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OBJECTIVE: A hedgehog family ligand, namely, sonic hedgehog (SHH), was reported to be important in the development of bladder and ureter smooth muscle. In this prospective study, we aimed to determine protein expression of SHH in resected ureterovesical junction (UVJ) segments of children with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study group included 19 children; 12 (63%) girls, 7 (37%) boys, who had ureteroneocystostomy operation; 3 (15.7%) right sided, 7 (36.8%) left sided, 9 (47.3%) bilateral, due to primary VUR between years 2015 and 2018. Totally, 28 UVJ segments were examined for Western Blot analysis to determine related protein expression levels. RESULTS: The mean Western blot band area of SHH gene pathway related protein was 3880.69 (2059.55-13941.61) while the mean area of ß-Actin, the house-keeping gene, was 20180.25 (9530.39-26709.75) (p = 0.001). Correlation analyses between grade of reflux and protein expression of SHH gene pathways revealed no significant relation (p = 0.300). When the UV samples were grouped as low- and high-grade reflux and compared in terms of SHH protein expression levels, no statistically significant difference was found between groups (p = 0.818). CONCLUSION: We concluded that SHH signaling molecule which is effective in development of bladder and ureter smooth musculature might also be effective in etiopathology of reflux.

OBJETIVO: Se ha informado que el ligando sonic hedgehog (SHH) es importante en el desarrollo de los músculos lisos de la vejiga y el uréter. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la expresión proteica de SHH en los segmentos de la unión ureterovesical de niños con reflujo vesicoureteral (RVU). MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: El grupo de estudio incluyó a 19 niños; 12 (63%) niñas, 7 (37%) niños, que tuvieron operación de ureteroneocistostomía (UNC); 3 (15.7%) derecho, 7 (36.8%) izquierdo, 9 (47.3%) bilateral, por RVU primario entre los años 2015-2018. Se examinaron un total de 28 segmentos de la unión ureterovesical para análisis de transferencia Western para determinar los niveles de expresión de proteínas relacionadas en las muestras. RESULTADOS: El área media de la banda de transferencia Western de la proteína relacionada con la vía del gen SHH fue de 3880.69 (2059.55-13941.61), mientras que el área media de la ß-actina, el gen de limpieza, fue de 20180.25 (9530.39-26709.75) (p = 0.001). Los análisis de correlación entre el grado de reflujo y la expresión de proteínas de las vías del gen SHH no revelaron una relación significativa (p = 0.300). CONCLUSIÓN: Concluimos que la molécula de señalización SHH también podría ser efectiva en la etiopatología del reflujo vesicoureteral.

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PURPOSE: To histologically quantify the different tissues that make up the porcine ureter, (epithelial, connective, and muscular tissue) in the three segments labelled: cranial, middle and caudal, in order to identify the segment most compatible for use as a vascular graft. METHODS: Fifteen porcine ureters were collected, divided into the three segments, and the samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, picrosirius red and Weigert's resorcin-fuchsin. The immunohistochemistry technique was applied for alpha-smooth muscle actin. Collagen fibers, muscle, epithelium, and elastic fibers tissue were quantified, in the entire ureter, and divided into hemispheres, comparing the different segments. RESULTS: When comparing hemisphere segments, significant differences were observed (p < 0.01) for collagen and muscle tissue, with the cranial segment presenting the greatest amount of these components when compared to the middle and caudal. No significant difference was observed between the segments when comparing the entire ureters. CONCLUSIONS: After comparing the segments by hemisphere, the cranial segment presented a slight advantage for use as a vascular graft due to presenting greater collagen fiber content.

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PURPOSE: Ureteroplasty using buccal or lingual mucosa graft Is feasible for complex proximal ureteral stricture (1, 2). Ileal ureter replacement is considered as the last resort for ureteral reconstruction. Totally intracorporeal robot-assisted ileal ureter replacement can be performed safely and effectively (3). In China, the KangDuo Surgical Robot 2000 Plus (KD-SR-2000 Plus) has been developed featuring two surgeon consoles and five robotic arms. This study aims to share our experience with totally intracorporeal robot-assisted bilateral ileal ureter replacement using KD-SR-2000 Plus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 59-year-old female patient underwent a complete intracorporeal robot-assisted bilateral ileal ureter replacement for the treatment of ureteral strictures using KD-SR-2000 Plus. The surgical procedure involved dissecting the proximal ends of the bilateral ureteral strictures, harvesting the ileal ureter, restoring intestinal continuity, and performing an anastomosis between the ileum and the ureteral end as well as the bladder. The data were prospectively collected and analyzed. RESULTS: The surgery was successfully completed with single docking without open conversion. The length of the harvested ileal ureter was 25 cm. The docking time, operation time and console time were 3.4 min., 271 min and 231 min respectively. The estimated blood loss was 50 mL. The postoperative hospitalization was 6 days. No perioperative complications occurred. CONCLUSIONS: It is technically feasible to perform totally intracorporeal robot-assisted bilateral ileal ureter replacement for the treatment of ureteral strictures using KD-SR-2000 Plus. A longer follow-up and a larger sample size are required to evaluate its safety and effectiveness.

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INTRODUCTION: The ureteral access sheath (UAS) is a medical device that enables repeated entrance into the ureter and collecting system during retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS). Its impact on stone-free rates, ureteral injuries, operative time, and postoperative complications remains controversial. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing RIRS with versus without UAS for urolithiasis management. PURPOSE: To compare outcomes from retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) for stone extraction with or without ureteral access sheath (UAS); evaluating stone-free rate (SFR), ureteral injuries, operative time, and postoperative complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library in June 2024 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the efficacy and safety outcomes of UAS use in RIRS for urolithiasis treatment. Articles published between 2014 and 2024 were included. Pooled risk ratios (RRs) and mean differences (MDs) were calculated for binary and continuous outcomes, respectively. RESULTS: Five RCTs comprising 466 procedures were included. Of these, 246 (52.7%) utilized UAS. The follow-up ranged from 1 week to 1 month. UAS reduced the incidence of postoperative fever (RR 0.49; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.29-0.84; p=0.009), and postoperative infection (RR 0.50; 95% CI 0.30-0.83; p=0.008). There were no significant differences between groups in terms of SFR (RR 1.05; 95% CI 0.99-1.11; p=0.10), ureteral injuries (RR 1.29; 95% CI 0.95-1.75; p=0.11), operative time (MD 3.56 minutes; 95% CI -4.15 to 11.27 minutes; p=0.36), or length of stay (MD 0.32 days; 95% CI -0.42 to 1.07 days; p=0.40). CONCLUSION: UAS leads to a lower rate of post-operative fever and infection. However, UAS did not significantly reduce or increase the SFR or the rate of ureteral injuries during RIRS for patients with urolithiasis. The use of UAS should be considered to decrease the risk of infectious complications, particularly in those who may be at higher risk for such complications.

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Background: Primary ureteral neoplasms are extremely rare in dogs, and ureteral involvement usually occurs owing to the invasion of renal and bladder tumors. Case Description: This case report describes a 12-year-old intact male mixed-breed dog referred to a private clinic with a six-month history of abdominal distention. A physical examination revealed mild abdominal pain. Hematological tests detected normocytic-normochromic anemia (hematocrit 33.6% [reference interval-RI: 37%-55%], red blood cells 4.93 M/µl [RI: 5.5-8.5 M/µl], and hemoglobin 12.4 g/dl [RI: 12-18.0 g/dl]). The results from the leukogram, thrombogram, renal, and hepatic panels were within the reference intervals for dogs. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed a cavitary mass measuring approximately 12 cm in diameter as the largest tumor in the left abdominal region over the left hepatic lobe or mesenteric site. Chest radiography did not reveal any metastasis. Therefore, the patient underwent exploratory laparotomy, during which the left ureter was found to be affected by a 12-cm mass that adhered to the left kidney. A unilateral left ureteronephrectomy was performed, and histology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) confirmed well-differentiated primary ureteral leiomyosarcoma. The patient survived for 130 days but died of lung metastasis. Conclusion: Ureteral leiomyosarcoma should be investigated and included in the list of differential diagnoses for primary ureteral neoplasms. Regardless of the therapeutic modality, the prognosis of ureteral leiomyosarcoma may be unfavorable, as shown in this report.

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Introduction: The use of a ureteral access sheath (UAS) during ureteroscopy (URS) has been associated with the risk for ureteral injuries. Preoperative administration of α1-blockers presents a potential mitigator of such lesions by inducing ureteral relaxation, which may also contribute to improving other surgical outcomes. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane databases for studies comparing preoperative α1-blockers administration vs its non-use in adult patients without pre-stenting undergoing URS. Binary outcomes were evaluated using risk ratios (RRs) and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity was measured with the Cochran's Q test, I2 statistics, and prediction intervals (PIs). A DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model was utilized for all outcomes. Results: Eleven studies encompassing 1074 patients undergoing URS were included, of whom 522 (48.60%) received α1-blockers before the procedure. Preoperative α1-blockers were associated with a reduction in significant ureteral injuries (RR 0.30; 95% CI 0.17-0.53; I2 = 6%; PI 0.10-0.88) and an increase in mean successful UAS insertion (OR 2.14; 95% CI 1.08-4.23; I2 = 23%; PI 0.51-8.93). In patients undergoing exclusively ureteroscopy lithotripsy (URSL), the medications also reduced total complications (RR 0.62; 95% CI 0.46-0.84; I2 = 0%) and complications graded Clavien-Dindo III or higher (RR 0.16; 95% CI 0.04-0.69; I2 = 0%), but no significant difference between groups was found in the stone-free rate (RR 1.10; 95% CI 0.86-1.40; I2 = 91%; PI 0.47-2.59). Conclusion: Preoperative α1-blockers were linked to a decrease in significant ureteral injuries with UAS use and fewer complications during URSL procedures. However, their impact on the successful insertion of a UAS remains uncertain. Consideration of administering preoperative α1-blockers in non-stented adult patients undergoing URS with UAS is advisable.

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INTRODUCTION: Ureteral stricture is often a consequence of urolithiasis or previous endourological procedures (1-3). Precisely delineating the stricture zone intraoperatively is crucial to minimize ureter shortening and target only the affected tissue (4, 5). Flexible ureteroscopy offers a significant advantage in this regard. OBJECTIVE: This video aims to demonstrate the step-by-step technique of flexible ureteroscopic guided laparoscopic ureteroplasty for treating ureteral stricture caused by urolithiasis and prior endourological interventions. PATIENT AND METHODS: We present a case of a 36-year-old male with a history of urolithiasis and unsuccessful endourological treatments, including endoureterotomy and balloon dilation, diagnosed with re-stenosis of the proximal ureter of 1 cm through ureteroscopy and pyelography. He underwent a successful laparoscopic ureteroplasty. While the lead surgeon performed the laparoscopy, an assistant conducted the flexible ureteroscopy. Intraoperatively, using transillumination facilitated by the flexible ureteroscope, we can precisely identify the narrowed area, allowing for resection of only the damaged segment. Subsequently, we perform the end-to-end ureteroplasty, confirming its patency through the seamless passage of the ureteroscope. Upon completion, we employ a fat patch to safeguard the anastomosis. RESULTS: The patient was discharged on the third postoperative day. Double J stent was removed six weeks after surgery. Symptoms resolved. Renal function improved: eGFR 49 to 67 ml/min. Furthermore, improvement was observed in the DTPA scan, and a decrease in hydronephrosis was noted on the follow-up tomography. CONCLUSION: Flexible ureteroscopy effectively identifies the stricture zone in laparoscopic ureteroplasty, enhancing surgical precision and outcomes. This approach is safe, effective, and reproducible, offering a valuable technique in the surgical treatment of ureteral strictures.

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In patients with complete double renal system with the involvement of only one system, there are several surgical alternatives for its resolution. Uretero-ureteral anastomosis has been presented as a good alternative, even in cases with atrophy of the affected system. OBJECTIVE: To report our experience in patients with complete double renal system with only one system affected, with the surgical technique of uretero-ureteral anastomosis. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Retrospective study of patients with double renal system with involvement of one of the systems, treated with uretero-ureteral anastomosis technique between January 2015 and May 2022. The variables of age, specific pathology of the affected system, preoperative study, days of hospitalization, postoperative complications (leakage, obstruction, infection), and follow-up time were evaluated. RESULTS: We analyzed 26 procedures in 25 patients, mean age 36.8 months (range: 8-80); 53.8% had ectopic ureter, 23% ureterocele, 11.5% sphincteric ureterocele, and 11.5% VUR of the lower system. All were studied preoperatively with urethrocystography and 65% with scintigraphy. 50% of the operated systems showed signs of renal atrophy. The average hospital stay was 2.2 days (range: 1-7). In an average follow-up of 26.5 months (range: 3-77), one patient presented leakage, no patient presented signs suggestive of obstruction, and one patient presented febrile urinary tract infection with persistent lower-grade reflux. CONCLUSION: In our experience, the uretero-ureteral anastomosis technique proved to be an easy and safe alternative to reproduce, with a success rate of 96%, 11% of grade I complications, and 4% of grade II complications according to the Clavien-Dindo classification.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate objective treatment efficacy and safety, and subjective patient-reported outcomes in patients with complex ureteral strictures (US) undergoing minimally invasive lingual mucosal graft ureteroplasty (LMGU). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively enrolled patients underwent robotic or laparoscopic LMGU between May 2020 and July 2022. Clinical success was defined as symptom-free and no radiographic evidence of re-obstruction. Patient-reported outcomes, including health-related quality of life (HRQoL), mental health status and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL), were longitudinally evaluated before surgery, 6 and 12 months postoperatively. RESULTS: Overall, 41 consecutive patients were included. All procedures were performed successfully with 32 patients in robotic approach and 9 in laparoscopic. Forty (97.56%) patients achieved clinical success during the median follow-up of 29 (range 15-41) months. Although patients with complex US experienced poor baseline HRQoL, there was a remarkable improvement following LMGU. Specifically, the 6-month and 12-month postoperative scores were significantly improved compared to the baseline (p < 0.05) in most domains. Twenty-eight (68.3%) and 31 (75.6%) patients had anxiety and depression symptoms before surgery, respectively. However, no significant decrease in the incidence of these symptoms was observed postoperatively. Moreover, there was no significant deterioration of OHRQoL at 6 months and 12 months postoperatively when compared to the baseline. CONCLUSIONS: LMGU is a safe and efficient procedure for complex ureteral reconstruction that significantly improves patient-reported HRQoL without compromising OHRQoL. Assessing patients' quality of life enables us to monitor postoperative recovery and progress, which should be considered as one of the criteria for surgical success.

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INTRODUCTION: The management of ureteral strictures longer than 1-2 cm must be treated by major surgery (1, 2). The strictures located at the distal part of the ureter can be managed by a ureteral reimplantation using a psoas hitch or a Boari flap depending on its proximity to the bladder (3). Those located at the proximal ureter can be treated by a pyeloplasty (4). The ureteric strictures in the mid-ureter are the ones that pose a greater challenge for the urologist because a ureteral substitution is needed, either using a segment of the intestine or a buccal mucosa graft (5, 6). Our main objective is to present the management and results at 36 months of a patient with a right mid-ureter stricture. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A 63-year-old male with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and a right single functioning kidney was referred to our department with the diagnosis of a 3 cm stricture in the right mid-ureter. He had a long-term JJ-stent in place but in the last year we had to replace it three times precociously and he even needed the placement of a nephrostomy tube due to the obstruction of the JJ-stent. Accordingly, a permanent resolution was sought and a laparoscopic onlay-flap ureteroplasty using cecal appendix was performed. RESULTS: The first step was to identify the cecal appendix. Then we identified and dissected the ureter. With the ureter dissected, we performed a ureteroscopy to pinpoint the stricture. Once we knew where the stricture was, we proceeded with the ureterotomy and preparation of the cecal appendix. The final step was to perform the ureteroplasty between the ureter and the cecal appendix placing a JJ-stent before the last stitches were done. Total operative time was 190 minutes without any intraoperative complication. The JJ-stent was removed 7 weeks later. The follow-up of the patient was done with regular blood test and ultrasound to rule out deterioration of the CKD and worsening of the residual hydronephrosis. With a follow-up of 36 months, the patient is stent free, he hasn't had any further intervention and neither the CKD nor the hydronephrosis haven't worsened. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic onlay-flap ureteroplasty using cecal appendix is a feasible and well tolerated procedure for patients with right mid-ureter stricture. However, we must bear in mind the difficulty of these cases and they should be performed in expert centers.

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INTRODUCTION: High intrarenal pressure (IRP) is a potential risk factor for infectious complications related to URS. Methods to lower IRP have been described. However, it is still not possible to assess live IRP values during URS. The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review of the literature regarding endoscopic methods to measure IRP during URS. METHODS: A systematic search and review of Medline, PubMed and Scopus was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta Analysis (PRISMA) checklist and a narrative synthesis of the study results was performed. RESULTS: A total of 19 articles were included in the review. Four non invasive (i.e. endoscopic) methods to measure IRP were reported: ureteral catheter, sensor wire, pressure sensor proximal to an irrigation system and a novel ureteral access sheath that integrates suction, irrigation, and IRP measurement. CONCLUSIONS: We provide here a comprehensive overview of the reported clinical measuring systems of IRP during URS. The ideal system has not been developed yet, but urologists will be able to measure IRP during their daily practice soon. The implications of having this type of data during surgery remains unknown. Systems that could integrate irrigation, suction, IRP and temperature seems to be ideal.

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Purpose: To histologically quantify the different tissues that make up the porcine ureter, (epithelial, connective, and muscular tissue) in the three segments labelled: cranial, middle and caudal, in order to identify the segment most compatible for use as a vascular graft. Methods: Fifteen porcine ureters were collected, divided into the three segments, and the samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, picrosirius red and Weigert's resorcin-fuchsin. The immunohistochemistry technique was applied for alpha-smooth muscle actin. Collagen fibers, muscle, epithelium, and elastic fibers tissue were quantified, in the entire ureter, and divided into hemispheres, comparing the different segments. Results: When comparing hemisphere segments, significant differences were observed (p < 0.01) for collagen and muscle tissue, with the cranial segment presenting the greatest amount of these components when compared to the middle and caudal. No significant difference was observed between the segments when comparing the entire ureters. Conclusions: After comparing the segments by hemisphere, the cranial segment presented a slight advantage for use as a vascular graft due to presenting greater collagen fiber content.

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PURPOSE: Ureteral access sheaths (UAS) are widely used in ureteroscopy. UAS are believed to pose a significant risk for ureteral stenosis due to ureteral mucosal compression, but little evidence supports this claim. Our systematic review aimed to investigate the relationship between different UAS diameters and stenosis risk. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane, from its inception to May 2023. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and Cochrane guidelines were followed. χ2 test was performed to compare the prevalence within the groups. RESULTS: Six nonrandomized trials and one randomized, with a total of 962 patients, were included. The overall incidence of ureteral stenosis of 0.9%. UAS sizes were: 9.5/11.5Fr, 10/12Fr, 11/13Fr, 12/14Fr, and 14/16Fr. Within each subgroup, the incidence of ureteral stenosis was: 0.4, 8, 0, 1, and 1% (p = 0.099). No trend for stenosis was observed among larger UAS. CONCLUSIONS: In this systematic review, no relationship between UAS diameter and incidence of ureteral stenosis was observed. Nonetheless, additional randomized controlled trials are required to support this finding.

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PURPOSE: Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is a prevalent cause of hydronephrosis, especially in young patients. The treatment paradigm for this condition has shifted from open to minimally invasive pyeloplasty. In the present study we describe our initial single centre experience with single port (SP) robot-assisted pyeloplasty (RAP) via periumbilical incision. MATERIAL AND METHODS: With the patient in a 60-degree left flank position, the SP system is docked with the Access port (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA, US) placed in a periumbilical 3 cm incision. Robotic instruments are deployed as follows: camera at 12 o'clock, bipolar grasper at 9 o'clock, scissors at 3 o'clock and Cadiere at 6 o'clock. After isolation and identification of the ureter and the ureteropelvic junction (UPJ), the ureter is transected at this level and then spatulated. Anastomosis is carried out by two hemicontinuous running sutures, over a JJ stent. RESULTS: Between 2021 and 2023, a total of 8 SP RAP have been performed at our institution, with a median (interquartile range, IQR) of 23 years (20.5-36.5). Intraoperative outcomes showed a median (IQR) OT of 210.5 minutes (190-240.5) and a median (IQR) estimated blood loss (EBL) of 50 mL (22.5-50). No postoperative complications were encountered, with a median (IQR) length of stay (LOS) of 31 hours (28.5-34). CONCLUSION: In the present study we evaluated the feasibility and safety of SP RAP. The observed outcomes and potential benefits, combined with the adaptability of the SP platform, hold promising implications for the application of SP system in pyeloplasty treatment.

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INTRODUCTION: There is lack of papers dedicated to the laparoscopic buccal mucosa graft (BMG) ureteroplasty of the complex upper ureteral stricture. The aim of this study is to evaluate the results of laparoscopic BMG ureteroplasty in patients with complex proximal ureteral stricture. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-four patients underwent laparoscopic ventral onlay BMG ureteroplasty for long or recurrent proximal ureteral stricture not amenable to uretero-ureteral anastomosis over 2019-2022. Patient demographics, operative time, estimated blood loss, length of stay, follow-up, intra- and postoperative complication rate and percentage of stricture-free at last visit were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean stricture length was 3.6 cm. The mean operative time was 208.3 min, while mean blood loss was 75.8 mL. The length of hospital stay was 7.3 days. No intraoperative complications were observed. Postoperatively, seven patients developed complications (29.2%). Five patients experienced a Grade II (according to Clavien nomenclature). Two patients developed a Grade IIIa complication, which included leakage of the anastomosis site. The mean follow-up was on the 22 months with stricture free rate 87.5%. CONCLUSION: Patients with proximal ureteral strictures could be effectively treated by laparoscopic ventral onlay ureteroplasty with a buccal mucosa graft.

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PURPOSE: Ureterocalicostomy is a technique that was first described by Neuwirt in 1948 (1) The laparoscopic access was initiated in 2003 by Cherullo et al. (2), following the established principles of open surgery. In 2004, Gill et al. had two patients with UPJO treated with laparoscopic ureterocalicostomy, with success (3). In 2014, Arap et. al. presented a case series with good results in adults and children in our service (4). There are factors that prepare the surgeon for an ureterocalicostomy, such as the renal cortex thickness, although the decision is mainly taken during the procedure (5). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A 24 years-old female patient with right lumbar pain was referred to our institution. She already had a right open pyeloplasty two years ago. The CT scan presented a right hydronephrotic kidney, DMSA scan with 30% of relative function and a DTPA scan with an obstructive pattern. RESULTS: A laparoscopic ureterocalicostomy was performed due to the intra-operative findings (inferior kidney pole thickness and challenging access to the uretero-pelvic junction). The overall time was 130 minutes with no complications. The patient was discharged in two days and the double J was withdrawn in four weeks. The CT scan within one year demonstrates a reduction of the hydronephrosis. She had no more lumbar pain. CONCLUSION: In complex cases, the laparoscopic ureterocalicostomy proves to be a safe and efficient procedure, with a free tension-free anastomosis and the advantages of the laparoscopic access.

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Una niña de 11 años de edad con antecedentes de ano imperforado, infección urinaria y episodios de constipación intermitentes se presentó a la consulta con cólicos abdominales y náuseas de una semana de evolución. Estudios radiológicos revelaron hidrometrocolpos y fusión renal pélvica con uréter único hidronefrótico. El examen vaginal evidenció un tabique transverso no permeable. Se evacuó temporalmente la colección con resolución de los síntomas. La paciente fue programada para cirugía vaginal reconstructiva definitiva. Se destaca en este caso no solo la asociación de malformaciones infrecuentes, sino una sintomatología muy común en la práctica pediátrica a causa de una patología rara vez considerada en el diagnóstico diferencial, y la importancia de una evaluación precoz y completa de este tipo de malformaciones para un tratamiento oportuno.

An 11-year-old girl with a history of imperforate anus, urinary tract infection, and intermittent episodes of constipation presented with abdominal pain and nausea for 1 week. The x-rays revealed hydrometrocolpos and fused pelvic kidney with a single hydronephrotic ureter. The vaginal examination revealed a non-permeable transverse vaginal septum. The collection was temporarily drained and symptoms resolved. The patient was scheduled for definitive vaginal reconstructive surgery. In this case, it is worth noting the association of infrequent malformations and also the signs and symptoms very common in pediatric practice due to a pathology rarely considered in the differential diagnosis, and the importance of an early and complete assessment of this type of malformations for a timely treatment.

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BACKGROUND: We report large biofilm structures that covered almost the entirety of the lumen and surface of double-J stents in two postrenal transplant patients, with no development of urinary tract infection. Biofilm bacteria of one patient were integrated by coccus in a net structure, whereas overlapping cells of bacilli were present in the other patient. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that high-quality images of the architecture of noncrystalline biofilms have been found inside double-J stents from long-term stenting in renal transplant recipients. CASE PRESENTATION: Two renal transplant recipients, a 34-year-old male and a 39-year-old female of Mexican-Mestizo origin, who underwent a first renal transplant and lost it due to allograft failure, had a second transplant. Two months after the surgical procedure, double-J stents were removed and analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). None of the patients had an antecedent of UTI, and none developed UTI after urinary device removal. There were no reports of injuries, encrustation, or discomfort caused by these devices. CONCLUSION: The bacterial biofilm inside the J stent from long-term stenting in renal transplant recipients was mainly concentrated on unique bacteria. Biofilm structures from the outside and inside of stents do not have crystalline phases. Internal biofilms may represent a high number of bacteria in the double-J stent, in the absence of crystals.

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