Asunto(s)
Vacuna Tetravalente Recombinante contra el Virus del Papiloma Humano Tipos 6, 11 , 16, 18 , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino , Humanos , Brasil/epidemiología , Femenino , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/prevención & control , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/virología , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus/administración & dosificación , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/prevención & controlRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer-related stigma is common but understudied in the Caribbean. This study aims to describe the age difference of cervical cancer stigma and to evaluate the influence on the prevention practices among the Caribbean nonpatient population in Jamaica, Grenada, and Trinidad and Tobago. METHODS: A cross-sectional study involving 1209 participants was conducted using a culturally trans-created Cancer Stigma Scale for the Caribbean context and supplemented with questions on cervical cancer and human papillomavirus (HPV) and HPV vaccine knowledge and beliefs. Descriptive analyses and χ2 tests were conducted. RESULTS: The χ2 tests showed age is statistically significantly related to participants' response to stigma items such as "community members believe cervical cancer is viewed as shameful" (P = .0001); "women with cervical cancer are treated with less respect than usual by others" (P < .0001); "women with cervical cancer are rejected by family members" (P = .0007); "women with cervical cancer are rejected by intimate partners" (P < .0001); and "intimate partners blame women for having cervical cancer" (P = .0032). Additionally, age has statistically significant associations with endorsements of negative views of cervical cancer from the community (P < .0001) and family (P < .0001) as key barriers to cervical cancer care (item: "discourage women from seeking and obtaining screening and treatment"). Notably, younger respondents (18-25 years) are more sensitized to the unfair stigma and hold more stigma. CONCLUSIONS: Among Caribbeans, age influences cervical cancer stigma. Younger persons acknowledged greater stigma within families and communities. This study can guide age-informed interventions and programs to reduce stigma and improve cervical cancer screening and care seeking to reduce cervical cancer burden and disparities.
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Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Infecciones por Papillomavirus , Estigma Social , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino , Humanos , Femenino , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/psicología , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/etnología , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/prevención & control , Estudios Transversales , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud/etnología , Factores de Edad , Adulto Joven , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/etnología , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/psicología , Jamaica/etnología , Trinidad y Tobago , Grenada/etnología , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus/administración & dosificación , Adolescente , Anciano , Región del Caribe/etnología , Parejas Sexuales/psicología , Vergüenza , Familia/psicología , Detección Precoz del Cáncer/psicologíaRESUMEN
Cervical cancer (CC) is the fourth most common cancer and the fourth leading cause of mortality in women worldwide. It is strongly associated with high-risk human papillomavirus infection. High-income countries that have implemented human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and screening programs have seen dramatic reductions in CC incidence, while developing countries where these programs are not available continue to experience high rates of CC deaths. In early-stage CC, the primary treatment is surgery or radiotherapy, whereas concurrent chemo-radiotherapy (CRT) remains the conventional approach in locally advanced stages until the upcoming approval of immunotherapy. The incorporation of immunotherapy in combination with chemotherapy (with or without bevacizumab) in first line and as monotherapy in second line after platinum-based chemotherapy, has significantly increased overall survival (OS) in recurrent or metastatic CC. The purpose of this guideline is to summarize the most relevant evidence in the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of CC and to provide evidence-based recommendations for clinical practice.
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Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino , Humanos , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/terapia , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/diagnóstico , Femenino , Oncología Médica/normas , Quimioradioterapia , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/terapia , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/complicaciones , Sociedades Médicas , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus/uso terapéutico , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus/administración & dosificación , Inmunoterapia/métodos , Estadificación de NeoplasiasRESUMEN
To analyze the distribution and factors associated with lack of knowledge about the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine among Brazilian adolescents.Cross-sectional study using the 2019 National School Health Survey among 17,805 Brazilian students of public and private schools, aged 13-17 years. The outcome variable was "lack of knowledge about the HPV vaccine" and the explanatory variables were sociodemographic, behaviors, knowledge, and health conditions. Logistic regression model was used to calculate Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Spatial analysis techniques were used to determine the formation of clusters in the federated units with similar proportions of adolescents who were unaware of the vaccine. The lack of knowledge about the HPV vaccine was reported by 45.54% of Brazilian students. There was a higher chance of lack of knowledge having had sexual intercourse (OR 1.43; 95% CI 1.20-1.70); attending public school (OR 1.72; 95%CI 1.47-2.02) and located in the Northeast Region (OR 1.35; 95%CI 1.08-1.69). The lower chance of lack of knowledge were female gender (OR 0.41; 95% CI 0.35-0.48), higher maternal education (OR 0.62; 95% CI 0.50-0.77) self-rated health as Poor/very poor (OR 0.64; 95% CI 0.49-0.86) and receiving contraceptive counseling (OR 0.77; 95% CI 0.65-0.91). The proportion of lack of knowledge about the HPV vaccine was higher with the formation of High-High spatial clusters in the states of Maranhão, Piauí, and Pernambuco. Sociodemographic, health, and behavioral conditions and knowledge of students, as well as school characteristics, were associated with lack of knowledge about the HPV vaccine. A higher frequency of lack of knowledge about the HPV vaccine among adolescents was found in the states of the Northeastern Region.
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Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Infecciones por Papillomavirus , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus , Humanos , Adolescente , Estudios Transversales , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus/administración & dosificación , Brasil , Femenino , Masculino , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/prevención & control , Estudiantes/psicología , Estudiantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Instituciones AcadémicasAsunto(s)
Estudios de Factibilidad , Infecciones por Papillomavirus , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus , Humanos , Colombia/epidemiología , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus/administración & dosificación , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/prevención & control , Femenino , Vacunación , Masculino , Virus del Papiloma HumanoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The United States (U.S.) has a growing population of Brazilian immigrant women. However, limited research has explored Pap tests and human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination among this population. METHODS: Participants completed an online survey between July-August 2020. Bivariate analyses examined associations between healthcare-related variables (e.g., insurance, having a primary care provider) and demographics (e.g., age, education, income, marital status, years living in the U.S., primary language spoken at home) with 1) Pap test recency (within the past 3 years) and 2) HPV vaccination (0 doses vs. 1 + doses). Variables significant at p < 0.10 in bivariate analyses were included in multivariable logistic regression models examining Pap test recency and HPV vaccination. RESULTS: The study found that 83.7% of the sample had a Pap test in the past three years. Women who did not know their household income were less likely to be than women who reported a household income of < $25,000 (adjusted OR [aOR] = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.12, 0.95). Women who had seen a healthcare provider in the past year were more likely to have had a Pap test within the last three years than those who had not seen a provider in the past year ([aOR] = 2.43, 95% CI: 1.32, 4.47). Regarding HPV vaccination, 30.3% of respondents reported receiving one or more doses of the HPV vaccine. The multivariable logic regression models determined that women aged 27 -45 (aOR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.18, 0.67) were less likely than women aged 18-26 to have been vaccinated against HPV). and that women with a PCP were more likely to be vaccinated than those without a PCP (aOR = 2.47. 95% CI:1.30, 4.59). CONCLUSION: This study found that Brazilian immigrant women in the youngest age groups (21 - 29) for Pap test, 18- 26 for HPV vaccination) had somewhat better rates of Pap screening and HPV vaccination than the general U.S. POPULATION: This study adds new information about cervical cancer prevention and control behaviors among Brazilian immigrant women.
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Emigrantes e Inmigrantes , Prueba de Papanicolaou , Infecciones por Papillomavirus , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus , Humanos , Femenino , Adulto , Estudios Transversales , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus/administración & dosificación , Estados Unidos , Brasil , Emigrantes e Inmigrantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Prueba de Papanicolaou/estadística & datos numéricos , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/prevención & control , Adulto Joven , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adolescente , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/prevención & control , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Vacunación/estadística & datos numéricosAsunto(s)
Infecciones por Papillomavirus , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino , Humanos , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus/administración & dosificación , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/prevención & control , Femenino , América Latina/epidemiología , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/prevención & control , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/virología , Detección Precoz del Cáncer , Tamizaje Masivo , Vacunación/estadística & datos numéricos , AdolescenteRESUMEN
Cervical cancer, primarily caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, poses a significant global health challenge. Due to higher levels of poverty and health inequities, Indigenous women worldwide are more vulnerable to cervical cancer than their non-Indigenous counterparts. However, despite constituting nearly 10% of the population in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), the true extent of the burden of cervical cancer among Indigenous people in this region remains largely unknown. This article reviews the available information on cervical cancer incidence and mortality, as well as HPV infection prevalence, among Indigenous women in LAC. The limited existing data suggest that Indigenous women in this region face a heightened risk of cervical cancer incidence and mortality compared to non-Indigenous women. Nevertheless, a substantial knowledge gap persists that must be addressed to comprehensively assess the burden of cervical cancer among Indigenous populations, especially through enhancing cancer surveillance across LAC countries. Numerous structural, social and cultural barriers hindering Indigenous women's access to HPV vaccination and cervical cancer screening worldwide have been identified and are reviewed in this article. The discussion highlights the critical role of culturally sensitive education, community engagement, and empowerment strategies in overcoming those barriers. Drawing insights from the success of targeted strategies in certain high-income countries, the present article advocates for research, policies and healthcare interventions tailored to the unique context of LAC countries.
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Infecciones por Papillomavirus , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino , Humanos , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/prevención & control , Femenino , América Latina/etnología , Región del Caribe/etnología , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/prevención & control , Pueblos Indígenas/estadística & datos numéricos , Incidencia , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus/administración & dosificación , Detección Precoz del Cáncer/estadística & datos numéricos , PrevalenciaRESUMEN
Objectives: Cervical cancer prevention practices are desperately low in the Caribbean. This study aims to describe the cervical cancer stigma and to evaluate the influence of the prevention practices among the Caribbean non-patient population in Jamaica, Grenada, Trinidad and Tobago. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 1,207 participants was conducted using a culturally trans-created Cancer Stigma Scale for the Caribbean context and supplemented with questions on cervical cancer and HPV/HPV vaccine knowledge and beliefs. Data collection took place online from October 2022 to March 2023. Results: Participants are young, single, well-educated, and have stable financial resources. Over a quarter (26.4%) agreed women with cervical cancer are more isolated in their country. Almost half (47%) of respondents agreed cultural background plays a big part in how they feel about illness and getting well. One in six participants believe women with cervical cancer are treated with less respect than usual by others in their country. Conclusion: Cancer stigma of cervical cancer exists in Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, and Grenada. Particularly, cultural background and social norms are closely linked to stigma.
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Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Estigma Social , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino , Humanos , Femenino , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/psicología , Estudios Transversales , Adulto , Región del Caribe/etnología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Adolescente , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus/administración & dosificación , Jamaica , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/prevención & control , Trinidad y Tobago , AncianoRESUMEN
The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted infection that significantly affects the population worldwide. HPV preventive methods include vaccination, prophylactics, and education. Different types of cancers associated with HPV usually take years or decades to develop after infections, such as Head and Neck Cancer(HNC). Therefore, HPV prevention can be considered cancer prevention. A sample of medical students in Puerto Rico was evaluated to assess their knowledge about HPV, HPV vaccine, and HNC through two previously validated online questionnaires composed of 38 dichotomized questions, we measured HPV, HPV vaccination(HPVK), and HNC knowledge (HNCK). Out of 104 students surveyed, the mean HPVK score obtained was 20.07/26, SD = 3.86, while the mean score for HNCK was 6.37/12, SD = 1.78. Bidirectional stepwise regression showed study year and HPV Vaccine name had been the most influential variables on HPVK and HNCK. MS1 participants scored lower than MS2-MS4 participants, with no significant difference between MS2-MS4 scores. The results reveal knowledge gaps in HPV/HPV Vaccine and HNC among surveyed medical students. Our findings also suggest an association between knowledge of personal vaccination status, self-perceived risk, and how uncertainty in these factors may affect the medical students' understanding of HPV, HPV vaccination, and associated cancers.
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Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Infecciones por Papillomavirus , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus , Estudiantes de Medicina , Vacunación , Humanos , Estudiantes de Medicina/psicología , Estudiantes de Medicina/estadística & datos numéricos , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus/administración & dosificación , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/prevención & control , Femenino , Masculino , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/prevención & control , Adulto Joven , Puerto Rico , Vacunación/psicología , Vacunación/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Virus del Papiloma HumanoRESUMEN
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide. It is caused by the HPV, a DNA virus that infects epithelial cells in various mucous membranes and skin surfaces. HPV can be categorised into high-risk and low-risk types based on their association with the development of certain cancers. High-risk HPV types, such as HPV-16 and HPV-18, are known to be oncogenic and are strongly associated with the development of cervical, anal, vaginal, vulvar, penile, and oropharyngeal cancers. These types of HPV can persist in the body for an extended period and, in some cases, lead to the formation of precancerous lesions that may progress to cancer if left untreated. Low-risk HPV types, such as HPV-6 and HPV-11, are not typically associated with cancer but can cause benign conditions like genital warts. Genital warts are characterised by the growth of small, cauliflower-like bumps on the genital and anal areas. Although not life-threatening, they can cause discomfort and psychological distress. HPV is primarily transmitted through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex. It can also be transmitted through non-penetrative sexual activities that involve skin-to-skin contact. In addition to sexual transmission, vertical transmission from mother to child during childbirth is possible but relatively rare. Prevention of HPV infection includes vaccination and safe sexual practices. HPV vaccines, such as Gardasil and Cervarix, are highly effective in preventing infection with the most common high-risk HPV types. These vaccines are typically administered to adolescents and young adults before they become sexually active. Safe sexual practices, such as consistent and correct condom use and limiting the number of sexual partners, can also reduce the risk of HPV transmission. Diagnosis of HPV infection can be challenging because the infection is often asymptomatic, especially in men. In women, HPV testing can be done through cervical screening programs, which involve the collection of cervical cells for analysis. Abnormal results may lead to further diagnostic procedures, such as colposcopy or biopsy, to detect precancerous or cancerous changes. Overall, HPV infection is a prevalent sexually transmitted infection with significant implications for public health. Vaccination, regular screening, and early treatment of precancerous lesions are key strategies to reduce the burden of HPV-related diseases and their associated complications. Education and awareness about HPV and its prevention are crucial in promoting optimal sexual health. This study aimed to carry out a literature review considering several aspects involving HPV infection: Global distribution, prevalence, biology, host interactions, cancer development, prevention, therapeutics, coinfection with other viruses, coinfection with bacteria, association with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, and association with anal cancer.
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Neoplasias , Infecciones por Papillomavirus , Humanos , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/virología , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/prevención & control , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/transmisión , Neoplasias/virología , Neoplasias/epidemiología , Neoplasias/prevención & control , Papillomaviridae/fisiología , Papillomaviridae/genética , Papillomaviridae/patogenicidad , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus/administración & dosificación , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus/inmunología , Interacciones Microbiota-Huesped , Femenino , MasculinoRESUMEN
A fines de 2023 la autoridad sanitaria de Argentina realizó modificaciones en el Calendario Nacional obligatorio, que serán implementadas en forma progresiva durante 2024. Este artículo está enfocado en la reducción del esquema contra el virus del papiloma humano. (AU)
At the end of 2023, the Argentine health authority modified the mandatory National Calendar, which will be implemented progressively during 2024. This article focuses on the reduction in the human papillomavirus scheme. (AU)
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Humanos , Femenino , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/prevención & control , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus/administración & dosificación , Eficacia de las Vacunas , Argentina/epidemiología , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/prevención & control , Salud Pública/métodos , Esquemas de Inmunización , Resultado del Tratamiento , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/virología , Papillomaviridae/inmunologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization recommends a 1- or 2-dose human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination schedule for females aged 9 to 20 years. Studies confirming the efficacy of a single dose and vaccine modifications are needed, but randomized controlled trials are costly and face logistical and ethical challenges. We propose a resource-efficient single-arm trial design that uses untargeted and unaffected HPV types as controls. METHODS: We estimated HPV vaccine efficacy (VE) from a single arm by comparing 2 ratios: the ratio of the rate of persistent incident infection with vaccine-targeted HPV 16 and 18 (HPV 16/18) and cross-protected types HPV 31, 33, and 45 (HPV 31/33/45) to vaccine-unaffected types HPV 35, 39, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, and 66 (HPV 35/39/51/52/56/58/59/66) vs the ratio of prevalence of these types at the time of trial enrollment. We compare VE estimates using only data from the bivalent HPV 16/18 vaccine arm of the Costa Rica Vaccine Trial with published VE estimates that used both the vaccine and control arms. RESULTS: Our single-arm approach among 3727 women yielded VE estimates against persistent HPV 16/18 infections similar to published 2-arm estimates from the trial (according-to-protocol cohort: 91.0% , 95% CI = 82.9% to 95.3% [single-arm] vs 90.9% , 95% CI = 82.0% to 95.9% [2-arm]; intention-to-treat cohort: 41.7%, 95% CI = 32.4% to 49.8% [single-arm] vs 49.0% , 95% CI = 38.1% to 58.1% [2-arm]). VE estimates were also similar in analytic subgroups (number of doses received; baseline HPV serology status). CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that a single-arm design yields valid VE estimates with similar precision to a randomized controlled trial. Single-arm studies can reduce the sample size and costs of future HPV vaccine trials while avoiding concerns related to unvaccinated control groups. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00128661.
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Infecciones por Papillomavirus , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino , Eficacia de las Vacunas , Femenino , Humanos , Costa Rica/epidemiología , Papillomavirus Humano 16 , Papillomavirus Humano 18 , Virus del Papiloma Humano , Papillomaviridae , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/prevención & control , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus/administración & dosificación , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus/efectos adversos , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/epidemiología , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/prevención & controlRESUMEN
Introduction: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infections are of significant concern in men, given its potential impact on their health and the risk of transmission to partners. Understanding and addressing this infection in men is crucial to evaluate the effectiveness of vaccination in reducing HPV-related diseases. Objective: To assess the impact of HPV vaccination, potential genotype shifts, and adverse effects, through a prospective study conducted with male university students. Methods:The study involved 286 volunteers who were examined at Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinics at the Universidade Federal Fluminense in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The HPV prevalence was evaluated using generic PCR, genotyped by DNA microarray and monitored adverse effects. Results: The findings of this study revealed the absence of moderate or severe adverse effects. Genetic shifts were observed, including the disappearance of oncogenic HPV types 16 and 18. Surprisingly, even after completing the full vaccine regimen, students still harbored HPV11 in the oral tract. Furthermore, persistent HPV 6 and 11 infections were identified in three students, who had pre-existing infections prior to vaccination, at the follow-up visit. Multivariate analysis uncovered independent associations, notably an increased risk of HPV infection in the oral tract among men who have sex with men. HPV prevalence rates remained low both before and after the vaccination scheme (T0: 14.7%, T1: 8.7%). Even after the full vaccination scheme, the prevalence remained similar at T2 (14.6%), with no statistically significant differences recorded. HPV11 emerged as the most prevalent type throughout the study, followed by HPV6. Vaccine genotypes were detected in a significant proportion of samples at T0 (85.4%), T1 (89.5%), and T2 (100%). Conclusion: Overall, this study suggests that vaccination may represent a promising approach to reducing HPV-related health risks. These findings shed light on the potential benefits and challenges of HPV vaccination, emphasizing the need for continued monitoring and vaccination efforts
Introdução: As infecções por papilomavírus humano (HPV) são de grande preocupação em homens, dada sua possível influência na saúde deles e no risco de transmissão para parceiros. Compreender e abordar essa infecção em homens é fundamental para avaliar a eficácia da vacinação na redução de doenças relacionadas ao HPV. Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto da vacinação contra o HPV, possíveis alterações genotípicas e efeitos adversos, por meio de um estudo prospectivo realizado em estudantes universitários do sexo masculino. Métodos: O estudo envolveu 286 voluntários examinados em Clínicas de Doenças Sexualmente Transmissíveis na Universidade Federal Fluminense, em Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. A prevalência do HPV foi avaliada por polymerase chain reaction (PCR) genérico e genotipada por microarranjo de DNA, e foram monitorados os efeitos adversos. Resultados: Os resultados deste estudo revelaram a ausência de efeitos adversos moderados ou graves. Observaram-se mudanças genéticas, incluindo o desaparecimento dos tipos oncogênicos do HPV 16 e 18. Surpreendentemente, mesmo após a conclusão do esquema completo de vacinação, os estudantes ainda abrigavam o HPV 11 na cavidade oral. Além disso, foram identificadas infecções persistentes pelo HPV 6 e 11 em três estudantes que já tinham infecções preexistentes antes da vacinação e na visita de acompanhamento. A análise multivariada revelou associações independentes, especialmente um aumento no risco de infecção pelo HPV na cavidade oral em homens que têm relações sexuais com homens. As taxas de prevalência do HPV permaneceram baixas tanto antes quanto depois do esquema de vacinação (T0: 14,7%, T1: 8,7%). Mesmo após a conclusão do esquema de vacinação, a prevalência permaneceu semelhante em T2 (14,6%), sem diferenças estatisticamente significativas registradas. O HPV 11 emergiu como o tipo mais prevalente ao longo do estudo, seguido pelo HPV 6. Genótipos da vacina foram detectados em uma proporção significativa de amostras em T0 (85,4%), T1 (89,5%) e T2 (100%). Conclusão: No geral, este estudo sugere que a vacinação pode representar uma abordagem promissora para a redução dos riscos à saúde relacionados ao HPV. Esses achados lançam luz sobre os benefícios e desafios potenciais da vacinação contra o HPV, enfatizando a necessidade de monitoramento contínuo e esforços de vacinação
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Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Adulto Joven , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/prevención & control , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus/administración & dosificación , Papillomaviridae/genética , Brasil/epidemiología , Estudios Prospectivos , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/epidemiología , GenotipoRESUMEN
CONTEXTO: En todo el mundo, el Cáncer del Cuello Uterino (CCU) es el cuarto tipo de cáncer más frecuente en mujeres, con una incidencia estimada de 604,127 nuevos casos y 304,000 muertes en 2020, según la OMS. El 90% de estas muertes ocurrieron en países de bajos y medianos ingresos (OMS, 2023). En México, el CCU es el segundo cáncer más común en mujeres después del cáncer de mama y ocupa el tercer lugar entre las mujeres de 15 a 44 años. En 2020 se estimaron 9,439 nuevos casos y 4,335 muertes en mujeres de 20 años o más, según el Observatorio Global de Cáncer. La incidencia de nuevos casos por cada 100,000 mujeres fue de 12.6 y la tasa de mortalidad fue de 5.7 por CCU. La proporción de supervivencia a 5 años para todas las edades fue de 38 por cada 100,000 habitantes (GCO, 2021), (ICO/IARC, 2023). La infección más común del tracto reproductivo es causada por VPH, afecta tanto a hombres como a mujeres y causa diversas condiciones, incluyendo lesiones precancerosas (Bosch F, 2002). La mayoría de estas infecciones son asintomáticas y se resuelven espontáneamente en un periodo de 2 (80%) a 4 (90%) años. Sin embargo, se ha demostrado de manera concluyente la relación causal entre la persistencia de la
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Humanos , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/prevención & control , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus/administración & dosificación , Evaluación en Salud/economía , Eficacia , MéxicoRESUMEN
ANTECEDENTES: Las personas infectadas con VIH tienen mayor prevalencia y persistencia de infección por VPH, lo cual produce mayor riesgo de desarrollar enfermedades relacionadas con el VPH, incluyendo cáncer, y adquirir una enfermedad de progresión más rápida. Debido a ello, los programas de inmunización contra VPH son una prioridad de salud pública y una estrategia particularmente importante en la población infantil infectada o expuesta al VIH. OBJETIVO: Describir la evidencia sobre la eficacia, seguridad y recomendaciones de uso de vacunas contra el virus del papiloma humano (VPH) en niños expuestos e infectados con VIH. MÉTODO: Búsqueda electrónica de estudios publicados en español o inglés en PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science y LILACS hasta el 11 de diciembre de 2021. Adicionalmente, se realizó una búsqueda en PubMed y repositorios de organismos elaboradores de Guías de Práctica Clínica. La selección de estudios fue desarrollada por un solo revisor. RESULTADOS: Inmunogenicidad contra VPH-6 El porcentaje de infectados y expuestos pero no infectados con VIH que alcanzó seropositividad fue 84.4% y 92.3% tras una dosis y 82.2% y 100% tras la tercera dosis. En infectados con VIH, la seropositividad después de completar tres dosis varió entre 96.6-100% al primer mes, y 88.5% a los 18 meses. Una cuarta dosis dos años después produjo seropositividad en el 97% a los 2 años, 99% a los 3.5 años y 95% a los 5 años. Inmunogenicidad contra VPH-11: El porcentaje de infectados y expuestos pero no infectados con VIH que alcanzó seropositividad fue 83.1% y 94.5% tras una dosis, y 84.4% y 100% tras la tercera dosis. En infectados con VIH, la seropositividad después de tres dosis varió entre 97.2-100% al primer mes y 84.6% a los 18 meses. Una cuarta dosis produjo seropositividad de 97%, 99% y 98% después de 2, 3.5 y 4-5 años. Inmunogenicidad contra VPH-16: El porcentaje de infectados y expuestos pero no infectados con VIH que alcanzó seropositividad fue 87.7% y 98.9% tras una dosis y 92.2% y 100% tras la tercera dosis. En infectados con VIH, la seropositividad luego de tres dosis varió entre 98.3-100% al primer mes y 100% a los 18 meses. Una cuarta dosis produjo seropositividad de 99% a los 2 a 3.5 años, y de 98% entre los 4 a 5 años. Inmunogenicidad contra VPH-18: La seropositividad en infectados y expuestos pero no infectados con VIH fue 62.3% y 86.8% tras una dosis, y 61.1% y 81.8% tras la tercera dosis. En infectados con VIH, la seropositividad después de tres dosis fue 72.5% a los 6 meses y 72% a los 18 meses. Una cuarta dosis produjo seropositividad en 81% de infectados a los 2 años, 77% a los 3.5 años, y 74% entre los 4 a 5 años. Eventos adversos asociados a la vacunación: Los eventos adversos (EA) fueron reportados en dos estudios y alcanzaron a 49-74.4% de infectados con VIH. Entre un 45.7-64% de los EA correspondieron a molestias en el sitio de inyección. Los EA sistémicos fueron principalmente fatiga y dolor de cabeza (11.4%). En un estudio se reportaron dos EA graves relacionados con la vacunación: nefritis y elevación de alanina aminostransferasa, resueltos sin necesidad de interrumpir el esquema de vacunación. Recomendaciones sobre la vacunación contra VHA en niños con VIH: Todas las GPC recomiendan inmunizar contra VPH. Las GPC de Ecuador, AEPCC, CDC y Colombia recomiendan inmunizar infectados con VIH independientemente de su sexo, mientras que OMS recomienda inmunizar solo a niñas, aunque su recomendación no es explícita para población con VIH. Ecuador y CDC recomiendan aplicar tres dosis y OMS recomienda aplicar dos dosis. En todas las GPC, la edad de inicio recomendada es a los 9 años, aunque Colombia hace la distinción de iniciar a los 11 años en varones. Ecuador, AEPCC y CDC recomiendan inmunizar contra VPH hasta los 26 años. CONCLUSIONES: En niños y adolescentes infectados con VIH, una serie de tres dosis de vacuna contra VPH produjo seropositividad superior a 80% para anticuerpos contra VPH-6, 11 y 16 en todos los periodos de tiempo evaluados, que abarcan un seguimiento de hasta 18 meses posteriores a finalizar la serie. Una dosis de refuerzo a los dos años logró seropositividad cercana al 100% que se mantuvo estable, incluso en periodos de seguimiento de hasta 4-5 años. En relación al genotipo 18 del VPH, la inmunización con tres dosis de vacuna tetravalente contra VPH logró baja seropositividad, entre 62-72%. Una dosis de refuerzo aumentó ligeramente la seropositividad hasta un 74% a los 4-5 años. A pesar de la seropositividad superior al 80% para los genotipos 6, 11 y 16 del VPH, fue consistente observar concentraciones más bajas de anticuerpos en infectados con VIH, en comparación con poblaciones no infectadas. La probabilidad de alcanzar seropositividad o concentraciones más altas de anticuerpos para los diferentes genotipos evaluados se incrementó con una menor edad de inicio de la inmunización, supresión o carga viral de VIH más baja, y niveles más altos de CD4 y CD8. La inmunización contra VPH produjo eventos adversos en 49-74% de participantes, siendo más de la mitad de ellos relacionados con dolor en la zona de punción. Los principales eventos adversos sistémicos fueron dolor de cabeza y fatiga transitorios. Eventos adversos graves asociados a la inmunización fueron muy poco frecuentes y resueltos sin necesidad de interrumpir el esquema de vacunación. Las GPC incluidas recomiendan vacunar contra VPH a la población infantil infectada con VIH independiente del sexo, excepto por OMS que recomienda inmunizar solo a niñas, aunque su recomendación no es explícita para población con VIH. La edad de inicio mayormente suele ser a los 9 años con un esquema de tres dosis.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Niño , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/fisiopatología , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/prevención & control , Alphapapillomavirus/inmunología , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus/administración & dosificación , Eficacia , Análisis Costo-BeneficioRESUMEN
ABSTRACT: Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in young women is low. Women aged 21 to 65âyears in the United States (U.S.) have not reached the Healthy People 2020 objective of 93% for cervical cancer screening. The main aim of this study was to investigate the association between HPV vaccination status and cervical cancer screening among privately insured women aged 21 to 26âyears in the U.S.This was a retrospective cohort study using the IBM MarketScan database (2006-2016). The study population included 190,982 HPV-vaccinated women and 763,928 matched unvaccinated women. Adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR) and the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained using the generalized estimating equations models with a Poisson distribution.Among a total of 954,910 women included in the analysis, age (mean [SD]) was 23.3 [1.6] years. During 967,317 person-years of follow-up, a total of 475,702 incidents of cervical cancer screening were identified. The incidence density rates of cervical cancer screening were 461 per 1000 person-years (PY) for unvaccinated women and 787 per 1000 PY for those who received 3 doses of the HPV vaccine. After adjusting for other covariates, the IRR of cervical cancer screening was 34% higher among HPV-vaccinated women with at least one vaccine dose than unvaccinated women (adjusted IRRâ=â1.34, 95% CI: 1.33-1.35; Pâ<â.0001). The IRR of cervical cancer screening varied by the dose of HPV vaccination. There was evidence of a linear dose-response relationship between the number of HPV vaccine doses and cervical cancer screening (P-trendâ<â.0001). Compared with unvaccinated women, the IRR of cervical cancer screening were 14%, 39%, and 60% higher among those who received 1, 2, and 3 doses of the HPV vaccine, respectively.In this large retrospective cohort study of privately insured women, HPV-vaccinated women were more likely to be screened for cervical cancer compared with unvaccinated women.
Asunto(s)
Tamizaje Masivo/estadística & datos numéricos , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/prevención & control , Cobertura de Vacunación/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Detección Precoz del Cáncer/métodos , Femenino , Humanos , Seguro de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus/administración & dosificación , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus/inmunología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To assess the success of a human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination program among adolescent girls aged 9-14 years in Haiti and to understand predictors of completion of a two-dose HPV vaccination series. METHODS: Data collection was conducted during HPV vaccination campaigns in Port-au-Prince between August 2016 and April 2017. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models were used to examine characteristics associated with vaccination series completion of school based and non-school based vaccination delivery modalities. RESULTS: Of the 2,445 adolescent girls who participated in the awareness program, 1,994 participants (1,307 in non-school program, 687 in school program) received the first dose of the vaccine; 1,199 (92%) in the non-school program and 673 (98%) in the school program also received the second dose. Menarche (OR: 1.87; 95% CI, 1.11-3.14), if the participant was a prior patient at the GHESKIO clinics (OR: 2.17; 95% CI, 1.32-3.58), and participating in the school-based program (OR: 4.17; 95% CI, 2.14-8.12) were significantly associated with vaccination completion. CONCLUSIONS: Vaccination in school- and non-school-based settings was successful, suggesting that a nationwide HPV vaccination campaign using either approach would be successful using either approach.
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Programas de Inmunización/métodos , Papillomaviridae/efectos de los fármacos , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/prevención & control , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus/administración & dosificación , Aceptación de la Atención de Salud , Instituciones Académicas/estadística & datos numéricos , Vacunación/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Niño , Servicios de Salud Comunitaria , Femenino , Haití/epidemiología , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Papillomaviridae/inmunología , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/virología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Vaccine requirements are effective population-based strategies to increase vaccination rates. In 2018, Puerto Rico's DOH announced that the HPV vaccine would be required for school entrance. This study explored arguments in favor of and against the HPV vaccine school-entry requirement in PR. METHODS: We conducted a content analysis of two Puerto Rican newspapers. Articles (n = 286) published between 1/1/2015 and 7/31/2018 containing the Spanish terms for "HPV" and "human papillomavirus" were included. Data were summarized using descriptive statistics. Articles that mentioned the HPV vaccine school-entry requirement (n = 33) were reviewed qualitatively using applied thematic analysis. RESULTS: The top five primary focus areas were education about HPV and the HPV vaccine, advertisements promoting the HPV vaccine, general vaccine information, cervical cancer and screening information, and the HPV vaccine school-entry requirement. Of the 33 articles that mentioned the requirement, 61% presented arguments in favor, 15% presented arguments against, 12% presented both arguments, and 12% only mentioned the existence of the requirement or were the DOH announcement. Arguments in favor centered on cancer prevention, high rates of HPV-associated cancers, and population wellness. Arguments against included worries about sexual transmission of HPV, HPV vaccine's side effects, issues related to the policy (e.g., mandatory), and lack of education. CONCLUSION: Understanding reasons people support or oppose an HPV vaccine school-entry requirement is important for the policy processes to be successful. Education efforts must continue to change the HPV vaccine narrative. Messages should be crafted to educate and gain support among parents and stakeholders towards this population-based cancer prevention strategy.
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Infecciones por Papillomavirus/prevención & control , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus/administración & dosificación , Instituciones Académicas , Vacunación/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Femenino , Humanos , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/epidemiología , Padres , Puerto Rico , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/prevención & controlRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is the fourth cancer worldwide. The Human Papilloma Virus is responsible for 99% of the cases but the distribution of its genotypes varies among populations. We aimed to identify HPV genotypes distribution in women with grade 2/3 cervical intraepithelial dysplasia or invasive cervical cancer in Guadeloupe, a French Caribbean territory with a population mainly of African descent. METHODS: We used paraffin-embedded tumors for viral DNA extraction from women diagnosed between 2014 and 2016 and identified by the population-based cancer registry. The HPV Genotyping was performed with the InnoLIPA HPV Genotyping Extra kit®. RESULTS: Overall, 213 samples out of the 321 eligible records were analyzed. The HPV status was positive for 94% of the cases. The five most common oncogenic HPV genotypes were HPV31 (47%), HPV33 (38%), HPV16 (32%), HPV44 (31%) and HPV26 (28%). HPV18 was found in only in 5% of the cases. Among the studied cases, 94% had multiple infections. More than 60% of single infections were HPV16-related, accounting for 35% of HPV16 infections. CONCLUSIONS: These results show a different distribution of oncogenic HPVs in Guadeloupe with "31 > 33 > 16" and a high frequency of multiple infections. Despite a lower coverage, the nine-valent vaccine is nevertheless adequate.