas. Assim, a coleta adequada do tecido placentário pode ajudar a caracterizar algumas propriedades das infecções virais. MéTODOS: Um protocolo de coleta placentária é proposto, objetivando a garantia de representatividade da placenta, descrevendo a maneira de conservação adequada das amostras, e visando garantir sua integridade para análises futuras. O protocolo é apresentado em suas versões completa e simplificada, permitindo sua implementação em diferentes configurações de infraestrutura. RESULTADOS: A amostragem com o intervalo mínimo possível do parto é essencial para coleta e armazenamento adequados. Esse protocolo já foi implementado durante a epidemia de vírus Zika. CONCLUSãO: Um protocolo para coleta e armazenamento adequados de tecido placentário é fundamental para a avaliação adequada de infecções virais na placenta. Durante a pandemia de COVID-19, a implementação deste protocolo pode ajudar a elucidar aspectos críticos da infecção por SARS-CoV-2.

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Objective: COVID-19 is presently the most serious public health concern and diagnosis is a principal tool for controlling and monitoring the spread of the disease. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of direct RT-PCR (dRT-PCR) for detection of SARS-CoV-2. Methods: Twenty-seven nasopharyngeal swabs from symptomatic individuals were evaluated. Standard RT-PCR was conducted, and for dRT-PCR the samples were preheated before amplification. Results: Positive agreement was 63.2% and negative agreement was 100%, being moderately in accord. Conclusion: dRT-PCR may be an alternative for screening symptomatic patients and a reliable option during an eventual shortage of viral RNA purification kits.

Objetivo: A COVID-19 é atualmente um sério problema de saúde pública e o diagnóstico é a principal ferramenta para controlar e monitorar a propagação da doença. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência da RT-PCR direta (dRT-PCR) para detecção do SARS-CoV-2. Métodos: Vinte e sete amostras de swab nasofaríngeo de indivíduos sintomáticos foram avaliados. A RT-PCR padrão foi realizada e para a dRT-PCR as amostras foram pré-aquecidas antes da amplificação. Resultados: A concordância positiva foi de 63,2% e a concordância negativa foi de 100%, sendo moderadamente concordante. Conclusão: A dRT-PCR pode ser uma alternativa para a triagem de pacientes sintomáticos e uma opção confiável durante uma eventual escassez de kits de purificação de RNA viral.

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Abstract Objective The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic viral disease, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The impact of the disease among the obstetric population remains unclear, and the study of the placenta can provide valuable information. Adequate sampling of the placental tissue can help characterize the pathways of viral infections. Methods A protocol of placental sampling is proposed, aiming at guaranteeing representativity of the placenta and describing the adequate conservation of samples and their integrity for future analysis. The protocol is presented in its complete and simplified versions, allowing its implementation in different complexity settings. Results Sampling with the minimum possible interval from childbirth is the key for adequate sampling and storage. This protocol has already been implemented during the Zika virus outbreak. Conclusion A protocol for adequate sampling and storage of placental tissue is fundamental for adequate evaluation of viral infections on the placenta. During the COVID-19 pandemic, implementation of this protocol may help to elucidate critical aspects of the SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Resumo Objetivo A doença do novo coronavírus (COVID-19) é uma doença viral pandêmica causada pelo coronavírus da síndrome respiratória aguda 2 (SARS-CoV-2). O impacto da doença entre a população obstétrica ainda é incerto, e o estudo da placenta pode fornecer informações valiosas. Assim, a coleta adequada do tecido placentário pode ajudar a caracterizar algumas propriedades das infecções virais. Métodos Um protocolo de coleta placentária é proposto, objetivando a garantia de representatividade da placenta, descrevendo a maneira de conservação adequada das amostras, e visando garantir sua integridade para análises futuras. O protocolo é apresentado em suas versões completa e simplificada, permitindo sua implementação em diferentes configurações de infraestrutura. Resultados A amostragem com o intervalo mínimo possível do parto é essencial para coleta e armazenamento adequados. Esse protocolo já foi implementado durante a epidemia de vírus Zika. Conclusão Um protocolo para coleta e armazenamento adequados de tecido placentário é fundamental para a avaliação adequada de infecções virais na placenta. Durante a pandemia de COVID-19, a implementação deste protocolo pode ajudar a elucidar aspectos críticos da infecção por SARS-CoV-2.

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The year 2020 was profoundly marked by the emergence and spread of SARS-CoV-2, causing COVID-19, which represents the greatest pandemic of the 21st century until now, and a major challenge for virologists in the scientific and medical communities. Increased numbers of SARS-CoV-2 infection all over the world imposed social and travel restrictions, including avoidance of face-to-face scientific meetings. Therefore, for the first time in history, the 2020 edition of the Brazilian Society of Virology (SBV) congress was totally online. Despite the challenge of the new format, the Brazilian society board and collaborators were successful in virtually congregating more than 921 attendees, which was the greatest SBV participant number ever reached. Seminal talks from prominent national and international researchers were presented every night, during a week, and included discussions about environmental, basic, animal, human, plant and invertebrate virology. A special roundtable debated exclusively new data and perspectives regarding COVID-19 by some of the greatest Brazilian virologists. Women scientists were very well represented in another special roundtable called "Young Women Inspiring Research", which was one of the most viewed and commented section during the meeting, given the extraordinary quality of the presented work. Finally, SBV offered the Helio Gelli Pereira award for one graduate and one undergraduate student, which has also been a fruitful collaboration between the society and Viruses journal. The annual SBV meeting has, therefore, reached its goals to inspire young scientists, stimulate high-quality scientific discussion and to encourage global collaboration between virologists.

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RESUMEN: El virus SARS-CoV-2 ingresa al organismo de un individuo susceptible a través de la cavidad oral, nasal o de la mucosa conjuntival; busca ensamblarse por medio de su glicoproteína de superficie o espiga con los receptores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina 2 que en boca los encontramos con mayor expresión en las células escamosas que recubren el epitelio lingual y las glándulas salivales, una vez que ingresa por medio de la activación de proteasas ingresa a la célula huésped para denudar su RNA viral, a diferencia de otros virus no necesita ir hasta el núcleo de tal forma que en el citoplasma inicia su replicación y utiliza los ribosomas del huésped para formar una gran cantidad de proteínas virales tanto estructurales como accesorias que le permita formar nuevos viriones potencialmente infecciosos; los estomatólogos deben tomar en cuenta esta vía de infección y extremar las medidas para disminuir su carga viral local en la cavidad oral y las barreras físicas de protección para el operador, el paciente y la ergonomía del consultorio.

ABSTRACT: SARS-CoV-2 virus enters the body of a susceptible individual through oral, nasal or conjunctival mucosa, seeking to bind to the spike glycoprotein surface through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors. These are found in the mouth with a higher expression in oral squamous cells that cover the lingual epithelium and salivary glands. Once proteolytic activation begins, it enters the host cell to denudate its viral RNA. In contrast with other viruses, it does not require nucleus access, and therefore replicates in the cytoplasm using the host's ribosomes to produce great amounts of both structural and accessory viral proteins. Since this generates new and potentially infectious virions, dentists must consider this route of infection and take extreme measures to decrease their viral load in the oral cavity. Physical protection barriers for the operator, the patient and the health and safety of the work place are critical in these cases.

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Within the framework of recent historiography about the role of the World Health Organization (WHO) in modernizing public health and the multifaceted concept of global health, this study addresses the impact of the WHO's "country programs" in Spain from the time it was admitted to this organization in 1951 to 1975. This research adopts a transnational historical perspective and emphasizes attention to the circulation of health knowledge, practices, and people, and focuses on the Spain-0001 and Spain-0025programs, their role in the development of virology in Spain, and the transformation of public health. Sources include historical archives (WHO, the Spanish National Health School), various WHO publications, the contemporary medical press, and a selection of the Spanish general press.

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The integrase inhibitor dolutegravir was included in initial antiretroviral therapy in Brazil in January 2017. Studies have demonstrated that the efficacy and safety of antiretrovirals have improved with the introduction of new classes of antiretrovirals, such as integrase inhibitors. This study aimed to estimate the frequency of individuals with a virologic response by week 24 of antiretroviral treatment and to describe the adverse events of the regimen containing dolutegravir. This was a cohort of people living with HIV followed up at a referral hospital. Patients were included who had initiated their first treatment between January and August 2017. Data were obtained from medical records, the Drug Logistics Management System and from the Laboratory Tests Control System. Two hundred and twenty-two patients were included for the tolerability analysis and one hundred and thirty-seven for the virologic response analysis. The mean age was 34 years, the median time between diagnosis and initiating treatment was 1.9 months and the median time on antiretroviral therapy was 13.2 months. The frequency of adverse events was 10% (95% CI: 7% to 15.2%), of these, amongst the most frequent events, 91% presented gastrointestinal effects, and 47.8% neuropsychiatric. By week 24 the estimated incidence of virologic response was 89.1% (95% CI: 83% to 93.5%), with an increase during the first 6 months in the number of T-CD4 lymphocytes of 50.7 cells/mm 3 (95% CI: 42 to 59.3). Initial antiretroviral regimens containing dolutegravir were well tolerated and effective in viral suppression during the first 24 weeks after initiating treatment. The occurrence of adverse events was low, either mild or moderate.

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