RESUMEN
Venomous fish are often involved in human accidents and symptoms of envenomation include local (intense pain and swelling) and systemic effects (cardiovascular and neurological disorders). However the only commercially available antivenom is against the Indo-Pacific stonefish Synanceja trachynisStonefish Antivenom (SFAV). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential of SFAV in neutralising the in vivo effects of some toxic activities of scorpionfish Scorpaena plumieri venom (SpV), and the in vitro immuno cross-reactivity. The SpV (7.5-100 µg/animal) caused nociceptive and dose-dependent edematogenic responses in the mice footpad. In rats SpV (300 µg/kg, i.v.) produced immediate and transient increase in arterial blood pressure and decrease in heart rate. Prior incubation of SpV with SFAV (1 µg SpV/1 U SFAV) abolished the inflammatory response, and significantly attenuated the cardiovascular effects induced by SPV. Western blotting analysis on two-dimensional SDS-PAGE of S plumieri venom proteins using SFAV proved that the epitopes recognized by SFAV are shared with the â¼98 kDa proteins. This is the first report of venom similarities between Indo-Pacific and Atlantic venomous fish, suggesting that the SpV compound responsible for inflammatory and cardiovascular effects possesses similar biochemical and antigenic properties to those found in stonefish venom.
Asunto(s)
Antivenenos/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/tratamiento farmacológico , Venenos de los Peces/antagonistas & inhibidores , Peces Venenosos , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Animales , Antivenenos/química , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/inducido químicamente , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Frecuencia Cardíaca/efectos de los fármacos , Inflamación/inducido químicamente , Masculino , Ratones , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
The aim of the present study was to investigate the cardiovascular activity of Scorpaena plumieri venom in both in vivo and in vitro models. In anesthetized rats, doses of the venom (14-216 microg protein/kg) induced a transient increase in the mean arterial pressure. However at higher dose (338 microg protein/kg) this effect was followed by a sudden hypotension and the animal evolved to death. The heart rate was temporarily increased and followed by bradycardia using doses > or =108 microg/kg. In isolated rat hearts the crude venom (5-80 microg protein) produced dose-dependent positive ventricular chronotropic, inotropic, lusitropic and coronary vasoconstriction responses. Partial purification of an active fraction (CF, cardiovascular fraction) which reproduced the cardiovascular effects induced by crude venom on isolated hearts was achieved by conventional gel filtration chromatography. Adrenergic blockades, prazosin and propranolol, significantly attenuated these responses. The coronary vasoconstriction response to CF was also attenuated by chemical endothelium denudation. In conclusion, the data showed that S. plumieri fish venom induces disorders in the cardiovascular system. It also suggests that alpha(1) and beta-adrenergic receptors, and the vascular endothelium, are involved at least partially, in these cardiac effects.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/inducido químicamente , Venenos de los Peces/toxicidad , Peces/fisiología , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos alfa/farmacología , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/farmacología , Animales , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Brasil , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/patología , Cromatografía en Gel , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Electroforesis en Gel de Poliacrilamida , Venenos de los Peces/antagonistas & inhibidores , Venenos de los Peces/química , Frecuencia Cardíaca/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Contracción Miocárdica/efectos de los fármacos , Prazosina/farmacología , Propranolol/farmacología , Proteínas/análisis , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Vasoconstricción/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Thalassophryne nattereri (niquim) is a venomous fish responsible for numerous accidents involving fishermen in northern and northeastern Brazil. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the action of antivenom on renal effects caused by Thalassophryne nattereri venom. Isolated kidneys of Wistar rats were perfused with a previously dialyzed Krebs-Henseleit solution containing 6 g% bovine serum albumin. The antivenom action was studied through perfusion pressure (PP), renal vascular resistance (RVR), urinary flow (UF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The niquim venom (1 miug/mL), the antivenom alone (1 miug/mL) or the venom incubated with antivenom were added to the system 30 minutes after the beginning of each perfusion. Previous works have shown venom induced-alterations of renal function parameters. In the isolated rat Kidney, T. nattereri venom (1 miug/mL) increased the perfusion pressure and renal vascular resistance at 60, 90 and 120 minutes. UF and GFR also increased at 60, 90 and 120 minutes when compared with the control group; however, no effects were observed on the percent of sodium (% TNa more control equal 81.1 more or less 0.86; % TNa more 60 equal 78.04 more or less 1.18; % TNa more 90 equal -5.16 more or less 3.34; %TNa more 120 equal 79.49 more or less 0.87) and potassium (%TKcontrol equal 72.29 more or less 1.12; %TK more 60 equal 75.41 more or less 0.65; % TK more 90 equal 71.23 more or less 2.55; % TK more 120 equal 76.62 more or less 1.04) tubular transporto. The administration of the antivenom (1 miug/mL) incubated with venom (1 miug/mL) reduced the changes in PP, RVR, UF and GFR provoked by Thalassophryne nattereri venom. The group perfused with venom alone showed a moderate deposit of a proteinaceous material in the tubules and urinary space.(...)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Masculino , Ratas , Antivenenos , Riñón/anatomía & histología , Riñón/patología , Venenos de los Peces/antagonistas & inhibidores , Venenos de los Peces/toxicidadRESUMEN
Thalassophryne nattereri envenoming represents a great cost to North and Northeast Brazilian communities in terms of public healths, leisure and tourism. Victims rapidally develop symptoms as pain, local swelling, erythema followed by intense necrosis that persist for long days. The aim of this work was tested the immune competence of neutralizing antibodies in pre-immunized mice against principal toxic activities induced by venom. During the primary antibody response in mice, an elevation of IgG antibody levels was only observed on day 28. After boosting, high antibody levels were detected between days 49 and 70, with a 12-fold increase in IgG level over control values at day 49. We confirmed the in vitro neutralizing capacity of T. nattereri anti-venom against toxic effects and thereafter we show that neutralizing antibodies obtained in a persistent immune response are more effective, inclusive against edematous reaction. After boosting during the secondary response mice with high antibody levels do not present any alterations in venule or arteriole after topical application of venom on cremaster muscle. In addition, CK activity diminished in these mice with high neutralizing antibody levels corroborating the attenuation of the myonecrotic effect by venom. In addition, we determined the presence of high IgG antibodies levels in patients 6 months after injury by T. nattereri. In conclusion, the presence of neutralizing antibodies against to T. nattereri venom in the serum of pre-immunized mice could change the outcome of lesion at site of posterior envenoming. Antigen-specific antibodies of high affinity in consequence to specific immune response, dependent of T lymphocyte activation, could minimize the symptoms of intense and immediate inflammatory reaction caused by T. nattereri venom. These finding prompt us to the possibility of development of immune therapeutic strategies using specific anti-venom as an efficient intervention for protecting human victims.
Asunto(s)
Antivenenos/farmacología , Batrachoidiformes , Venenos de los Peces/antagonistas & inhibidores , Animales , Antivenenos/sangre , Linfocitos B/inmunología , Venenos de los Peces/inmunología , Venenos de los Peces/toxicidad , Humanos , Inmunización , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Memoria Inmunológica/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , RatonesRESUMEN
T. nattereri (niquim) is a venomous fish involved in many human accidents in Brazil. The clinical picture includes mild local erythema, severe edema, intense pain and rapid progression to necrosis. The present therapy with anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs is ineffective and, therefore, we decided to assess serum therapy as an alternative treatment using an experimental antivenom. The antivenom used was raised in rabbits showing an ELISA antibody titer of 1:8,192,000 and its ability to neutralize lethality, necrosis, nociception and edema was evaluated both by pre-incubating the venom with antivenom before injection into mice or by independent injections of venom and antivenom. Lethality was completely neutralized by pre-incubation (ED(50)=141.5 microl/mg) while necrosis and nociception were neutralized by pre-incubation or the independent injection of antivenom. Edema was only partially prevented even when large amounts of antivenom were used. These data suggest that antivenom may be a promising treatment for patients stung by T. nattereri and suggest the viability of producing a horse antivenom for use in clinical trials.
Asunto(s)
Antivenenos/uso terapéutico , Venenos de los Peces/antagonistas & inhibidores , Peces Venenosos/metabolismo , Animales , Western Blotting , Edema/inducido químicamente , Edema/prevención & control , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Venenos de los Peces/toxicidad , Cinética , Masculino , Ratones , Necrosis , Dolor/inducido químicamente , Dolor/prevención & control , ConejosRESUMEN
Envenomation by Thalassophryne nattereri fishes are an important medical problem in northeast of Brazil, causing in human victims considerable pain and edema followed by necrosis. Venom obtained from fresh captured specimens of this fish was tested in vitro or in animal models for a better characterization of its toxic activities. Intradermal injection of the venom in the foot pad of mice induced local edema and hemorrhage followed a few hours later by necrosis. Subcutaneous injection of the venom induced systemic effects consisting in jerking motions, paralysis of hind limbs, erection of hair, rotational movements and violent convulsions followed by death. Dead animals showed hyperemia of the small intestine and lungs. The venom showed distinct edematous, necrotizing and hemolytic activities, a low level of hemorrhagic, myotoxic and proteolytic activities and no detectable phospholipase A2 activity. SDS-PAGE analysis of the crude venom showed at least 17 components with the major band located around Mw = 19,000. Almost all proteins stained by amido black were also revealed by Western blotting with antibodies to T. nattereri venom. Fractionation of the venom by either gel filtration or cation exchange chromatography resulted in a few distinct peaks but in both situations the biological activities were located in only one of the peaks which corresponded to basic proteins with approximately Mw = 47,000. Heating of the venom at 56 degrees C for 60 min completely destroyed its biological activities. All venom toxic activities except edema were completely neutralized after in vitro incubation with anti-T. nattereri serum.
Asunto(s)
Venenos de los Peces/aislamiento & purificación , Venenos de los Peces/toxicidad , Animales , Antivenenos/farmacología , Cromatografía en Gel , Cromatografía por Intercambio Iónico , Venenos de los Peces/antagonistas & inhibidores , Venenos de los Peces/química , Peces Venenosos , Ratones , Pruebas de NeutralizaciónRESUMEN
O acidente provocado por peixes peçonhentos ou acantóxicos denomina-se ictismo. Peixe peçonhento ou acantóxico é aquele que possui glândulas epidérmicas de veneno associadas com esporões em nanadeiras e cauda. Há poucos estudos sobre os casos de ictismo no Brasil, embora existam aproximadamente 130 espécies de peixes que provocam acidentes entre os pescadores, mergulhadores e banhitas...