Asunto(s)
Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , COVID-19/prevención & control , Promoción de la Salud/historia , Vacuna Antisarampión/historia , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/historia , Sarampión/historia , Vacunación/ética , Niño , Erradicación de la Enfermedad/historia , Promoción de la Salud/métodos , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Sarampión/prevención & control , Propaganda , SARS-CoV-2 , Vacunación/historiaAsunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Embarazo , Niño , Historia del Siglo XX , Vacuna Antisarampión/historia , Vacuna contra la Rubéola/historia , Programas de Inmunización , Sarampión , Vacunas/historia , Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles/métodos , Salud Pública , Brotes de Enfermedades/prevención & controlRESUMEN
The modern era of vaccination was heralded with the licensure of the first 2 measles vaccines in 1963. This new era was distinct from the preceding era of vaccination for 4 main reasons. First, federal leadership in support of immunization at the local level grew. Second, immunization proponents championed the required vaccination of children as the best means of ensuring a protected population. Third, immunization proponents championed the idea that mass vaccination would not only help manage infectious diseases but also eradicate them. Fourth, the focus of local and federally supported immunization initiatives began to extend to the "mild" and "moderate" diseases of childhood (eg, measles), so-called because they were seen as less severe than previous targets of mass vaccination, such as smallpox, polio, and diphtheria. This article follows the history of measles to explore immunization successes and challenges in this modern era, because measles was the first of the mild and moderate diseases to become the target of a federally supported eradication-through-vaccination campaign, one that relied heavily on the preemptive, required vaccination of children. Its story thus epitomizes the range of political, epidemiological, cultural, and communications challenges to mass immunization in the modern era of vaccination.
Asunto(s)
Vacuna Antisarampión/historia , Sarampión/historia , Características Culturales , Erradicación de la Enfermedad/historia , Erradicación de la Enfermedad/organización & administración , Gobierno Federal , Comunicación en Salud , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Vacunación Masiva/historia , Vacunación Masiva/organización & administración , Sarampión/epidemiología , Vacuna Antisarampión/administración & dosificación , PolíticaRESUMEN
Schools have long been critical partners for public health authorities in achieving widespread vaccination. In the mid-20th century, however, public schools also served as sites of large-scale experiments on novel vaccines. Through examining the experimental diphtheria, polio, and measles vaccine trials, I explored the implications of using schools in this manner, as well as the continuities and discontinuities among the three cases. Common to all of them was that the use of schools brought decision-making into the public sphere, subjecting parents to social pressures and the influences of school officials and community members. However, the effects of using schools varied as well, as their social and institutional significance interacted differently with the narratives surrounding each disease, the public's changing perception of medicine and science, and society's changing values. These insights show not only the power of public institutions to influence opinions and perceptions, but also the subtle forces that one's authority figures, peers, and community members may bring to a seemingly private decision-making process. These considerations are relevant to health interventions today, such as the complex debate over community consent in global health research. (Am J Public Health. 2018;108:1015-1022. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2018.304423).
Asunto(s)
Experimentación Humana , Instituciones Académicas , Vacunación , Niño , Toxoide Diftérico/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Experimentación Humana/ética , Experimentación Humana/historia , Humanos , Vacuna Antisarampión/historia , Vacunas contra Poliovirus/historia , Salud Pública , Sector Público , Vacunación/ética , Vacunación/historia , Vacunación/legislación & jurisprudenciaAsunto(s)
Actitud Frente a la Salud , Vacunación Masiva/psicología , Sarampión/prevención & control , Donantes de Sangre/legislación & jurisprudencia , Diagnóstico Precoz , Promoción de la Salud/métodos , Promoción de la Salud/normas , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Inmunidad Colectiva/efectos de los fármacos , Vacunación Masiva/historia , Vacunación Masiva/legislación & jurisprudencia , Sarampión/diagnóstico , Sarampión/epidemiología , Sarampión/historia , Vacuna Antisarampión/historia , Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , Pediatría/historia , Garantía de la Calidad de Atención de Salud/legislación & jurisprudencia , Contaminación por Humo de Tabaco/legislación & jurisprudencia , Contaminación por Humo de Tabaco/prevención & control , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
At the beginning of the 1960s, it was clear that a vaccine against measles would soon be available. Although measles was (and remains) a killer disease in the developing world, in the United States and Western Europe this was no longer so. Many parents and many medical practitioners considered measles an inevitable stage of a child's development. Debating the desirability of measles immunization, public health experts reasoned differently. In the United States, introduction of the vaccine fit well with Kennedy's and Johnson's administrations' political commitments. European policymakers proceeded cautiously, concerned about the acceptability of existing vaccination programs. In Sweden and the Netherlands, recent experience in controlling polio led researchers to prefer an inactivated virus vaccine. Although in the early 1970s attempts to develop a sufficiently potent inactivated vaccine were abandoned, we have argued that the debates and initiatives of the time during the vaccine's early history merit reflection in today's era of standardization and global markets.
Asunto(s)
Vacuna Antisarampión/historia , Sarampión/historia , Salud Global , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Sarampión/epidemiología , Sarampión/prevención & control , Vacuna contra el Sarampión-Parotiditis-Rubéola/historiaAsunto(s)
Vacuna Antisarampión/historia , Virus del Sarampión/inmunología , Sarampión/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Sarampión/inmunología , Sarampión/transmisión , Sarampión/virología , Vacuna Antisarampión/administración & dosificación , Vacuna Antisarampión/inmunología , Virus del Sarampión/genética , Virus del Sarampión/patogenicidadRESUMEN
Following their initial isolation in cell culture of the virus in 1954, a succession of investigators under the mentorship of John E Enders conducted the research, development, and initial clinical studies responsible for the licensure in 1963 of a successful live attenuated measles virus vaccine. Propagation of the virus successively in human kidney cells, human amnion cells, embryonated hens' eggs, and finally chick embryo cell cultures had selected virus that when inoculated into susceptible monkeys proved immunogenic without viremia or overt disease, in contrast to the early kidney cell-passaged material, which in similar monkeys produced viremia with illness mimicking human measles. Careful clinical studies in children by the Enders group and then by collaborating investigators in many sites established its safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy. This Edmonston strain measles virus became the progenitor of vaccines prepared, studied, and utilized throughout the United States and many other countries. With appreciation of measles morbidity and mortality, most marked among infants and children in the resource-limited lands, the vaccine was incorporated into the World Health Organization's (WHO) Expanded Programme of Immunization (EPI) in 1974 along with BCG, OPV, and DTP. Successful efforts to further reduce measles' burden were launched in 2001 and are continuing as the Measles Initiative (Partnership) under the leadership of the American Red Cross, International Red Cross, and Red Crescent societies, Centers for Disease Control (CDC), United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), WHO, and the United Nations Foundation.
Asunto(s)
Vacuna Antisarampión/historia , Virus del Sarampión/inmunología , Sarampión/historia , Animales , Salud Global , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Inmunización , Sarampión/inmunología , Sarampión/virología , Vacuna Antisarampión/administración & dosificación , Vacuna Antisarampión/inmunología , Virus del Sarampión/genética , Virus del Sarampión/patogenicidad , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
The rainy season was once the harbinger of measles and child deaths in Western Africa, but measles has now become so uncommon that some younger West African doctors have never seen a single case. A series of successful measles campaigns were carried out in the late eighties through the early part of this century in West Africa--these campaigns have almost eliminated measles in Mali, the thirtieth poorest country in the world. This article provides a retelling of the measles campaigns that were carried out in West Africa during that time period for young doctors and vaccine researchers. The power of vaccination to stop an endemic disease from killing between 5 and 20% of children under the age of five living in rural villages in West and Central Africa is recalled, and the importance of vaccination for the improvement of human life is considered deserving of renewed emphasis.
Asunto(s)
Vacuna Antisarampión/historia , Vacuna Antisarampión/inmunología , Sarampión/epidemiología , Sarampión/prevención & control , Vacunación/historia , África Central , África Occidental , Preescolar , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Sarampión/historia , Población RuralAsunto(s)
Genética de Población/historia , Experimentación Humana/historia , Literatura Moderna , Mala Conducta Profesional , Evolución Biológica , Eugenesia/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Indígenas Sudamericanos/genética , Sarampión/epidemiología , Sarampión/etiología , Sarampión/historia , Vacuna Antisarampión/efectos adversos , Vacuna Antisarampión/historia , Genética de Radiación/historia , Sociedades Médicas , América del Sur/epidemiología , Estados UnidosAsunto(s)
Anticuerpos Antivirales/historia , Brotes de Enfermedades/historia , Vacuna Antisarampión/historia , Sarampión/historia , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Preescolar , Femenino , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Masculino , Sarampión/epidemiología , Sarampión/prevención & control , Vacuna Antisarampión/inmunología , Vacunas de Productos Inactivados/historia , Vacunas de Productos Inactivados/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Childhood immunization constitutes one of the great success stories of American public health in the 20th century. This essay provides a historical examination of this topic through 4 particularly important examples: diphtheria, pertussis, polio, and measles. Each case study illustrates how new vaccines have posed unique challenges related to basic science, clinical trial methodology, medical ethics, and public acceptance. A brief comparison of each story to the experience of Great Britain, however, suggests an underlying unity connecting all 4 examples. Whereas the British led the way in introducing formal clinical trial methodology in the field of immunization development, the Americans excelled in the rapid translation of laboratory knowledge into strategies suitable for mass application. Although this distinction appears to have diminished in recent years, it offers insight into the sources of creativity underlying American vaccine development and the corresponding difficulties sometimes created for utilizing vaccines fruits rationally.