RESUMEN

Reduced quality of cowpea due to late harvest and therefore pathogen incidence may influence the results of the germination test, whenever losses are associated with the agents adhered to seed coat; in that context, chemical treatment of seeds during the evaluations may reflect more accurately physiological quality of the samples, which in turn may assure the emergence results of healthy seedlings and establishment of appropriate plant populations in the field. This study had the objective of evaluating the effects of fungicide treatment on minimizing physiological quality losses of cowpea seeds due to late harvest in germination and seedling development tests. The experimental design was the completely randomized with four replications. Treatments consisted of cowpea, cultivar BRS Guariba, harvested at different times (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days after physiological maturity) and treated or not with fungicide carboxim+thiramfor seed quality tests. Seeds were initially characterized by seed moisture and mass. Afterwards, samples were evaluated by tests of germination percentage, germination first count, seedling length and dry matter. Data was submitted to variance analysis and means were analyzed as a 2x6 factorial. Means from chemical treatment and harvest times were compared by the Tukey test and regression analysis (p≤0.05), respectively, with subsequent unfolding of any significant interactions. Delayed harvest of cowpea seeds sharply reduces germination and vigor; fungicide treatment before performing physiological tests enables to establish that seed quality losses can be in part caused by pathogen vehiculation on the seed coat.

A diminuição da qualidade de sementes de feijão-caupi decorrente do atraso da colheita e, consequentemente, incidência de patógenos pode influenciar nos resultados do teste de germinação, quando as referidas reduções estão associadas aos patógenos aderidos ao tegumento; nesse sentido, o tratamento químico das sementes para as avaliações pode refletir, de modo mais preciso, a real qualidade fisiológica das amostras, que, por sua vez, assegura os resultados de emergência de plântulas sadias e o estabelecimento de estande adequado de plantas no campo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do tratamento fungicida para minimizar as reduções na qualidade fisiológica das sementes do feijão-caupi em decorrência do atraso da colheita nos testes de germinação e desenvolvimento de plântulas. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos corresponderam às sementes de feijão-caupi, cultivar BRS Guariba, colhidas em diferentes épocas (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 e 15 dias após a maturidade fisiológica) e tratadas ou não com o fungicida carboxim+thirampara avaliação da qualidade fisiológica. As sementes produzidas foram inicialmente caracterizadas por avaliações de teor de água e massa. Em seguida, procedeu-se as análises de germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, comprimento e massa seca de plântulas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias analisadas em arranjo fatorial2x6. As médias referentes ao tratamento químico e às épocas de colheita foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey e análise de regressão (p≤0,05), respectivamente, realizando-se o desdobramento quando da significância da interação entre os tratamentos. O atraso na colheita das sementes de feijão-caupi acarreta redução da germinação e do vigor; o tratamento das sementes com fungicida anteriormente às análises de qualidade fisiológica possibilita atribuir, em parte, a redução da qualidade aos patógenos associados ao tegumento.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Reduced quality of cowpea due to late harvest and therefore pathogen incidence may influence the results of the germination test, whenever losses are associated with the agents adhered to seed coat; in that context, chemical treatment of seeds during the evaluations may reflect more accurately physiological quality of the samples, which in turn may assure the emergence results of healthy seedlings and establishment of appropriate plant populations in the field. This study had the objective of evaluating the effects of fungicide treatment on minimizing physiological quality losses of cowpea seeds due to late harvest in germination and seedling development tests. The experimental design was the completely randomized with four replications. Treatments consisted of cowpea, cultivar BRS Guariba, harvested at different times (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days after physiological maturity) and treated or not with fungicide carboxim+thiramfor seed quality tests. Seeds were initially characterized by seed moisture and mass. Afterwards, samples were evaluated by tests of germination percentage, germination first count, seedling length and dry matter. Data was submitted to variance analysis and means were analyzed as a 2x6 factorial. Means from chemical treatment and harvest times were compared by the Tukey test and regression analysis (p≤0.05), respectively, with subsequent unfolding of any significant interactions. Delayed harvest of cowpea seeds sharply reduces germination and vigor; fungicide treatment before performing physiological tests enables to establish that seed quality losses can be in part caused by pathogen vehiculation on the seed coat.(AU)

A diminuição da qualidade de sementes de feijão-caupi decorrente do atraso da colheita e, consequentemente, incidência de patógenos pode influenciar nos resultados do teste de germinação, quando as referidas reduções estão associadas aos patógenos aderidos ao tegumento; nesse sentido, o tratamento químico das sementes para as avaliações pode refletir, de modo mais preciso, a real qualidade fisiológica das amostras, que, por sua vez, assegura os resultados de emergência de plântulas sadias e o estabelecimento de estande adequado de plantas no campo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do tratamento fungicida para minimizar as reduções na qualidade fisiológica das sementes do feijão-caupi em decorrência do atraso da colheita nos testes de germinação e desenvolvimento de plântulas. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos corresponderam às sementes de feijão-caupi, cultivar BRS Guariba, colhidas em diferentes épocas (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 e 15 dias após a maturidade fisiológica) e tratadas ou não com o fungicida carboxim+thirampara avaliação da qualidade fisiológica. As sementes produzidas foram inicialmente caracterizadas por avaliações de teor de água e massa. Em seguida, procedeu-se as análises de germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, comprimento e massa seca de plântulas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias analisadas em arranjo fatorial2x6. As médias referentes ao tratamento químico e às épocas de colheita foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey e análise de regressão (p≤0,05), respectivamente, realizando-se o desdobramento quando da significância da interação entre os tratamentos. O atraso na colheita das sementes de feijão-caupi acarreta redução da germinação e do vigor; o tratamento das sementes com fungicida anteriormente às análises de qualidade fisiológica possibilita atribuir, em parte, a redução da qualidade aos patógenos associados ao tegumento.(AU)

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Objetivou-se nesta pesquisa avaliar o rendimento da cultura do feijão-caupi, quando cultivada sobre palhadas de plantas de cobertura, manejadas ou não com herbicidas aplicados em pós-emergência. O experimento foi conduzido em campo, em delineamento de blocos completos ao acaso com três repetições. Em esquema fatorial 5x2 foram testados cinco tipos de palhadas: sorgo, capim-ruziziensis, capim-tanzânia, capim-marandu e plantas daninhas. O segundo fator caracterizou-se pela ausência e pela aplicação da mistura pronta de bentazona + imazamoxi na dose 600 + 28 g ha-1 aos 13 dias após a emergência e do herbicida haloxifope-p-metílico na dose de 62,35 g ha-1 aos 18 DAE. Foram avaliados a densidade e a massa seca de plantas daninhas aos 20 e 85 DAE da cultura, a altura de plantas (AP), diâmetro da haste, teor de clorofila, massas secas de haste, de flores, de vagens, folhas e parte aérea e a área foliar no florescimento da cultura (46 DAE). Na colheita, avaliaram-se os componentes de produção: número de grãos por vagens, número de grãos por planta, peso cem grãos, a população de plantas de feijão-caupi e o rendimento de grãos. As palhadas de capim-ruziziensis, capim-tanzânia e capim-marandu sobre a superfície do solo reduzem a massa seca de plantas daninhas, constituindo manejo necessário onde o controle químico não foi realizado. Independente do uso de palhada, a aplicação do...

The objective of this research was to evaluate the yield of the cowpea crop, when grown on cover crops straws, managed or not with herbicides applied in post-emergence. The experiment was conducted in the field, in a complete randomized block design with three replications. In a 5x2 factorial scheme, five types of straw were tested: sorghum, ruziziensis grass, tanzania grass, marandu grass and weeds. The second factor was characterized by the absence and application of the ready mix of bentazone + imazamoxi at the dose 600 + 28 g ha-1 at 13 days after emergence and the herbicide haloxifope-p-methyl at the dose of 62.35 g ha- 1 to 18 DAE. Weed density and dry mass were evaluated at 20 and 85 DAE of the crop, plant height (AP), stem diameter, chlorophyll content, dry mass of stem, flowers, pods, leaves and aerial part and the leaf area in the flowering of the crop (46 DAE). At harvest, the production components were evaluated: number of grains per pod, number of grains per plant, weight one hundred grains, the population of cowpea plants and grain yield. The straws of grass-ruziziensis, grass-tanzania and grass-marandu on the soil surface reduce the dry mass of weeds, constituting necessary management where chemical control has not been carried out. Regardless of the use of straw, the application of the herbicide is essential to guarantee the productivity of the crop. The...

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Objetivou-se nesta pesquisa avaliar o rendimento da cultura do feijão-caupi, quando cultivada sobre palhadas de plantas de cobertura, manejadas ou não com herbicidas aplicados em pós-emergência. O experimento foi conduzido em campo, em delineamento de blocos completos ao acaso com três repetições. Em esquema fatorial 5x2 foram testados cinco tipos de palhadas: sorgo, capim-ruziziensis, capim-tanzânia, capim-marandu e plantas daninhas. O segundo fator caracterizou-se pela ausência e pela aplicação da mistura pronta de bentazona + imazamoxi na dose 600 + 28 g ha-1 aos 13 dias após a emergência e do herbicida haloxifope-p-metílico na dose de 62,35 g ha-1 aos 18 DAE. Foram avaliados a densidade e a massa seca de plantas daninhas aos 20 e 85 DAE da cultura, a altura de plantas (AP), diâmetro da haste, teor de clorofila, massas secas de haste, de flores, de vagens, folhas e parte aérea e a área foliar no florescimento da cultura (46 DAE). Na colheita, avaliaram-se os componentes de produção: número de grãos por vagens, número de grãos por planta, peso cem grãos, a população de plantas de feijão-caupi e o rendimento de grãos. As palhadas de capim-ruziziensis, capim-tanzânia e capim-marandu sobre a superfície do solo reduzem a massa seca de plantas daninhas, constituindo manejo necessário onde o controle químico não foi realizado. Independente do uso de palhada, a aplicação do...(AU)

The objective of this research was to evaluate the yield of the cowpea crop, when grown on cover crops straws, managed or not with herbicides applied in post-emergence. The experiment was conducted in the field, in a complete randomized block design with three replications. In a 5x2 factorial scheme, five types of straw were tested: sorghum, ruziziensis grass, tanzania grass, marandu grass and weeds. The second factor was characterized by the absence and application of the ready mix of bentazone + imazamoxi at the dose 600 + 28 g ha-1 at 13 days after emergence and the herbicide haloxifope-p-methyl at the dose of 62.35 g ha- 1 to 18 DAE. Weed density and dry mass were evaluated at 20 and 85 DAE of the crop, plant height (AP), stem diameter, chlorophyll content, dry mass of stem, flowers, pods, leaves and aerial part and the leaf area in the flowering of the crop (46 DAE). At harvest, the production components were evaluated: number of grains per pod, number of grains per plant, weight one hundred grains, the population of cowpea plants and grain yield. The straws of grass-ruziziensis, grass-tanzania and grass-marandu on the soil surface reduce the dry mass of weeds, constituting necessary management where chemical control has not been carried out. Regardless of the use of straw, the application of the herbicide is essential to guarantee the productivity of the crop. The...(AU)

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RESUMEN

Selenium (Se) is a beneficial element to higher plants. Application of Se at low concentrations enhances the antioxidant metabolism reducing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by plant membrane cells. This study aimed to evaluate how the application of Se in the forms sodium selenate and sodium selenite regulates ROS scavenging in field-grown cowpea plants. Seven Se application rates (0; 2.5; 5; 10; 20; 40 and 60 g ha-1) of each of the two Se forms were applied to plants via the soil. Photosynthetic pigments concentration, gas exchange parameters, lipid peroxidation by malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, hydrogen peroxide concentration, activity of catalase (CAT, EC:1.11.1.6), glutathione reductase (GR, EC:1.6.4.2), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC:1.11.1.11) and Se concentration in leaves and grains were evaluated. In general, Se application led to a decrease in chlorophyll a concentration whilst leading to an increase in chlorophyll b, indicating conservation of total chlorophyll concentration. Application of 2.5 g ha-1 of Se as selenate provided a notable increase in total chlorophyll and total carotenoids compared to the other application rates. Selenate and selenite application decreased lipid peroxidation. However, each Se source acted in a different pathway to combat ROS. While selenate showed more potential to increase activity of APX and GR, selenite showed a higher potential to increase CAT activity. The negative correlation between CAT and GR is indicative that both pathways might be activated under distinct circumstances. The more prominent activity of CAT under high rates of selenite resulted in a negative correlation of this enzyme with chlorophyll a and carotenoids. Both selenate and selenite application increased sucrose and total sugars concentration in leaves of cowpea plants. Overall, these results indicate that application of Se in cowpea under field conditions stimulates distinct pathways to scavenge ROS. This could prove beneficial to mitigate oxidative stress during plant development.

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O presente trabalho objetivou analisar o desempenho fisiológico de sementes de feijão-caupi cv. BRS Pajeú submetidas à diferentes potenciais e agentes osmóticos, permitindo o conhecimento sobre como o estresse influencia na germinação e vigor destas sementes. O experimento foi conduzido no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com os tratamentos em arranjo fatorial sendo dois agentes osmóticos e cinco potenciais osmóticos (2 × 5), com quatro repetições. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância, e quando constatados efeitos significativos, foram submetidos à análise de regressão. As condições de estresse salino prejudicaram a germinação e o vigor das sementes de feijão-caupi cv. BRS Pajeú. A diminuição do potencial osmótico das soluções, reduz o desenvolvimento e o ganho de massa fresca e seca das plântulas de feijão-caupi cv. BRS Pajeú, independente da substância utilizada para indução do estresse. O cloreto de sódio (NaCl) promoveu efeitos mais drásticos sobre o crescimento das plântulas, quando comparado ao cloreto de potássio (KCl). As sementes de feijão-caupi cv BRS Pajeú submetidas à solução de NaCl com potenciais osmóticos inferiores a -0,35 MPa, apresentou porcentagem inferior a 80% de germinação.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the germination physiological of cowpea seed cv. BRS Pajeú submitted to different potentials and osmotic agents, allowing the knowledge about how the stress effects the germination and vigor of these seeds. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, with treatments in five different potentials and two osmotic agents (2 ×5) factorial arrangement, with four replications. The results were submitted to variance analysis, and when significant effects were verified, they were submitted to regression analysis. The saline stress conditions impaired germination and vigor of cowpea seeds. The decrease in the osmotic potential of the solutions reduces the development and fresh and dry mass gain of cowpea cv. BRS Pajeú, independent of the substance used for stress induction. Sodium chloride (NaCl) promoted more drastic effects on seedling growth when compared to potassium chloride (KCl). The cowpea seeds submitted to NaCl solution with potentials inferior to -0.35 MPa, presented less than 80% of germination.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

O presente trabalho objetivou analisar o desempenho fisiológico de sementes de feijão-caupi cv. BRS Pajeú submetidas à diferentes potenciais e agentes osmóticos, permitindo o conhecimento sobre como o estresse influencia na germinação e vigor destas sementes. O experimento foi conduzido no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com os tratamentos em arranjo fatorial sendo dois agentes osmóticos e cinco potenciais osmóticos (2 × 5), com quatro repetições. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância, e quando constatados efeitos significativos, foram submetidos à análise de regressão. As condições de estresse salino prejudicaram a germinação e o vigor das sementes de feijão-caupi cv. BRS Pajeú. A diminuição do potencial osmótico das soluções, reduz o desenvolvimento e o ganho de massa fresca e seca das plântulas de feijão-caupi cv. BRS Pajeú, independente da substância utilizada para indução do estresse. O cloreto de sódio (NaCl) promoveu efeitos mais drásticos sobre o crescimento das plântulas, quando comparado ao cloreto de potássio (KCl). As sementes de feijão-caupi cv BRS Pajeú submetidas à solução de NaCl com potenciais osmóticos inferiores a -0,35 MPa, apresentou porcentagem inferior a 80% de germinação.(AU)

The aim of this work was to evaluate the germination physiological of cowpea seed cv. BRS Pajeú submitted to different potentials and osmotic agents, allowing the knowledge about how the stress effects the germination and vigor of these seeds. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, with treatments in five different potentials and two osmotic agents (2 ×5) factorial arrangement, with four replications. The results were submitted to variance analysis, and when significant effects were verified, they were submitted to regression analysis. The saline stress conditions impaired germination and vigor of cowpea seeds. The decrease in the osmotic potential of the solutions reduces the development and fresh and dry mass gain of cowpea cv. BRS Pajeú, independent of the substance used for stress induction. Sodium chloride (NaCl) promoted more drastic effects on seedling growth when compared to potassium chloride (KCl). The cowpea seeds submitted to NaCl solution with potentials inferior to -0.35 MPa, presented less than 80% of germination.(AU)

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Vigna unguiculata, one of the most important legumes, mainly in underdeveloped countries, is susceptible to post-harvest losses in storage by Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). The work evaluated the toxicity, inhibition of oviposition, instantaneous rate of population growth (ri) and the development of fumigated C. maculatus with the essential oil of Vanillosmopsis arborea and its major constituent, α-bisabolol. The experimental units consisted of 0.8 L flasks treated with concentrations of 1.2-11.2 µL L-1of air of the essential oil of V. arborea or its major constituent applied to disks of filter paper. α-Bisabolol was quantified as 409.33 mL L-1 of the essential oil. The development rate of C. maculatus was evaluated by daily adult counts. Oviposition was evaluated at lethal concentrations (LC50, LC25, LC10 and LC1). The LC50 and LC95 of the essential oil of V. arborea and α-bisabolol were 5.23 and 12.97 µL L-1 of air and 2.47 and 8.82 µL L-1 of air, respectively. At some concentrations, the α-bisabolol was more toxic to males than to females of the insect. Increased concentrations of the essential oil reduced the ri, rate of development, oviposition, and number of eggs of C. maculatus and therefore have potential for pest control.

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The effects of the use of glyphosate (GLY), glyphosate plus carfentrazone (GLY/CAR), and paraquat (PAR) as plant desiccators on the technological and chemical properties of cowpea grains were investigated. All studied desiccants provided lower cooking time to freshly harvested cowpea. However, the coat color of PAR- and GLY/CAR-treated cowpea was reddish in comparison to the control treatment. Principal component analysis (PCA) from liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) data sets showed a clear distinction among cowpea from the different treatments. Catechin-3-glucoside and epicatechin significantly contributed for discriminating GLY-treated cowpea, while citric acid was responsible for discriminating GLY/CAR-treated cowpea. Quercetin derivative and gluconic acid were responsible for discriminating control treatment. Residual glyphosate and paraquat content was higher than the maximum limits allowed by Codex Alimentarius and the European Union Commission. Improvements in the technological and chemical properties of cowpea may not be overlapped by the risks that those desiccants exhibit when exceeding the maximum limits of tolerance in food.

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Lead (Pb) is one of the most toxic anthropogenic pollutants, occurring widely in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, where it impairs plant growth and development. In this work, the effect of 0.5 mM EDTA-Pb was evaluated in two Vigna unguiculata cultivars (SV and SET), with the aim of detecting genotype/cultivar dependent changes in the physiological and anti-oxidant responses (CAT and APX) of a leguminous plant. The data showed that SV accumulated more Pb in roots while SET accumulated more in leaves, indicating differential regulation in Pb-translocation/accumulation. Lead affected the growth of SV less severely than SET, mainly associated with reduced inhibition in photosynthetic parameters. Furthermore, CAT and APX activities increased or were sustained at elevated levels in both cultivars in response to lead. However, gene expression analyses revealed that CAT1 was the main lead responsive gene in SET while CAT2 was more responsive in SV. APX1 was higher expressed in tissues with higher Pb-accumulation while APX2 was ubiquitously responsive to lead in both cultivars. Taken together, these results reveal differential ability of V. unguiculata cultivars in Pb-accumulation in different tissues affecting distinctly physiological and anti-oxidant responses. In addition, the existence of cultivars with predominant Pb-accumulation in aerial tissues invokes a need for studies to identify pollution-safe cultivars of leguminous plants to ensure food safety.

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