RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the spatial behavior of hepatitis A, measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR), and varicella vaccination coverage in children and its relationship with socioeconomic determinants in the state of Minas Gerais. METHODS: This ecological study investigated records of doses administered to children, extracted from the Immunization Information System of 853 municipalities in Minas Gerais, in 2020. We analyzed the vaccination coverage and socioeconomic factors. Spatial scan statistics were used to identify spatial clusters and measure the relative risk based on the vaccination coverage indicator and the Bivariate Moran Index, and thus detect socioeconomic factors correlated with the spatial distribution of vaccination. We used the cartographic base of the state and its municipalities and the ArcGIS and SPSS software programs. RESULTS: Hepatitis A (89.0%), MMR (75.7%), and varicella (89.0%) showed low vaccination coverage. All vaccines analyzed had significant clusters. The clusters most likely to vaccinate their population were mainly located in the Central, Midwest, South Central, and Northwest regions, while the least likely were in the North, Northeast, and Triângulo do Sul regions. The municipal human development index, urbanization rate, and gross domestic product were spatially dependent on vaccination coverage. CONCLUSIONS: The spatial behavior of hepatitis A, MMR, and varicella vaccination coverage is heterogeneous and associated with socioeconomic factors. We emphasize that vaccination records require attention and should be continuously monitored to improve the quality of information used in services and research.
Asunto(s)
Vacuna contra la Varicela , Varicela , Hepatitis A , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola , Paperas , Rubéola (Sarampión Alemán) , Cobertura de Vacunación , Niño , Humanos , Lactante , Brasil/epidemiología , Varicela/prevención & control , Vacuna contra la Varicela/administración & dosificación , Hepatitis A/prevención & control , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/administración & dosificación , Paperas/prevención & control , Rubéola (Sarampión Alemán)/prevención & control , Conducta Espacial , VacunaciónRESUMEN
The measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine is usually recommended from 24 months after a hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). Some authors have demonstrated that the MMR vaccination can be safe from 12 months post-HSCT in non-immunosuppressed patients, as recommended by the Brazilian National Immunization Program/Ministry of Health, since 2006. The objectives of this study were to evaluate when patients received MMR vaccine after an HSCT in our care service and if there were reports of any side effects. We retrospectively reviewed the records of HSCT recipients who received at least one MMR dose in our care service, a quaternary teaching hospital in Sao Paulo city, Brazil, from 2017 to 2021. We identified 82 patients: 75.6% (90.1% in the autologous group and 45.1% in the allogeneic group) were vaccinated before 23 months post-transplantation. None reported side effects following the vaccination. Our data support that the MMR vaccination is safe from 12 to 23 months after HSCT.
Asunto(s)
Trasplante de Células Madre Hematopoyéticas , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola , Sarampión , Paperas , Rubéola (Sarampión Alemán) , Humanos , Lactante , Anticuerpos Antivirales , Brasil , Sarampión/prevención & control , Sarampión/inducido químicamente , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/administración & dosificación , Paperas/prevención & control , Paperas/inducido químicamente , Estudios Retrospectivos , Rubéola (Sarampión Alemán)/prevención & control , VacunaciónRESUMEN
ANTECEDENTES: La inmunización es una de las intervenciones en salud pública más costo efectivas y rentables. Sarampión, parotiditis y rubeola (SPR) son enfermedades virales, que pueden causar complicaciones y consecuencias graves, especialmente en niños desnutridos e inmunodeprimidos; siendo importante destacar, que estas enfermedades son prevenibles mediante la vacunación. El resurgimiento de las infecciones por el virus de las paperas entre personas previamente vacunados con dos dosis, ha planteado preocupaciones en el mundo, sobre la ausencia de inmunidad a largo plazo después de la vacunación contra esta enfermedad y ha aperturado discusiones sobre nuevas estrategias para mitigar el riesgo de brotes futuros, incluyendo la posibilidad de implementar una tercera dosis de la vacuna SPR como respuesta a un brote epidémico, frente al cual, además surge la necesidad de estudios adicionales que evalúen la protección a largo plazo proporcionada por tres dosis de las vacunas SPR, así como la rentabilidad de la implementación de ésta intervención. OBJETIVO: El objetivo de la presente revisión sistemática es sintetizar evidencias científicas sobre la seguridad y efectividad frente a parotiditis de la vacuna Sarampión, Rubéola, Paperas (SPR) en personas mayores de 5 años. METODOLOGÍA: La búsqueda sistemática se realizó en la base de datos de Medline (PubMed), Lilacs y Cochrane Library fueron formuladas una estrategia de búsqueda para la pregunta PICO de la revisión, no se aplicaron filtros de fecha ni idiomas, la búsqueda abordó la evidencia publicada hasta 12 de marzo del 2020. La selección de título y resumen y extracción de datos fue realizada por un solo revisor. RESULTADOS: La búsqueda identificó 9 estudios: 1 revisión sistemática, 1 ensayo clínico y 7 estudios observacionales. La revisión incluyó tres estudios en niños y adolescentes. El ensayo clínico se realizó en adultos y los estudios observacionales fueron en adultos y en niños. CONCLUSIONES: No se observan diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los niños que reciben una tercera dosis con los que reciben dos dosis. La vacuna SPR en niños mayores de 5 años presenta pocos y leves reacciones adversas. En adultos sanos, la tercera dosis de SPR no presenta reacciones adversas graves o largo plazo. En población militar, la aplicación de vacuna SPR no se asocia con aparición de diabetes mellitus tipo 1. (AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Preescolar , Niño , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/administración & dosificación , Sarampión/prevención & control , Paperas/prevención & control , Evaluación de la Tecnología Biomédica , Evaluación en SaludRESUMEN
Immunization is known to be one of the most successful and cost-effective health interventions, resulting in the eradication and control of various diseases in the world. However, Brazil has experienced a worrisome drop in vaccination coverage, associated with the resurgence of various previously controlled or eradicated diseases. This study thus conducted a situational diagnosis weighing Brazil's different regions and time trends in vaccination coverage in order to identify areas with reduction in vaccination coverage for BCG, poliomyelitis, and MMR. This ecological study collected data on the number of children up to one year of age who had been vaccinated with these three vaccines from 2006 to 2016, according to municipality (county). Data were obtained from the Brazilian Health Informatics Department. A spatial scan was performed, analyzing spatial variations in the time trends for vaccination coverage. Downward trends were seen in the number of immunizations in Brazil, with reductions of 0.9%, 1.3%, and 2.7% per year for BCG, poliomyelitis, and MMR, respectively. Significant decreases were also seen in all five major geographic regions with time trends in the reduction of vaccination coverage. The study evidenced an important reduction in vaccination coverage in recent years, with major heterogeneity between municipalities. Thus, focused attention and strategic planning in keeping with each local area's characteristics are necessary to address both the reduction of vaccination coverage and the resurgence of vaccine-preventable diseases in Brazil.
A imunização é reconhecida como uma das intervenções mais bem-sucedidas e custo-efetivas, resultando na erradicação e no controle de diversas doenças em todo o mundo. Todavia, uma preocupante redução na cobertura vacinal tem sido observada no Brasil, trazendo o recrudescimento de algumas doenças até então superadas. Dessa forma, no intuito de realizar um diagnóstico situacional que pondere as diferentes regiões do país e a tendência temporal de cobertura vacinal, o presente estudo teve o objetivo de evidenciar áreas com queda da cobertura vacinal de BCG, poliomielite e tríplice viral no Brasil por meio de um estudo ecológico que coletou informações acerca do número crianças de até um ano de idade imunizadas para essas três vacinas, no período entre 2006 e 2016, por município brasileiro. Os dados foram adquiridos por meio do Departamento de Informática do SUS. Foi realizada uma varredura espacial, analisando as variações espaciais nas tendências temporais de cobertura vacinal. Foi observada uma tendência de redução no número de imunizações no Brasil, com quedas de 0,9%, 1,3% e 2,7% ao ano para BCG, poliomielite e tríplice viral, respectivamente. Ademais, aglomerados significativos com tendências temporais de redução da cobertura vacinal foram verificados em todas as cinco regiões brasileiras. O estudo evidencia uma importante redução na cobertura vacinal nos últimos anos, constatando heterogeneidades consideráveis entre os municípios. Dessa forma, uma atenção singular e planejamento estratégico condizente com as características de cada localidade são necessários para o controle tanto da redução de cobertura vacinal como do reaparecimento de doenças no Brasil.
La inmunización está reconocida como una de las intervenciones más exitosas y costo-eficientes, consiguiendo la erradicación y control de diversas enfermedades en todo el mundo. Sin embargo, se ha observado una preocupante reducción en la cobertura de la vacunación en Brasil, conllevando el recrudecimiento de algunas enfermedades hasta entonces superadas. De esta forma, con el fin de realizar un diagnóstico situacional, que pondere las diferentes regiones del país y la tendencia temporal de cobertura vacunación, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evidenciar áreas con una caída de la cobertura vacunación respecto a BCG, poliomielitis y triple vírica en Brasil. Se trata de un estudio ecológico, que recabó información acerca del número de niños de hasta un año de edad inmunizados con estas tres vacunas, durante el período entre 2006 y 2016, por municipios brasileños. Los datos se consiguieron a través del Departamento de Informática del SUS. Se realizó un barrido espacial, analizando las variaciones espaciales en las tendencias temporales de cobertura de vacunación. Se observó una tendencia de reducción en el número de inmunizaciones en Brasil, con caídas de 0,9%, 1,3% y 2,7% al año, en el caso de BCG, poliomielitis y triple vírica, respectivamente. Además, se verificaron aglomerados significativos con tendencias temporales de reducción en la cobertura de vacunación dentro de las cinco regiones brasileñas. El estudio evidencia una importante reducción en la cobertura de vacunación durante los últimos años, constatando heterogeneidades considerables entre los municipios. De esta forma, una atención singular y planificación estratégica, acorde con las características de cada localidad, son necesarias para el control, tanto de la reducción de la cobertura de vacunación, como del resurgimiento de enfermedades en Brasil.
Asunto(s)
Vacuna BCG/administración & dosificación , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/administración & dosificación , Poliomielitis/prevención & control , Cobertura de Vacunación/tendencias , Vacunación/estadística & datos numéricos , Brasil , Femenino , Humanos , Programas de Inmunización , Lactante , Masculino , Cobertura de Vacunación/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
La parotiditis es un infección viral producida por el virus parotídeo. Clínicamente se caracteriza por aumento de volumen de la glándula parótida generalmente bilateral. La estrategia que ha mostrado ser más eficaz para la prevención de esta infección ha sido la implementación de la vacuna tres vírica en los programas de inmunización. En países con población altamente inmunizada como Chile, se logró una importante disminución de la incidencia de esta enfermedad. Sin embargo, a pesar de la efectividad de la vacuna se siguen reportando brotes en todo el mundo, evidenciándose un cambio epidemiológico, trasladándose la edad de presentación clínica desde la niñez y adolescencia hacia los adultos jóvenes. Este aumento en el número de casos ha sido estudiado, determinando que el efecto protector inmunitario de la vacuna decaería con el transcurso del tiempo, contribuyendo a la propagación de los brotes. Con respecto a posibles estrategias para el manejo de los brotes la aplicación de una dosis adicional de la vacunas tres vírica en población expuesta sería una medida que mejoraría el control de los brotes.
Mumps is a viral infection caused by mumps virus. Clinically, it is characterized by increased parotid volume. The most effective strategy for preventing this infection, has been the implementation of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine in the national immunization program. Among countries with a highly immunized population, like Chile, there has been an important reduction in the incidence of this disease. Nevertheless, despite the effectivity of the MMR, there are reports of outbreaks worldwide, with an epidemiological change, from clinical presentation in childhood, to adolescents and adults. This outbreaks have been studied, and it has been determined that they are due to the waning of vaccine-derived immunity. Regarding strategies for the management of new outbreaks, the administration of an additional dose of MMR, would be an alternative.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Recién Nacido , Lactante , Preescolar , Niño , Adolescente , Parotiditis/epidemiología , Vacuna contra la Parotiditis/uso terapéutico , Brotes de Enfermedades/prevención & control , Programas de Inmunización , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/administración & dosificación , Virus de la ParotiditisRESUMEN
A imunização é reconhecida como uma das intervenções mais bem-sucedidas e custo-efetivas, resultando na erradicação e no controle de diversas doenças em todo o mundo. Todavia, uma preocupante redução na cobertura vacinal tem sido observada no Brasil, trazendo o recrudescimento de algumas doenças até então superadas. Dessa forma, no intuito de realizar um diagnóstico situacional que pondere as diferentes regiões do país e a tendência temporal de cobertura vacinal, o presente estudo teve o objetivo de evidenciar áreas com queda da cobertura vacinal de BCG, poliomielite e tríplice viral no Brasil por meio de um estudo ecológico que coletou informações acerca do número crianças de até um ano de idade imunizadas para essas três vacinas, no período entre 2006 e 2016, por município brasileiro. Os dados foram adquiridos por meio do Departamento de Informática do SUS. Foi realizada uma varredura espacial, analisando as variações espaciais nas tendências temporais de cobertura vacinal. Foi observada uma tendência de redução no número de imunizações no Brasil, com quedas de 0,9%, 1,3% e 2,7% ao ano para BCG, poliomielite e tríplice viral, respectivamente. Ademais, aglomerados significativos com tendências temporais de redução da cobertura vacinal foram verificados em todas as cinco regiões brasileiras. O estudo evidencia uma importante redução na cobertura vacinal nos últimos anos, constatando heterogeneidades consideráveis entre os municípios. Dessa forma, uma atenção singular e planejamento estratégico condizente com as características de cada localidade são necessários para o controle tanto da redução de cobertura vacinal como do reaparecimento de doenças no Brasil.
Immunization is known to be one of the most successful and cost-effective health interventions, resulting in the eradication and control of various diseases in the world. However, Brazil has experienced a worrisome drop in vaccination coverage, associated with the resurgence of various previously controlled or eradicated diseases. This study thus conducted a situational diagnosis weighing Brazil's different regions and time trends in vaccination coverage in order to identify areas with reduction in vaccination coverage for BCG, poliomyelitis, and MMR. This ecological study collected data on the number of children up to one year of age who had been vaccinated with these three vaccines from 2006 to 2016, according to municipality (county). Data were obtained from the Brazilian Health Informatics Department. A spatial scan was performed, analyzing spatial variations in the time trends for vaccination coverage. Downward trends were seen in the number of immunizations in Brazil, with reductions of 0.9%, 1.3%, and 2.7% per year for BCG, poliomyelitis, and MMR, respectively. Significant decreases were also seen in all five major geographic regions with time trends in the reduction of vaccination coverage. The study evidenced an important reduction in vaccination coverage in recent years, with major heterogeneity between municipalities. Thus, focused attention and strategic planning in keeping with each local area's characteristics are necessary to address both the reduction of vaccination coverage and the resurgence of vaccine-preventable diseases in Brazil.
La inmunización está reconocida como una de las intervenciones más exitosas y costo-eficientes, consiguiendo la erradicación y control de diversas enfermedades en todo el mundo. Sin embargo, se ha observado una preocupante reducción en la cobertura de la vacunación en Brasil, conllevando el recrudecimiento de algunas enfermedades hasta entonces superadas. De esta forma, con el fin de realizar un diagnóstico situacional, que pondere las diferentes regiones del país y la tendencia temporal de cobertura vacunación, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evidenciar áreas con una caída de la cobertura vacunación respecto a BCG, poliomielitis y triple vírica en Brasil. Se trata de un estudio ecológico, que recabó información acerca del número de niños de hasta un año de edad inmunizados con estas tres vacunas, durante el período entre 2006 y 2016, por municipios brasileños. Los datos se consiguieron a través del Departamento de Informática del SUS. Se realizó un barrido espacial, analizando las variaciones espaciales en las tendencias temporales de cobertura de vacunación. Se observó una tendencia de reducción en el número de inmunizaciones en Brasil, con caídas de 0,9%, 1,3% y 2,7% al año, en el caso de BCG, poliomielitis y triple vírica, respectivamente. Además, se verificaron aglomerados significativos con tendencias temporales de reducción en la cobertura de vacunación dentro de las cinco regiones brasileñas. El estudio evidencia una importante reducción en la cobertura de vacunación durante los últimos años, constatando heterogeneidades considerables entre los municipios. De esta forma, una atención singular y planificación estratégica, acorde con las características de cada localidad, son necesarias para el control, tanto de la reducción de la cobertura de vacunación, como del resurgimiento de enfermedades en Brasil.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Lactante , Poliomielitis/prevención & control , Vacuna BCG/administración & dosificación , Vacunación/estadística & datos numéricos , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/administración & dosificación , Cobertura de Vacunación/tendencias , Brasil , Programas de Inmunización , Cobertura de Vacunación/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
We analyzed the time trends and spatial distribution of MMR vaccine coverage in Brazil during 2007-2017. In early 2018, a measles outbreak started in the North region of Brazil, reaching 11 of the 27 federal units by January 24, 2019. In this period, 10,302 cases were confirmed. Although the reintroduction of measles in Brazil is likely due to migration from Venezuela, the spread of the virus was made possible by the low levels of MMR coverage, as a result of significant decreases during the study period. Areas with high concentration of municipalities with low coverage are more susceptible to the spread of the virus, especially in the North and Northeast regions. Increasing vaccination coverage is essential to block the ongoing outbreak in Brazil. Vaccination strategies might target priority areas, especially those with a marked decrease in coverage. Moreover, it is essential to extend actions to travelers, migrants and refugees.
Asunto(s)
Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/inmunología , Sarampión/prevención & control , Paperas/prevención & control , Rubéola (Sarampión Alemán)/prevención & control , Cobertura de Vacunación , Brasil/epidemiología , Brotes de Enfermedades/prevención & control , Geografía Médica , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Sarampión/historia , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/administración & dosificación , Paperas/historia , Vigilancia en Salud Pública , Rubéola (Sarampión Alemán)/historia , Análisis EspacialRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Field testing required to license the combined measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine must take into account the current recommendation of the vaccine in Brazil: first dose at 12 months and second dose at 15 months of age in combination with a varicella vaccine. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical consistency, immunogenicity, and reactogenicity of three batches of MMR vaccine prepared with active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) from Bio-Manguinhos, Fiocruz (MMR-Bio), and compare it to a vaccine (MMR produced by GlaxoSmithKline) with different API. METHODS: This was a phase III, randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority study of the MMR-Bio administered in infants immunised at health care units in Pará, Brazil, from February 2015 to January 2016. Antibody levels were titrated by immunoenzymatic assays. Adverse events were recorded in diaries. FINDINGS: Seropositivity levels after MMR-Bio were 97.6% for measles, 84.7% for mumps, and 98.0% for rubella. After the MMRV vaccine, seroconversion rates and GMT increased substantially for mumps. In contrast, approximately 35% of the children had no detectable antibodies to varicella. Systemic adverse events were more frequent than local events. CONCLUSION: The demonstration of batch consistency and non-inferiority of the Bio-MMR vaccine completed the technology transfer. This is a significant technological achievement with implications for immunisation programs.
Asunto(s)
Vacuna contra la Varicela/administración & dosificación , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/administración & dosificación , Varicela/prevención & control , Vacuna contra la Varicela/efectos adversos , Vacuna contra la Varicela/inmunología , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Humanos , Esquemas de Inmunización , Lactante , Masculino , Sarampión/prevención & control , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/efectos adversos , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/inmunología , Paperas/prevención & control , Rubéola (Sarampión Alemán)/inmunología , Rubéola (Sarampión Alemán)/prevención & control , Vacunas Combinadas/administración & dosificación , Vacunas Combinadas/efectos adversos , Vacunas Combinadas/inmunologíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The Brazilian childhood National Immunization Program (NIP) introduced live and attenuated varicella vaccination in a single dose, combined as tetraviral vaccine, at 15â¯months of age in the whole country, during September to December of 2013. The aim of this study was to report trends in incidence of childhood hospital admissions related to varicella and zoster in Brazil from 2003 to 2016, including the first three years after vaccine introduction. METHODS: The number and incidence of hospital admission in patients aged less than 20â¯years in Brazilian public health system with an admission diagnosis of varicella and zoster from 2003 to 2016 were analyzed and pre (2003-2013) and post-vaccination periods (2014-2016) were compared. The data were obtained from DATASUS, a Brazilian government's open-access public health database system, and analyzed adjusting for secular trend and seasonality if a statistically significant change was found. RESULTS: During the study period, 69,791 admissions due to varicella and herpes zoster occurred in the children younger than 20â¯years. After adjusting for seasonality, the incidence of hospitalizations decreased from 27.33 to 14.33 per 100000 per year, which corresponds to a reduction of 47.6% (95% confidence interval 18.19-77.04%, pâ¯<â¯0.001) in the vaccinated age group (1-4â¯years) in 2014-2016 compared to pre-vaccination period. The changes were not significant in the unvaccinated age groups. CONCLUSION: The hospitalizations due to varicella and herpes zoster were decreased by half early after the introduction of a single dose of tetraviral vaccine in NIP in the vaccinated children. Further studies may assess duration and intensity of this effect, as well as the indirect effect in the unvaccinated age groups.
Asunto(s)
Vacuna contra la Varicela/administración & dosificación , Vacuna contra la Varicela/inmunología , Varicela/epidemiología , Varicela/prevención & control , Herpes Zóster/epidemiología , Herpes Zóster/prevención & control , Hospitalización , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/administración & dosificación , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/inmunología , Adolescente , Brasil/epidemiología , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Incidencia , Lactante , Masculino , Vacunas Combinadas/administración & dosificación , Vacunas Combinadas/inmunología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
One combined measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine without Human Serum Albumin (HSA) is currently licensed in the USA (M-M-R II; Merck, USA) and another has been developed (Priorix™ [MMR-RIT, GSK, Belgium]). In this follow-up study, children from USA or Puerto Rico, who had received one dose of M-M-R II or MMR-RIT at 12-15 months of age in the primary study (NCT00861744), were followed-up for 2 y post-vaccination. Anti-measles and anti-rubella antibodies were measured using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), and anti-mumps antibodies using ELISA and plaque reduction neutralization (PRN) assays. Serious adverse events (SAEs) were recorded during the entire follow-up. The according-to-protocol (ATP) persistence cohort included 752 children (M-M-R II = 186, MMR-RIT = 566), who received primary vaccination at a mean age of 12.3 ( ± 0.67) months. 104 children were revaccinated with MMR-containing vaccines; therefore, serology results for timepoints after revaccination were excluded from the analysis. Seropositivity for measles (Year 1≥ 98.3%; Year 2≥ 99.4%) and rubella (Year 1≥ 98.9%; Year 2 = 100%) remained as high at Year 2 as at Day 42. Similarly, seropositivity for mumps determined by ELISA (Year 1≥ 90.1%; Year 2≥ 94.1%) and PRN assays (Year 1≥ 87.5%; Year 2≥ 91.7%) persisted. Thirty-three SAEs were recorded in 23 children; 2 SAEs (inguinal adenitis and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura) and one SAE (febrile convulsion) were considered as potentially related to MMR-RIT and M-M-R II, respectively. This study showed that antibodies against measles, mumps and rubella persisted for up to 2 y post-vaccination with either MMR vaccine in children aged 12-15 months, and that both vaccines were well-tolerated during the follow-up period.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/sangre , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Esquemas de Inmunización , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/administración & dosificación , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/inmunología , Efectos Colaterales y Reacciones Adversas Relacionados con Medicamentos/epidemiología , Efectos Colaterales y Reacciones Adversas Relacionados con Medicamentos/patología , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Lactante , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/efectos adversos , Pruebas de Neutralización , Puerto Rico , Factores de Tiempo , Estados Unidos , Ensayo de Placa ViralRESUMEN
La alergia al huevo es una de las alergias alimentarias más frecuentes durante la niñez, junto con la alergia a la leche de vaca. La vacuna triple viral (VTV), contra el sarampión, la rubéola y las paperas, es parte del calendario de vacunación pediátrica y contiene proteína de huevo. La recomendación aceptada en la actualidad es que la VTV debe administrarse en una sola dosis y bajo supervisión médica en los pacientes con alergia al huevo. Si bien se ha informado que la VTV es segura para estos pacientes, algunos tuvieron anafilaxia. En general, la anafilaxia después de una vacunación previa se considera una contraindicación. En este artículo, presentamos el caso de la administración satisfactoria de la VTV mediante el incremento gradual de la dosis a una paciente que tuvo anafilaxia después de una vacunación previa.
Egg allergy is one of the most common food allergies during childhood along with cow's milk allergy. The measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is included in the pediatric immunization schedule and contains egg protein. The currently accepted opinion is that the MMR vaccination should be done in a single dose under medical observation in patients with egg allergy. Although it is reported that the MMR vaccine is safe for that patients, there are some patients who developed anaphylaxis. Generally, the development of anaphylaxis after the previous vaccination is reported as a contraindication. We present a successful administration of MMR vaccine by gradually increased doses for a patient who developed anaphylaxis after the previous vaccination.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Lactante , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/administración & dosificación , Anafilaxia/etiología , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/efectos adversos , Hipersensibilidad al Huevo/complicacionesRESUMEN
The measles virus circulation was halted in Brazil in 2001 and the country has a routine vaccination coverage against measles, mumps and rubella higher than 95%. In Ceará, the last confirmed case was in 1999. This article describes the strategies adopted and the effectiveness of surveillance and control measures implemented during a measles epidemic in the post-elimination period. The epidemic started in December 2013 and lasted 20 months, reaching 38 cities and 1,052 confirmed cases. The D8 genotype was identified. More than 50,000 samples were tested for measles and 86.4% of the confirmed cases had a laboratory diagnosis. The beginning of an campaign vaccination was delayed in part by the availability of vaccine. The classic control measures were not enough to control the epidemic. The creation of a committee of experts, the agreement signed between managers of the three spheres of government, the conducting of an institutional active search of suspected cases, vaccination door to door at alternative times, the use of micro planning, a broad advertising campaign at local media and technical operative support contributed to containing the epidemic. It is important to recognize the possibility of epidemics at this stage of post-elimination and prepare a sensitive surveillance system for timely response.
Asunto(s)
Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles/métodos , Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles/organización & administración , Transmisión de Enfermedad Infecciosa/prevención & control , Epidemias , Sarampión/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiología , Niño , Preescolar , Ciudades/epidemiología , Femenino , Genotipo , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Virus del Sarampión/clasificación , Virus del Sarampión/genética , Virus del Sarampión/aislamiento & purificación , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/administración & dosificación , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Egg allergy is one of the most common food allergies during childhood along with cow's milk allergy. The measles-mumpsrubella (MMR) vaccine is included in the pediatric immunization schedule and contains egg protein. The currently accepted opinion is that the MMR vaccination should be done in a single dose under medical observation in patients with egg allergy. Although it is reported that the MMR vaccine is safe for that patients, there are some patients who developed anaphylaxis. Generally, the development of anaphylaxis after the previous vaccination is reported as a contraindication. We present a successful administration of MMR vaccine by gradually increased doses for a patient who developed anaphylaxis after the previous vaccination.
La alergia al huevo es una de las alergias alimentarias más frecuentes durante la niñez, junto con la alergia a la leche de vaca. La vacuna triple viral (VTV), contra el sarampión, la rubéola y las paperas, es parte del calendario de vacunación pediátrica y contiene proteína de huevo. La recomendación aceptada en la actualidad es que la VTV debe administrarse en una sola dosis y bajo supervisión médica en los pacientes con alergia al huevo. Si bien se ha informado que la VTV es segura para estos pacientes, algunos tuvieron anafilaxia. En general, la anafilaxia después de una vacunación previa se considera una contraindicación. En este artículo, presentamos el caso de la administración satisfactoria de la VTV mediante el incremento gradual de la dosis a una paciente que tuvo anafilaxia después de una vacunación previa.
Asunto(s)
Anafilaxia , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/administración & dosificación , Anafilaxia/etiología , Hipersensibilidad al Huevo/complicaciones , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/efectos adversosRESUMEN
Abstract Objective: To characterize varicella zoster virus-related deaths and hospitalizations in Brazil before universal vaccination with the tetravalent (measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella) vaccine, attempting to collect baseline data on varicella morbidity and mortality in order to evaluate the impact of the varicella vaccination program. Methods: Varicella-associated mortality data were evaluated between 1996 and 2011 and varicella zoster virus-associated hospitalizations between 1998 and 2013. Data were gathered from the Informatics Department of the Unified Health System, considering the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, code B01. All age groups were assessed. Varicella-specific mortality rates were calculated and seasonality of varicella-zoster virus-associated hospitalizations was described. Results: There were 2334 varicella deaths between 1996 and 2011, 19.3% in infants aged less than 1 year and 36% in children from 1 to 4 years. In infants under 1 year, varicella mortality rates reached 3.2/100,000/year. In children aged 1–4 years, varicella mortality rates reach 1.64/100,000/year. Average annual mortality rates for varicella in Brazil are 0.88/100,000 in infants under 1 year and 0.40/100,000 in children aged 1–4 years. The total number of hospitalizations associated with varicella zoster virus was 62,246 from 2008 to 2013. Varicella-associated hospitalizations have a seasonal distribution in children, peaking in November. In the elderly, monthly averages of herpes zoster-associated hospitalizations present no significant seasonal variation. Conclusions: Varicella is associated, in the pre-vaccine period, to significant morbidity and mortality in Brazil. The universal vaccination program is expected to decrease the disease burden from varicella.
Resumo Objetivo: Caracterizar os óbitos e internações relacionados ao vírus varicela-zoster no Brasil antes da vacinação universal com a vacina tetravalente (sarampo, caxumba, rubéola e varicela), tentando coletar dados de referência sobre a morbidez e mortalidade por varicela, para avaliar o impacto do programa de vacinação contra a varicela. Métodos: Os dados de mortalidade associada à varicela foram avaliados entre 1996 e 2011 e as internações associadas ao vírus varicela-zoster, entre 1998 e 2013. Os dados foram coletados do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Unificado de Saúde, considerando a Classificação Internacional de Doenças, 10ª Revisão, código B01. Todas as faixas etárias foram avaliadas. Foram calculadas as taxas de mortalidade específicas por varicela e foi descrita a sazonalidade das internações associadas ao vírus varicela-zoster. Resultados: Houve 2.334 óbitos por varicela entre 1996 e 2011, 19,3% em neonatos com menos de 1 ano e 36% em crianças de 1 a 4 anos. Em neonatos com menos de 1 ano, as taxas de mortalidade por varicela atingiram 3,2/100.000/ano. Em crianças de 1–4 anos de idade, as taxas de mortalidade por varicela atingem 1,64/100.000/ano. As taxas de mortalidade anuais médias por varicela no Brasil são de 0,88/100.000 em neonatos com menos de 1 ano de idade e 0,40/100.000 em crianças de 1 a 4 anos de idade. O número total de internações associadas ao vírus varicela-zoster foi de 62.246 de 2008 a 2013. As internações relacionadas à varicela apresentaram distribuição sazonal em crianças, com pico em novembro. Em idosos, as médias mensais de internações associadas ao herpes zoster não apresentam variação sazonal significativa. Conclusões: A varicela está associada a morbidez e mortalidade significativas no período pré-vacinação no Brasil. O programa de vacinação universal deve diminuir a carga de doença da varicela.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Lactante , Preescolar , Niño , Adolescente , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Adulto Joven , Varicela/mortalidad , Varicela/prevención & control , Programas de Inmunización/estadística & datos numéricos , Herpesvirus Humano 3 , Herpes Zóster/mortalidad , Herpes Zóster/prevención & control , Hospitalización/estadística & datos numéricos , Estaciones del Año , Factores de Tiempo , Brasil/epidemiología , Evaluación de Programas y Proyectos de Salud , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Edad , Vacunas Combinadas/administración & dosificación , Distribución por Edad , Vacuna contra la Varicela/administración & dosificación , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To characterize varicella zoster virus-related deaths and hospitalizations in Brazil before universal vaccination with the tetravalent (measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella) vaccine, attempting to collect baseline data on varicella morbidity and mortality in order to evaluate the impact of the varicella vaccination program. METHODS: Varicella-associated mortality data were evaluated between 1996 and 2011 and varicella zoster virus-associated hospitalizations between 1998 and 2013. Data were gathered from the Informatics Department of the Unified Health System, considering the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, code B01. All age groups were assessed. Varicella-specific mortality rates were calculated and seasonality of varicella-zoster virus-associated hospitalizations was described. RESULTS: There were 2334 varicella deaths between 1996 and 2011, 19.3% in infants aged less than 1 year and 36% in children from 1 to 4 years. In infants under 1 year, varicella mortality rates reached 3.2/100,000/year. In children aged 1-4 years, varicella mortality rates reach 1.64/100,000/year. Average annual mortality rates for varicella in Brazil are 0.88/100,000 in infants under 1 year and 0.40/100,000 in children aged 1-4 years. The total number of hospitalizations associated with varicella zoster virus was 62,246 from 2008 to 2013. Varicella-associated hospitalizations have a seasonal distribution in children, peaking in November. In the elderly, monthly averages of herpes zoster-associated hospitalizations present no significant seasonal variation. CONCLUSIONS: Varicella is associated, in the pre-vaccine period, to significant morbidity and mortality in Brazil. The universal vaccination program is expected to decrease the disease burden from varicella.
Asunto(s)
Varicela/mortalidad , Varicela/prevención & control , Herpes Zóster/mortalidad , Herpes Zóster/prevención & control , Herpesvirus Humano 3 , Hospitalización/estadística & datos numéricos , Programas de Inmunización/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribución por Edad , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Brasil/epidemiología , Vacuna contra la Varicela/administración & dosificación , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/administración & dosificación , Persona de Mediana Edad , Evaluación de Programas y Proyectos de Salud , Estudios Retrospectivos , Estaciones del Año , Factores de Tiempo , Vacunas Combinadas/administración & dosificación , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To explore the use of rapid needs assessment (RNA) surveys to determine the prevalence and factors contributing to delays in vaccination of children in two low middle-income countries (LMIC). METHODS: Data from two RNA surveys performed as part of program improvement evaluations in Guatemala and Peru were used for this analysis. The primary endpoint was the timeliness of immunization with delay defined as administration of vaccines beyond 28 days from recommended age for DTwP-HepB-Hib (Penta) and measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccines, as well as past age-restrictions for rotavirus vaccine. Independent risk factors analyzed included child's gender, birth year, number of children in household, maternal age, maternal education, and food insecurity. RESULTS: Vaccine information was available from 811 children from 838 households surveyed. High rate of immunization delays was observed, with 75.6% of children in Guatemala and 57.8% of children in Peru being delayed for the third dose of Penta primary series. Factors associated with delayed vaccination in Guatemala included advanced maternal age and increased number of children in household. In Peru, significant associations were birth year before 2009, lower maternal education level, and increased number of children in household. CONCLUSIONS: RNA is a fast and effective method to identify timely vaccine coverage and derive a hypothesis of factors possibly associated with vaccination delay.
Asunto(s)
Evaluación de Necesidades , Vacunación/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Preescolar , Vacuna contra Difteria, Tétanos y Tos Ferina/administración & dosificación , Femenino , Guatemala , Vacunas contra Haemophilus/administración & dosificación , Promoción de la Salud , Vacunas contra Hepatitis B/administración & dosificación , Humanos , Programas de Inmunización , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/administración & dosificación , Madres , Perú , Evaluación de Programas y Proyectos de Salud , Vacunas contra Rotavirus/administración & dosificación , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: We related seroprevalence and outbreaks data in order to identify factors that could explain the occurrence of outbreaks despite high vaccination coverage in Medellín Colombia. METHODS: Samples from a population seroprevalence data obtained in 2009 in a random survey were analyzed. IgG levels were determined for mumps using 2 commercial tests of 2119 individuals aged 6-64 years. A comparative analysis was undertaken using age-specific mumps seroprevalence data and information of 98 epidemiological investigations of mumps outbreaks reported in 2009. RESULTS: Overall, seroprevalence was 91.6% (95% CI=89.3-93.5%). The age-specific seronegativity was 20.3% and 20.6% in age groups 11-15 years and 16-20 years respectively. Individuals aged 6-20 years were the most affected during outbreaks. In individuals born in 2003, a year after the change in the booster schedule from 10 to 5 years, the proportion of unvaccinated individuals (14%) and those who received only one dose of MMR (45%) increased substantially. On average, 23.5 days elapsed between the onset of symptoms in secondary cases and the outbreak investigation. CONCLUSION: Potential contributing factors for the occurrence of outbreaks of mumps were the relatively high prevalence of seronegativity among individuals aged 11-20 years, delays in investigation and control of outbreaks, and incomplete vaccination schedules.
Asunto(s)
Brotes de Enfermedades , Paperas/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Niño , Colombia/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Esquemas de Inmunización , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Masculino , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/administración & dosificación , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Vacunación/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
This study aimed to determine if immunogenicity to measles-mumps-rubella vaccine delivered to infants via a disposable-syringe jet injector (DSJI) was non-inferior to that administered by needle and syringe (NS). Vaccination safety was evaluated, as were the use, performance, and acceptability of each delivery method. The DSJI was the PharmaJet 2009 generation-1 device (G1) and the vaccine was measles-mumps-rubella vaccine from Bio-Manguinhos. Five hundred eighty-two healthy Brazilian infants were randomized to receive vaccine via G1 or NS. Seroconversion rates against measles and mumps viruses in the G1 treatment group did not meet non-inferiority criteria when compared with the NS group; however, responses in the G1 group to rubella virus were non-inferior to those of NS vaccinees. Most adverse events were mild or moderate. Crying after injection was more frequent in the NS group, and local skin reactions were more common in the G1 group. Five serious adverse events were judged causally unrelated to treatment and all resolved. Parents/guardians expressed a strong preference for G1 over NS for their children. Vaccinators found the G1 easy to use but noted incomplete vaccine delivery in some cases. Although the G1 has been superseded by an updated device, our results are important for the continued improvement and evaluation of DSJIs, which have the potential to overcome many of the challenges and risks associated with needle-based injections worldwide. Recommendations for future DSJI clinical studies include rigorous training of vaccinators, quantitative measurement of wetness on the skin following injection, and regular monitoring of device and vaccinator performance.
Asunto(s)
Inyecciones Subcutáneas/instrumentación , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/administración & dosificación , Sarampión/prevención & control , Paperas/prevención & control , Rubéola (Sarampión Alemán)/prevención & control , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/inmunología , Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , Brasil , Equipos Desechables , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G/inmunología , Lactante , Masculino , Sarampión/inmunología , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/inmunología , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/uso terapéutico , Paperas/inmunología , Aceptación de la Atención de Salud , Rubéola (Sarampión Alemán)/inmunología , JeringasRESUMEN
A non-controlled longitudinal study was conducted to evaluate the combined vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) immunogenicity in 150 children vaccinated in the routine of three health units in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2008-2009, without other vaccines administered during the period from 30 days before to 30 days after vaccination. A previous study conducted in Brazil in 2007, in 1,769 children ranging from 12-15 months of age vaccinated against yellow fever and MMR simultaneously or at intervals of 30 days or more between doses, had shown low seroconversion for mumps regardless of the interval between administration of the two vaccines. The current study showed 89.5% (95% confidence interval: 83.3; 94.0) seroconversion rate for mumps. All children seroconverted for measles and rubella. After revaccination, high antibody titres and seroconversion rates were achieved against mumps. The results of this study and others suggest that two MMR doses confer optimal immunoresponses for all three antigens and the possible need for additional doses should be studied taking into account not only serological, but also epidemiological data, as there is no serological correlate of protection for mumps.
Asunto(s)
Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/inmunología , Paperas/inmunología , Seroconversión , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Brasil , Esquemas de Inmunización , Estudios Longitudinales , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/administración & dosificación , Sarampión/inmunología , Paperas/prevención & control , Rubéola (Sarampión Alemán)/inmunologíaRESUMEN
IMPORTANCE: Aerosol immunization may be a useful tool to reach and sustain the elimination of measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome. We compared booster seroresponses to aerosolized or injected MMR vaccines containing different strains of measles (Attenuvax or Edmonston-Zagreb) and mumps (Jeryl-Lynn or Leningrad-Zagreb). OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety and immunogenicity of two MMR: Vaccines administered by aerosol. METHODS: A randomized and controlled clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the safety and booster responses to the MMR SII (Serum Institute of India) and MMR II (Merck Sharp & Dhome) vaccines, both of which were administered by aerosol (ae) or injection (inj) to Mexican children aged 6-7 years in elementary schools. The seroresponses were evaluated by PRN (measles) and ELISA (rubella and mumps). Adverse events were followed-up for 28 days after the immunization. RESULTS: Two hundred and fifty-three of 260 children completed the one-month follow-up. All participants reached protective seropositivity for measles and rubella after immunization, and 98.3 to 100% reached protective seropositivity for mumps (p=0.552). The proportions of the seroresponses (a 2-fold rise from the baseline antibody titers) to measles were 38.3% for MMR SII (ae), 31.3% for MMR II (ae), 37.5% for MMR SII (inj), and 44.6% for MMR II (inj) (p=0.483). The seroresponses for rubella were 26.7% for MMR SII (ae), 31.3% for MMR II (ae), 46.9% for MMR SII (inj), and 40.0% for MMR II (inj) (p=0.086). The seroresponse to mumps were 31.7% for MMR SII (ae), 25.0% for MMR II (ae), 48.4% for MMR SII (inj), and 53.9% for MMR II (inj) (p=0.002). The difference in the seroresponse of a 4-fold rise from the baseline antibody titers was not statistically significant. Only mild adverse events were noted. CONCLUSION: Aerosolized vaccines were as safe and as immunogenic as injected vaccines. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: CMN 2010-005 (National Regulatory Authority).