RESUMEN
Cystatin F (CstF) is a protease inhibitor of cysteine cathepsins, including those involved in activating the perforin/granzyme cytotoxic pathways. It is targeted at the endolysosomal pathway but can also be secreted to the extracellular milieu or endocytosed by bystander cells. CstF was shown to be significantly increased in tuberculous pleurisy, and during HIV coinfection, pleural fluids display high viral loads. In human macrophages, our previous results revealed a strong upregulation of CstF in phagocytes activated by interferon γ or after infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). CstF manipulation using RNA silencing led to increased proteolytic activity of lysosomal cathepsins, improving Mtb intracellular killing. In the present work, we investigate the impact of CstF depletion in macrophages during the coinfection of Mtb-infected phagocytes with lymphocytes infected with HIV. The results indicate that decreasing the CstF released by phagocytes increases the major pro-granzyme convertase cathepsin C of cytotoxic immune cells from peripheral blood-derived lymphocytes. Consequently, an observed augmentation of the granzyme B cytolytic activity leads to a significant reduction in viral replication in HIV-infected CD4+ T-lymphocytes. Ultimately, this knowledge can be crucial for developing new therapeutic approaches to control both pathogens based on manipulating CstF.
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Catepsina C , Coinfección , Granzimas , Infecciones por VIH , Macrófagos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Humanos , Granzimas/metabolismo , Granzimas/genética , Infecciones por VIH/metabolismo , Infecciones por VIH/inmunología , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/inmunología , Macrófagos/microbiología , Macrófagos/virología , Coinfección/microbiología , Catepsina C/metabolismo , Catepsina C/genética , Cistatinas/metabolismo , Cistatinas/genética , Tuberculosis/metabolismo , Tuberculosis/inmunología , Tuberculosis/microbiología , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , VIH-1/fisiología , Biomarcadores de TumorRESUMEN
The ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to tolerate nitric oxide (â¢NO) and superoxide (O2â¢-) produced by phagocytes contributes to its success as a human pathogen. Recombination of â¢NO and O2â¢- generates peroxynitrite (ONOO-), a potent oxidant produced inside activated macrophages causing lethality in diverse organisms. While the response of Mtb toward â¢NO and O2â¢- is well established, how Mtb responds to ONOO- remains unclear. Filling this knowledge gap is important to understand the persistence mechanisms of Mtb during infection. We synthesized a series of compounds that generate both â¢NO and O2â¢-, which should combine to produce ONOO-. From this library, we identified CJ067 that permeates Mtb to reliably enhance intracellular ONOO- levels. CJ067-exposed Mtb strains, including multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) clinical isolates, exhibited dose-dependent, long-lasting oxidative stress and growth inhibition. In contrast, Mycobacterium smegmatis (Msm), a fast-growing, non-pathogenic mycobacterial species, maintained redox balance and growth in response to intracellular ONOO-. RNA-sequencing with Mtb revealed that CJ067 induces antioxidant machinery, sulphur metabolism, metal homeostasis, and a 4Fe-4S cluster repair pathway (suf operon). CJ067 impaired the activity of the 4Fe-4S cluster-containing TCA cycle enzyme, aconitase, and diminished bioenergetics of Mtb. Work with Mtb strains defective in SUF and IscS involved in Fe-S cluster biogenesis pathways showed that both systems cooperatively protect Mtb from intracellular ONOO- in vitro and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-dependent growth inhibition during macrophage infection. Thus, Mtb is uniquely sensitive to intracellular ONOO- and targeting Fe-S cluster homeostasis is expected to promote iNOS-dependent host immunity against tuberculosis (TB).
Asunto(s)
Metabolismo Energético , Homeostasis , Proteínas Hierro-Azufre , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Oxidación-Reducción , Ácido Peroxinitroso , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/metabolismo , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efectos de los fármacos , Ácido Peroxinitroso/metabolismo , Proteínas Hierro-Azufre/metabolismo , Proteínas Hierro-Azufre/genética , Humanos , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo , Mycobacterium smegmatis/metabolismo , Mycobacterium smegmatis/genética , Mycobacterium smegmatis/efectos de los fármacos , Superóxidos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/microbiología , Tuberculosis/microbiología , Tuberculosis/metabolismoRESUMEN
Radiolabelled puromycin analogues will allow the quantification of protein synthesis through nuclear medicine-based imaging. A particularly useful application could be the non-invasive longitudinal visualisation of mycobacterial activity through direct quantification of puromycin binding. This study assesses the value of [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-puromycin in the visualisation of mycobacteria through positron emission tomography combined with magnetic resonance imaging (µPET/MRI). The radiopharmaceutical was produced by previously published and validated methods. [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-Puromycin imaging was performed on severe immunodeficient mice infected with Bacille Calmette-Guérin-derived M. Bovis (BCG). Acute and chronic infection stages were examined by µPET/MRI. A follow-up group of animals acted as controls (animals bearing S. aureus-derived infection and sterile inflammation) to assess tracer selectivity. [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-puromycin-µPET/MRI images revealed the acute, widespread infection within the right upper shoulder and armpit. Also, [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-puromycin signal sensitivity measured after a 12-week period was lower than that of [18F]FDG-PET in the same animals. A suitable correlation between normalised uptake values (NUV) and gold standard histopathological analysis confirms accurate tracer accumulation in viable bacteria. The radiopharmaceutical showed infection selectivity over inflammation but accumulated in both M. Bovis and S. Aureus, lacking pathogen specificity. Overall, [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-puromycin exhibits potential as a tool for non-invasive protein synthesis visualization, albeit without pathogen selectivity.
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Radioisótopos de Galio , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Mycobacterium bovis , Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones , Radiofármacos , Animales , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones/métodos , Ratones , Radiofármacos/química , Compuestos Organometálicos , Compuestos Heterocíclicos con 1 Anillo/química , Ratones SCID , Femenino , Tuberculosis/diagnóstico por imagen , Tuberculosis/microbiología , Tuberculosis/metabolismo , Infecciones por Mycobacterium/diagnóstico por imagen , Infecciones por Mycobacterium/microbiologíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) co-infection presents significant challenges due to the complex interplay between these diseases, leading to exacerbated metabolic disturbances. Understanding these metabolic profiles is crucial for improving diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to characterise the urinary acylcarnitine and amino acid profiles, including 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), in patients co-infected with HIV and TB using targeted liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) metabolomics. METHODS: Urine samples, categorised into HIV, TB, HIV/TB co-infected, and healthy controls, were analysed using HPLC-MS/MS. Statistical analyses included one-way ANOVA and a Kruskal-Wallis test to determine significant differences in the acylcarnitine and amino acid profiles between groups. RESULTS: The study revealed significant metabolic alterations, especially in TB and co-infected groups. Elevated levels of medium-chain acylcarnitines indicated increased fatty acid oxidation, commonly associated with cachexia in TB. Altered amino acid profiles suggested disruptions in protein and glucose metabolism, indicating a shift towards diabetes-like metabolic states. Notably, TB was identified as a primary driver of these changes, affecting protein turnover, and impacting energy metabolism in co-infected patients. CONCLUSION: The metabolic profiling of HIV/TB co-infection highlights the profound impact of TB on metabolic pathways, which may exacerbate the clinical complexities of co-infection. Understanding these metabolic disruptions can guide the development of targeted treatments and improve management strategies, ultimately enhancing the clinical outcomes for these patients. Further research is required to validate these findings and explore their implications in larger, diverse populations.
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Aminoácidos , Carnitina , Coinfección , Infecciones por VIH , Metabolómica , Tuberculosis , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Aminoácidos/orina , Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Carnitina/análogos & derivados , Carnitina/orina , Carnitina/metabolismo , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Coinfección/orina , Coinfección/metabolismo , Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Infecciones por VIH/orina , Infecciones por VIH/metabolismo , Cromatografía Líquida con Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Metabolómica/métodos , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem/métodos , Tuberculosis/orina , Tuberculosis/metabolismoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Amid the global health crisis, HIV/TB co-infection presents significant challenges, amplifying the burden on patients and healthcare systems alike. Metabolomics offers an innovative window into the metabolic disruptions caused by co-infection, potentially improving diagnosis and treatment monitoring. AIM: This study uses untargeted metabolomics to investigate the urinary metabolic signature of HIV/TB co-infection, enhancing understanding of the metabolic interplay between these infections. METHODS: Urine samples from South African adults, categorised into four groups - healthy controls, TB-positive, HIV-positive, and HIV/TB co-infected - were analysed using GCxGC-TOFMS. Metabolites showing significant differences among groups were identified through Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon rank sum tests. RESULTS: Various metabolites (n = 23) were modulated across the spectrum of health and disease states represented in the cohorts. The metabolomic profiles reflect a pronounced disruption in biochemical pathways involved in energy production, amino acid metabolism, gut microbiome, and the immune response, suggesting a bidirectional exacerbation between HIV and TB. While both diseases independently perturb the host's metabolism, their co-infection leads to a unique metabolic phenotype, indicative of an intricate interplay rather than a simple additive effect. CONCLUSION: Metabolic profiling revealed a unique metabolic landscape shaped by HIV/TB co-infection. The findings highlight the potential of urinary differential metabolites for co-infection, offering a non-invasive tool for enhancing diagnostic precision and tailoring therapeutic interventions. Future research should focus on expanding sample sizes and integrating longitudinal analyses to build upon these foundational insights, paving the way for metabolomic applications in combating these concurrent pandemics.
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Coinfección , Infecciones por VIH , Metabolómica , Tuberculosis , Humanos , Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Infecciones por VIH/metabolismo , Infecciones por VIH/orina , Metabolómica/métodos , Coinfección/metabolismo , Adulto , Masculino , Tuberculosis/metabolismo , Tuberculosis/orina , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Metaboloma , Biomarcadores/orinaRESUMEN
Infection with Mycobacterium bovis precipitates a spectrum of pathologies in bovines, notably necrotic pneumonia, mastitis, and arthritis, impinging upon the health and nutritional assimilation of these animals. A pivotal factor, lipocalin 2 (Lcn2), is responsive to microbial invasion, inflammatory processes, and tissue damage, the extent of which Lcn2 modulates the gut environment, however, remains unclear in response to M. bovis-induced alterations. To explore the role of Lcn2 in shaping the gut milieu of mice during a 5-week period post-M. bovis infection, Lcn2 knockout Lcn2-/- mice were scrutinized for changes in the gut microbiota and metabolomic profiles. Results showed that Lcn2-/- mice infected with M. bovis exhibited notable shifts in the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of gut microbiota, alongside significant disparities in α and ß diversity. Concomitantly, a marked increase was observed during the 5-week period in the abundance of Akkermansia, Oscillospira, and Bacteroides, coupled with a substantial decrease in Ruminococcus within the microbiome of Lcn2 knockout mice. Notably, Akkermansia muciniphila was significantly enriched in the gut flora of Lcn2-/- mice. Furthermore, the absence of Lcn2 significantly altered the gut metabolomic landscape, evidenced by elevated levels of metabolites such as taurodeoxycholic acid, 10-undecenoic acid, azelaic acid, and dodecanedioic acid in Lcn2-/- mice. Our findings demonstrated that the lack of Lcn2 in the context of M. bovis infection profoundly affected the regulation of gut microbiota and metabolomic components, culminating in a transformed gut environment. Our results revealed that Lcn2 may regulate gut microbiota and metabolome components, changing the intestinal environment, thereby affecting the infection status of M. bovis. IMPORTANCE: Our study addresses the critical knowledge gap regarding the specific influence of lipocalin 2 (LCN2) in the context of Mycobacterium bovis infection, particularly focusing on its role in the gut environment. Utilizing LCN2 knockout (Lcn2-/-) mice, we meticulously assessed changes in the gut microbiota and metabolic components following M. bovis infection. Our findings reveal alterations in the gut microbial community, emphasizing the potentially crucial role of LCN2 in maintaining stability. Furthermore, we observed significant shifts in specific microbial communities, including the enrichment of Akkermansia muciniphila, known for its positive impact on intestinal health and immune regulation. The implications of our study extend beyond understanding the dynamics of the gut microbiome, offering insights into the potential therapeutic strategies for gut-related health conditions and microbial dysbiosis.
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Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Lipocalina 2 , Metaboloma , Ratones Noqueados , Mycobacterium bovis , Animales , Lipocalina 2/genética , Lipocalina 2/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Tuberculosis/microbiología , Tuberculosis/genética , Tuberculosis/metabolismo , Tuberculosis/inmunología , FemeninoRESUMEN
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infection diagnosis remains a challenge due to its overlapping clinical symptoms with tuberculosis (TB), leading to inappropriate treatment. Herein, we employed noninvasive metabolic phenotyping coupled with comprehensive statistical modeling to discover potential biomarkers for the differential diagnosis of NTM infection versus TB. Urine samples from 19 NTM and 35 TB patients were collected, and untargeted metabolomics was performed using rapid liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The urine metabolome was analyzed using a combination of univariate and multivariate statistical approaches, incorporating machine learning. Univariate analysis revealed significant alterations in amino acids, especially tryptophan metabolism, in NTM infection compared to TB. Specifically, NTM infection was associated with upregulated levels of methionine but downregulated levels of glutarate, valine, 3-hydroxyanthranilate, and tryptophan. Five machine learning models were used to classify NTM and TB. Notably, the random forest model demonstrated excellent performance [area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve greater than 0.8] in distinguishing NTM from TB. Six potential biomarkers for NTM infection diagnosis, including methionine, valine, glutarate, 3-hydroxyanthranilate, corticosterone, and indole-3-carboxyaldehyde, were revealed from univariate ROC analysis and machine learning models. Altogether, our study suggested new noninvasive biomarkers and laid a foundation for applying machine learning to NTM differential diagnosis.
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Biomarcadores , Aprendizaje Automático , Metabolómica , Infecciones por Mycobacterium no Tuberculosas , Tuberculosis , Humanos , Metabolómica/métodos , Masculino , Biomarcadores/orina , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Tuberculosis/orina , Tuberculosis/diagnóstico , Tuberculosis/microbiología , Tuberculosis/metabolismo , Infecciones por Mycobacterium no Tuberculosas/orina , Infecciones por Mycobacterium no Tuberculosas/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Mycobacterium no Tuberculosas/microbiología , Micobacterias no Tuberculosas , Anciano , Adulto , Metaboloma , Curva ROC , Diagnóstico DiferencialRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To analyze the causal relationship between 486 human serum metabolites and the active tuberculosis (ATB) in European population. METHODS: In this study, the causal relationship between human serum metabolites and the ATB was analyzed by integrating the genome-wide association study (GWAS). The 486 human serum metabolites were used as the exposure variable, three different ATB GWAS databases in the European population were set as outcome variables, and single nucleotide polymorphisms were used as instrumental variables for Mendelian Randomization. The inverse variance weighting was estimated causality, the MR-Egger intercept to estimate horizontal pleiotropy, and the combined effects of metabolites were also considered in the meta-analysis. Furthermore, the web-based MetaboAnalyst 6.0 was engaged for enrichment pathway analysis, while R (version 4.3.2) software and Review Manager 5.3 were employed for statistical analysis. RESULTS: A total of 21, 17, and 19 metabolites strongly associated with ATB were found in the three databases after preliminary screening (P < 0.05). The intersecting metabolites across these databases included tryptophan, betaine, 1-linoleoylglycerol (1-monolinolein) (1-LG), 1-eicosatrienoylglycerophosphocholine, and oleoylcarnitine. Among them, betaine (I2 = 24%, P = 0.27) and 1-LG (I2 = 0%, P = 0.62) showed the lowest heterogeneity among the different ATB databases. In addition, the metabolic pathways of phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis (P = 0.0068), methionine metabolism (P = 0.0089), betaine metabolism (P = 0.0205) and oxidation of branched-chain fatty acids (P = 0.0309) were also associated with ATB. CONCLUSION: Betaine and 1-LG may be biomarkers or auxiliary diagnostic tools for ATB. They may provide new guidance for medical practice in the early diagnosis and surveillance of ATB. In addition, by interfering with phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis, methionine metabolism, betaine metabolism, oxidation of branched-chain fatty acids, and other pathways, it is helpful to develop new anti-tuberculosis drugs and explore the virulence or pathogenesis of ATB at a deeper level, providing an effective reference for future studies.
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Betaína , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Tuberculosis , Humanos , Betaína/sangre , Betaína/metabolismo , Tuberculosis/genética , Tuberculosis/sangre , Tuberculosis/metabolismo , Europa (Continente) , Población Blanca/genética , Metabolómica/métodosRESUMEN
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) has recently gained prominence for its ability to provide molecular and spatial information in tissue sections. This technology has the potential to uncover novel insights into proteins and other molecules in biological and immunological pathways activated along diseases with a complex host-pathogen interaction, such as animal tuberculosis. Thus, the present study conducted a data analysis of protein signature in granulomas of cattle and pigs naturally infected with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC), identifying biological and immunological signaling pathways activated throughout the disease. Lymph nodes from four pigs and four cattle, positive for the MTC by bacteriological culture and/or real-time PCR, were processed for histopathological examination and MALDI-MSI. Protein identities were assigned using the MaTisse database, and protein-protein interaction networks were visualized using the STRING database. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis was carried out to determine biological and immunological signaling pathways in which these proteins could participate together with Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. Distinct proteomic profiles between cattle and pig granulomas were displayed. Noteworthy, the GO analysis revealed also common pathways among both species, such as "Complement activation, alternative pathway" and "Tricarboxylic acid cycle", which highlight pathways that are conserved among different species infected by the MTC. In addition, species-specific terms were identified in the current study, such as "Natural killer cell degranulation" in cattle or those related to platelet and neutrophil recruitment and activation in pigs. Overall, this study provides insights into the immunopathogenesis of tuberculosis in cattle and pigs, opening new areas of research and highlighting the importance, among others, of the complement activation pathway and the regulation of natural killer cell- and neutrophil-mediated immunity in this disease.
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Granuloma , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Proteómica , Espectrometría de Masa por Láser de Matriz Asistida de Ionización Desorción , Tuberculosis , Animales , Porcinos , Espectrometría de Masa por Láser de Matriz Asistida de Ionización Desorción/veterinaria , Bovinos , Proteómica/métodos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/inmunología , Tuberculosis/inmunología , Tuberculosis/veterinaria , Tuberculosis/microbiología , Tuberculosis/metabolismo , Granuloma/inmunología , Granuloma/microbiología , Granuloma/metabolismo , Granuloma/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiología , Mapas de Interacción de Proteínas , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno/inmunología , Proteoma , Transducción de SeñalRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: To delineate alterations in DNA methylation at high resolution within the genomic profile of monocyte-derived-dendritic cells (mo-DCs) in connection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection, with particular emphasis on pro/ anti-inflammatory genes. METHODS: In the context of this investigation, mo-DCs were infected by various active strains of MTB (Rifampicin-resistant [RIFR], H37Rv, multidrug-resistant [MDR], and extensively drug-resistant [XDR]). Subsequently, the pro/anti-inflammatory hub gene expression levels within the IL-6, IL-12, IFN-γ, IL-1ß, TNF-α, and IL-10 pathways were evaluated employing real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Additionally, the effects of MTB infection on mo-DC protein expression were examined through western blot analysis. The methylation status (%) of TNF-α and IL-10 was considered through Methylation Sensitive-High Resolution Melting (MS-HRM). RESULTS: The results revealed an up-regulation of all pro-inflammatory genes among all groups, with TNF-α exhibiting the highest expression level. Conversely, the anti-inflammatory gene (IL-10) showed a down-regulated expression level. Furthermore, the DNA methylation status (%) of TNF-α decreased significantly among all the groups (P < 0.001), although there were no notable distinctions in the DNA methylation status (%) of IL-10 when compared to the control group (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: MTB infection induces DNA methylation changes in mo-DCs. The hypo-methylation of TNF-α may induce the up-regulation of this gene. This correlation revealed that the more resistant the MTB strain (XDR) is, the lower the methylation status (%) in the TNF-α gene.
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Citocinas , Metilación de ADN , Células Dendríticas , Epigénesis Genética , Monocitos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculosis , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/inmunología , Humanos , Citocinas/metabolismo , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Monocitos/metabolismo , Tuberculosis/microbiología , Tuberculosis/genética , Tuberculosis/inmunología , Tuberculosis/metabolismo , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Interleucina-10/genéticaRESUMEN
Tuberculosis and AIDS remain two of the most relevant human infectious diseases. The pathogens that cause them, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and HIV, individually elicit an immune response that treads the line between beneficial and detrimental to the host. Co-infection further complexifies this response since the different cytokines acting on one infection might facilitate the dissemination of the other. In these responses, the role of type I interferons is often associated with antiviral mechanisms, while for bacteria such as Mtb, their importance and clinical relevance as a suitable target for manipulation are more controversial. In this article, we review the recent knowledge on how these interferons play distinct roles and sometimes have opposite consequences depending on the stage of the pathogenesis. We highlight the dichotomy between the acute and chronic infections displayed by both infections and how type I interferons contribute to an initial control of each infection individually, while their chronic induction, particularly during HIV infection, might facilitate Mtb primo-infection and progression to disease. We expect that further findings and their systematization will allow the definition of windows of opportunity for interferon manipulation according to the stage of infection, contributing to pathogen clearance and control of immunopathology.
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Infecciones por VIH , Interferón Tipo I , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculosis , Humanos , Interferón Tipo I/metabolismo , Interferón Tipo I/inmunología , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/inmunología , Infecciones por VIH/inmunología , Infecciones por VIH/microbiología , Tuberculosis/inmunología , Tuberculosis/microbiología , Tuberculosis/metabolismo , Coinfección/inmunología , Coinfección/microbiología , AnimalesRESUMEN
Protein acetylation and deacetylation are key epigenetic modifications that regulate the initiation and development of several diseases. In the context of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), these processes are essential for host-pathogen interactions and immune responses. However, the specific effects of acetylation and deacetylation on cellular functions during M. tb infection are not fully understood. This study employed Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) labeling for quantitative proteomic profiling to examine the acetylproteome (acetylome) profiles of noninfected and M. tb-infected macrophages. We identified 715 acetylated peptides from 1,072 proteins and quantified 544 lysine acetylation sites (Kac) in 402 proteins in noninfected and M. tb-infected macrophages. Our research revealed a link between acetylation events and metabolic changes during M. tb infection. Notably, the deacetylation of heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), a key chaperone protein, was significantly associated with this process. Specifically, the deacetylation of HSP60 at K96 by sirtuin3 (SIRT3) enhances macrophage apoptosis, leading to the elimination of intracellular M. tb. These findings underscore the pivotal role of the SIRT3-HSP60 axis in the host immune response to M. tb. This study offers a new perspective on host protein acetylation and suggests that targeting host-directed therapies could be a promising approach for tuberculosis immunotherapy. IMPORTANCE: Protein acetylation is crucial for the onset, development, and outcome of tuberculosis (TB). Our study comprehensively investigated the dynamics of lysine acetylation during M. tb infection, shedding light on the intricate host-pathogen interactions that underlie the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Using an advanced quantitative lysine proteomics approach, different profiles of acetylation sites and proteins in macrophages infected with M. tb were identified. Functional enrichment and protein-protein network analyses revealed significant associations between acetylated proteins and key cellular pathways, highlighting their critical role in the host response to M. tb infection. Furthermore, the deacetylation of HSP60 and its influence on macrophage-mediated clearance of M. tb underscore the functional significance of acetylation in tuberculosis pathogenesis. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the regulatory mechanisms governing host immune responses to M. tb infection and offers promising avenues for developing novel therapeutic interventions against TB.
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Chaperonina 60 , Lisina , Macrófagos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Proteómica , Sirtuina 3 , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/metabolismo , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/inmunología , Acetilación , Lisina/metabolismo , Sirtuina 3/metabolismo , Sirtuina 3/genética , Chaperonina 60/metabolismo , Chaperonina 60/genética , Macrófagos/microbiología , Macrófagos/inmunología , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Humanos , Tuberculosis/microbiología , Tuberculosis/inmunología , Tuberculosis/metabolismo , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno , Procesamiento Proteico-Postraduccional , Apoptosis , Proteínas MitocondrialesRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: High proportions of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cells in sputum containing triacylglycerol-rich lipid bodies have been shown to be associated with treatment failure or relapse following antituberculous chemotherapy. Although lipid body determination is a potential biomarker for supporting clinical trial and treatment decisions, factors influencing variability in sputum frequencies of lipid body-positive (%LB+) M tuberculosis in patients are unknown. We aimed to test our hypothesis that exposure to host-generated NO and M tuberculosis strains are factors associated with differences in sputum %LB+. METHODS: In this observational study, we determined %LB+ frequencies before treatment by microscopy in patients with smear-positive tuberculosis from two separate prospective observational study settings (Gondar, Ethiopia, recruited between May 1, 2010, and April 30, 2011, and Fajara, The Gambia, who provided sputum samples before treatment between May 5, 2010, and Dec 22, 2011). In Ethiopia, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) was measured as a biomarker of host NO, and M tuberculosis strain differences were determined by spoligotyping. Treatment response was assessed by percentage weight change after 7 months. In The Gambia, treatment responses were assessed as change in BMI and radiographic burden of disease after 6 months. Sputum M tuberculosis isolates were studied in vitro for their %LB+ and triacylglycerol synthase 1 (tgs1) mRNA responses to NO exposure. Propidium iodide staining was used as a measure of NO strain toxicity. Correlation between in vitro %LB+ frequencies following NO exposure and those of the same strain in sputum was examined with linear regression and Dunnett's multiple comparison test. FINDINGS: In Ethiopia, 73 patients who were smear positive for pulmonary tuberculosis were recruited (43 [59%] were male and 30 [41%] were female). Of these, the %LB+ in the sputum of 59 patients showed linear correlation with log10 FeNO (r2=0·28; p<0·0001) and an association with strain spoligotype was suggested. Seven M tuberculosis strains from The Gambia showed different dose-responses to NO in vitro, demonstrated by changing lipid body content, tgs1 transcription, and bacterial toxicity. In sputum %LB+ frequencies correlated with in vitro %LB+ responses to NO of the corresponding isolate. In a subset of 34 patients across both cohorts, higher sputum %LB+ frequencies before treatment were associated with weaker responses to treatment than lower sputum %LB+ frequencies. INTERPRETATION: M tuberculosis strain and exposure to host-generated NO are associated with sputum %LB+. Our results support the use of M tuberculosis strain-dependent sputum %LB+ as a predictive biomarker of treatment response. FUNDING: The Medical Research Council, the University of Leicester, and the University of Gondar.
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Gotas Lipídicas , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Esputo , Tuberculosis Pulmonar , Humanos , Esputo/microbiología , Masculino , Gambia , Femenino , Adulto , Estudios Prospectivos , Etiopía , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/microbiología , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/tratamiento farmacológico , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/metabolismo , Gotas Lipídicas/metabolismo , Persona de Mediana Edad , Antituberculosos/uso terapéutico , Antituberculosos/farmacología , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/análisis , Adulto Joven , Tuberculosis/microbiología , Tuberculosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Tuberculosis/metabolismo , Interacciones Huésped-PatógenoRESUMEN
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that remains one of the major global public health concerns. Early detection of Active Pulmonary TB is therefore of utmost importance for controlling lethality and disease spreading. Currently available TB diagnostics can be broadly categorized into microscopy, culture-based, and molecular approaches, all of which come with compromised sensitivity, limited efficacy, and high expenses. Hence, rapid, sensitive, and affordable diagnostic methods for TB is the current prerequisite for disease management. This review summarizes the proteomics investigations for host-specific biomarkers from serum, sputum, saliva, and urine samples of TB patients, along with patients having comorbidity. Thorough data mining from available literature led us to conclude that the host-specific proteins involved in immunity and defense, metabolic regulation, cellular adhesion, and motility, inflammatory responses, and tissue remodelling have shown significant deregulation upon Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Notably, the immunoregulatory protein orosomucoid (ORM) was up-regulated in active TB compared to non-TB individuals, as observed in multiple studies from diverse sample types. Mannose receptor C type 2 (MRC2) was identified as an upregulated, treatment response biomarker in two independent serum proteomics investigations. Thorough mechanistic investigation on these candidate proteins would be fascinating to dig into potential drug targets and customized therapeutics for TB patients, along with their diagnostic potentials.
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Biomarcadores , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Proteómica , Humanos , Biomarcadores/sangre , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/análisis , Proteómica/métodos , Tuberculosis/diagnóstico , Tuberculosis/sangre , Tuberculosis/metabolismo , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/sangre , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/metabolismoRESUMEN
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is an intracellular pathogen capable of adapting and surviving within macrophages, utilizing host nutrients for its growth and replication. Cholesterol is the main carbon source during the infection process of Mtb. Cholesterol metabolism in macrophages is tightly associated with cell functions such as phagocytosis of pathogens, antigen presentation, inflammatory responses, and tissue repair. Research has shown that Mtb infection increases the uptake of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and cholesterol by macrophages, and enhances de novo cholesterol synthesis in macrophages. Excessive cholesterol is converted into cholesterol esters, while the degradation of cholesterol esters in macrophages is inhibited by Mtb. Furthermore, Mtb infection suppresses the expression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in macrophages, impeding cholesterol efflux. These alterations result in the massive accumulation of cholesterol in macrophages, promoting the formation of lipid droplets and foam cells, which ultimately facilitates the persistent survival of Mtb and the progression of tuberculosis (TB), including granuloma formation, tissue cavitation, and systemic dissemination. Mtb infection may also promote the conversion of cholesterol into oxidized cholesterol within macrophages, with the oxidized cholesterol exhibiting anti-Mtb activity. Recent drug development has discovered that reducing cholesterol levels in macrophages can inhibit the invasion of Mtb into macrophages and increase the permeability of anti-tuberculosis drugs. The development of drugs targeting cholesterol metabolic pathways in macrophages, as well as the modification of existing drugs, holds promise for the development of more efficient anti-tuberculosis medications.
Asunto(s)
Colesterol , Macrófagos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculosis , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/inmunología , Colesterol/metabolismo , Humanos , Macrófagos/inmunología , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/microbiología , Tuberculosis/inmunología , Tuberculosis/metabolismo , Tuberculosis/microbiología , Animales , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno/inmunología , Antituberculosos/farmacología , Antituberculosos/uso terapéutico , Metabolismo de los LípidosRESUMEN
Tuberculosis (TB) remains the second leading cause of death from a single infectious agent and long-term medication could lead to antituberculosis drug-induced liver injury (ATB-DILI). We established a prospective longitudinal cohort of ATB-DILI with multiple timepoint blood sampling and used untargeted metabolomics to analyze the metabolic profiles of 107 plasma samples from healthy controls and newly diagnosed TB patients who either developed ATB-DILI within 2 months of anti-TB treatment (ATB-DILI subjects) or completed their treatment without any adverse drug reaction (ATB-Ctrl subjects). The untargeted metabolome revealed that 77 metabolites (of 895 total) were significantly changed with ATB-DILI progression. Among them, levels of multiple fatty acids and bile acids significantly increased over time in ATB-DILI subjects. Meanwhile, metabolites of the same class were highly correlated with each other and pathway analysis indicated both fatty acids metabolism and bile acids metabolism were up-regulated with ATB-DILI progression. The targeted metabolome further validated that 5 fatty acids had prediction capability at the early stage of the disease and 6 bile acids had a better diagnostic performance when ATB-DILI occurred. These findings provide evidence indicating that fatty acids metabolism and bile acids metabolism play a vital role during ATB-DILI progression. Our report adds a dynamic perspective better to understand the pathological process of ATB-DILI in clinical settings.
Asunto(s)
Antituberculosos , Biomarcadores , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas , Metabolómica , Humanos , Antituberculosos/efectos adversos , Masculino , Metabolómica/métodos , Femenino , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/sangre , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/diagnóstico , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/metabolismo , Estudios Longitudinales , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Biomarcadores/sangre , Estudios Prospectivos , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Tuberculosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Tuberculosis/sangre , Tuberculosis/metabolismo , Ácidos y Sales Biliares/sangre , Ácidos y Sales Biliares/metabolismoRESUMEN
Tuberculosis remains a large global disease burden for which treatment regimens are protracted and monitoring of disease activity difficult. Existing detection methods rely almost exclusively on bacterial culture from sputum which limits sampling to organisms on the pulmonary surface. Advances in monitoring tuberculous lesions have utilized the common glucoside [18F]FDG, yet lack specificity to the causative pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and so do not directly correlate with pathogen viability. Here we show that a close mimic that is also positron-emitting of the non-mammalian Mtb disaccharide trehalose - 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxytrehalose ([18F]FDT) - is a mechanism-based reporter of Mycobacteria-selective enzyme activity in vivo. Use of [18F]FDT in the imaging of Mtb in diverse models of disease, including non-human primates, successfully co-opts Mtb-mediated processing of trehalose to allow the specific imaging of TB-associated lesions and to monitor the effects of treatment. A pyrogen-free, direct enzyme-catalyzed process for its radiochemical synthesis allows the ready production of [18F]FDT from the most globally-abundant organic 18F-containing molecule, [18F]FDG. The full, pre-clinical validation of both production method and [18F]FDT now creates a new, bacterium-selective candidate for clinical evaluation. We anticipate that this distributable technology to generate clinical-grade [18F]FDT directly from the widely-available clinical reagent [18F]FDG, without need for either custom-made radioisotope generation or specialist chemical methods and/or facilities, could now usher in global, democratized access to a TB-specific PET tracer.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones , Trehalosa , Tuberculosis , Animales , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/metabolismo , Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones/métodos , Trehalosa/metabolismo , Tuberculosis/diagnóstico por imagen , Tuberculosis/microbiología , Tuberculosis/metabolismo , Humanos , Ratones , Radioisótopos de Flúor , Fluorodesoxiglucosa F18/metabolismo , Fluorodesoxiglucosa F18/química , Radiofármacos/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , FemeninoRESUMEN
During tuberculosis (TB), migration of dendritic cells (DCs) from the site of infection to the draining lymph nodes is known to be impaired, hindering the rapid development of protective T-cell-mediated immunity. However, the mechanisms involved in the delayed migration of DCs during TB are still poorly defined. Here, we found that infection of DCs with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) triggers HIF1A-mediated aerobic glycolysis in a TLR2-dependent manner, and that this metabolic profile is essential for DC migration. In particular, the lactate dehydrogenase inhibitor oxamate and the HIF1A inhibitor PX-478 abrogated Mtb-induced DC migration in vitro to the lymphoid tissue-specific chemokine CCL21, and in vivo to lymph nodes in mice. Strikingly, we found that although monocytes from TB patients are inherently biased toward glycolysis metabolism, they differentiate into poorly glycolytic and poorly migratory DCs compared with healthy subjects. Taken together, these data suggest that because of their preexisting glycolytic state, circulating monocytes from TB patients are refractory to differentiation into migratory DCs, which may explain the delayed migration of these cells during the disease and opens avenues for host-directed therapies for TB.
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Movimiento Celular , Células Dendríticas , Glucólisis , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia , Monocitos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculosis , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Células Dendríticas/inmunología , Monocitos/metabolismo , Monocitos/inmunología , Humanos , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/metabolismo , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/inmunología , Animales , Tuberculosis/inmunología , Tuberculosis/metabolismo , Tuberculosis/microbiología , Ratones , Receptor Toll-Like 2/metabolismo , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , FemeninoRESUMEN
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), the causative agent of Tuberculosis, is an intracellular bacterium well known for its ability to subvert host energy and metabolic pathways to maintain its intracellular survival. For this purpose, the bacteria utilize various mechanisms of which extracellular vehicles (EVs) related mechanisms attracted more attention. EVs are nanosized particles that are released by almost all cell types containing active biomolecules from the cell of origin and can target bioactive pathways in the recipient cells upon uptake. It is hypothesized that M.tb dictates the processes of host EV biogenesis pathways, selectively incorporating its molecules into the host EV to direct immune responses in its favor. During infection with Mtb, both mycobacteria and host cells release EVs. The composition of these EVs varies over time, influenced by the physiological and nutritional state of the host environment. Additionally, different EV populations contribute differently to the pathogenesis of disease at various stages of illness participating in a complex interplay between host cells and pathogens. These interactions ultimately influence immune responses and disease outcomes. However, the precise mechanisms and roles of EVs in pathogenicity and disease outcomes remain to be fully elucidated. In this review, we explored the properties and function of EVs in the context of M.tb infection within the host microenvironment and discussed their capacity as a novel therapeutic strategy to combat tuberculosis.
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Vesículas Extracelulares , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculosis , Vesículas Extracelulares/metabolismo , Vesículas Extracelulares/inmunología , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/inmunología , Humanos , Tuberculosis/inmunología , Tuberculosis/microbiología , Tuberculosis/metabolismo , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno/inmunología , AnimalesRESUMEN
The PE and PPE family proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is exclusively found in pathogenic Mycobacterium species, comprising approximately 8-10 % of the Mtb genome. These emerging virulent factors have been observed to play pivotal roles in Mtb pathogenesis and immune evasion through various strategies. These immunogenic proteins are known to modulate the host immune response and cell-death pathways by targeting the powerhouse of the cell, the mitochondria to support Mtb survival. In this article, we are focused on how PE/PPE family proteins target host mitochondria to induce mitochondrial perturbations, modulate the levels of cellular ROS (Reactive oxygen species) and control cell death pathways. We observed that the time of expression of these proteins at different stages of infection is crucial for elucidating their impact on the cell death pathways and eventually on the outcome of infection. This article focuses on understanding the contributions of the PE/PPE proteins by unravelling the triad of host mitochondria, oxidative stress and cell death pathways that facilitate the Mtb persistence. Understanding the role of these proteins in host cellular pathways and the intricate mechanisms paves the way for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to combat TB infections.