RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: This study determined the main dietary sources of urinary molybdenum (Mo) concentrations in a sample of 124 pregnant women in Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dietary data was collected during pregnancy, through a semi-qualitative food frequency questionnaire, with information of 84 foods. Urine Mo levels were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry, for at least two trimesters of pregnancy. The associations with Mo levels were estimated by generalized mixed effect regression models. RESULTS: Between 5.8 to 12.7% of the samples were above the 95th percentile of urinary Mo distribution reported by National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009-2010 for women (151 µg/L and 148 µg/g creatinine). After bootstrap resampling was conducted, women with high-consumption of hot peppers (ß=1.34µg/g; 95% CI: 1.00-1.80; p= 0.05) had marginally higher urinary Mo concentration levels, creatinine adjusted, compared to women with low-consumption. CONCLUSION.: Hot chili pepper consumption may contribute to body burden Mo levels in this population.
Asunto(s)
Dieta , Molibdeno/orina , Adulto , Capsicum/química , Conducta Alimentaria , Femenino , Humanos , México , Molibdeno/farmacocinética , Molibdeno/toxicidad , Proyectos Piloto , Embarazo , Trimestres del Embarazo/orina , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , Factores Socioeconómicos , Espectrofotometría Atómica , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Abstract: Objective: This study determined the main dietary sources of urinary molybdenum (Mo) concentrations in a sample of 124 pregnant women in Mexico. Materials and methods: Dietary data was collected during pregnancy, through a semi-qualitative food frequency questionnaire, with information of 84 foods. Urine Mo levels were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry, for at least two trimesters of pregnancy. The associations with Mo levels were estimated by generalized mixed effect regression models. Results: Between 5.8 to 12.7% of the samples were above the 95th percentile of urinary Mo distribution reported by National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009-2010 for women (151 μg/L and 148 μg/g creatinine). After bootstrap resampling was conducted, women with high-consumption of hot peppers (β=1.34μg/g; 95% CI: 1.00-1.80; p= 0.05) had marginally higher urinary Mo concentration levels, creatinine adjusted, compared to women with low-consumption. Conclusion. Hot chili pepper consumption may contribute to body burden Mo levels in this population.
Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar las fuentes dietéticas de molibdeno (Mo) urinario en 124 mujeres embarazadas residentes en el estado de Morelos, México. Material y métodos: Mediante un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de 84 alimentos, se obtuvo información dietética durante el embarazo. Las concentraciones urinarias de Mo se determinaron por espectrometría de absorción atómica, en al menos dos trimestres del embarazo. La asociación se estimó mediante modelos de efectos mixtos generalizados. Resultados: Entre 5.8 y 12.7% de las muestras superaron el P95 (151 µg/L y 148 µg/g creatinina) de la distribución de Mo urinario reportado para mujeres por la Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición y Salud de Estados Unidos (NHANES) 2009-2010. El mayor consumo de chile (β=1.34μg/g; IC95%: 1.00-1.80; p=0.05) se asoció con concentraciones marginalmente mayores de Mo. Conclusión: Probablemente debido a los fertilizantes o el sistema de riego utilizado en su cultivo, el consumo de chile es una posible fuente de exposición a Mo, en esta población.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Embarazo , Adulto , Adulto Joven , Dieta , Molibdeno/orina , Trimestres del Embarazo/orina , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , Factores Socioeconómicos , Espectrofotometría Atómica , Capsicum/química , Proyectos Piloto , Conducta Alimentaria , México , Molibdeno/toxicidad , Molibdeno/farmacocinéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Iodine nutrition during pregnancy has become an important public health concern because of the deleterious impact of iodine deficiency on brain development during fetal and early postnatal life. Iodine nutrition status can be assessed in a population by the median urinary iodine concentration (UIC). World Health Organization, the United Nations Children's Fund, and the International Council for Iodine Deficiency Disorders have established that a median of UIC between 150 and 249 µg/L in pregnant women indicates an adequate iodine intake. The aim of this study was to assess iodine nutrition status in Mexican pregnant women. METHODS: Two hundred ninety-four pregnant women receiving prenatal care in the Public Medical Units of the State Ministry of Health for each pregnancy trimester (first, n=60; second, n=103; and third, n=131) in Queretaro, Mexico, were enrolled to assess UIC by the Sandell-Kholtoff method. RESULTS: The median of UIC was 273, 285, and 231 µg/L in the first, second, and third trimesters of gestation, respectively. Globally, the median (range) of UIC was 260 (5-1320) µg/L, and the percentage of samples with UIC below 150 µg/L was 28%. There was no significant difference between the UIC of women using iodine-containing multivitamins compared with those who reported the consumption of noniodized multivitamins (p>0.05). In addition, we found no difference between the UIC of women using iodized table salt compared with those who employed noniodized table salt, with those who did not know whether their table salt was iodized (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Based on the median UIC, iodine intake in Queretaro, Mexico, is slightly above requirements during the first two trimesters, and adequate in the third trimester. The wide Mexican universal iodized salt program seems to supply adequate dietary iodine to pregnant women without health insurance in this region. However, regular monitoring of iodine status is recommended during pregnancy throughout Mexico.
Asunto(s)
Dieta , Suplementos Dietéticos , Alimentos Fortificados , Yodo/administración & dosificación , Estado Nutricional , Complicaciones del Embarazo/prevención & control , Fenómenos Fisiologicos de la Nutrición Prenatal , Cloruro de Sodio Dietético/administración & dosificación , Adolescente , Adulto , Biomarcadores/orina , Femenino , Humanos , Yodo/deficiencia , Yodo/orina , Modelos Logísticos , México , Política Nutricional , Embarazo , Complicaciones del Embarazo/etiología , Complicaciones del Embarazo/orina , Trimestres del Embarazo/orina , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
UNLABELLED: Calcium metabolism of the mother is modified during pregnancy because of the mineralization of the fetus skeleton. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of calcium intake and bone demineralization during pregnancy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: At each trimester of pregnancy a validated food frequency intake questionnaire was administered to assess individual daily calcium intake in a cohort of 206 pregnant women, residents of Mexico City. Samples of urine were collected to measure levels of the cross-linked N-telopeptide of type I collagen (NTx), which is a biomarker of bone resorption. The association between calcium ingestion and bone resorption was analyzed using random effects models; non-linear associations were explored using generalized additive models. RESULTS: Progressive increases in NTx levels were observed during pregnancy; with mean and standard deviation (SD) values during the first, second and third trimester of 76.50 (SD=38), 101.02 (SD=48.86) and 144.83 (SD=61.33) nmol BCE/mmol creatinine, respectively. Higher dietary calcium intake was associated with lower bone resorption (beta=-0.015; p<0.05). The association between age and NTx showed a non-linear trend with an inflexion point around 33 years: increase in maternal age below that point was associated with a decrease in bone resorption, while in older women the increase in age was associated with an increased resorption. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that calcium ingestion, specifically from dairy products, reduces bone resorption during pregnancy. For each 300 mg (a glass of milk) of calcium intake there is an estimated reduction in NTx level of 4.8 nmol BCE/mmol of creatinine (p<0.05).
Asunto(s)
Remodelación Ósea/fisiología , Resorción Ósea/orina , Calcio de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Colágeno Tipo I/orina , Péptidos/orina , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Biomarcadores/orina , Femenino , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , México , Embarazo , Trimestres del Embarazo/orina , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Calcium metabolism of the mother is modified during pregnancy because of the mineralization of the fetus skeleton. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of calcium intake and bone demineralization during pregnancy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: At each trimester of pregnancy a validated food frequency intake questionnaire was administered to assess individual daily calcium intake in a cohort of 206 pregnant women, residents of Mexico City. Samples of urine were collected to measure levels of the cross-linked N-telopeptide of type I collagen (NTx), which is a biomarker of bone resorption. The association between calcium ingestion and bone resorption was analyzed using random effects models; non-linear associations were explored using generalized additive models. RESULTS: Progressive increases in NTx levels were observed during pregnancy; with mean and standard deviation (SD) values during the first, second and third trimester of 76.50 (SD=38), 101.02 (SD=48.86) and 144.83 (SD=61.33) nmol BCE/mmol creatinine, respectively. Higher dietary calcium intake was associated with lower bone resorption (β=-0.015; p<0.05). The association between age and NTx showed a non-linear trend with an inflexion point around 33 years: increase in maternal age below that point was associated with a decrease in bone resorption, while in older women the increase in age was associated with an increased resorption. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that calcium ingestion, specifically from dairy products, reduces bone resorption during pregnancy. For each 300mg (a glass of milk) of calcium intake there is an estimated reduction in NTx level of 4.8 nmol BCE/mmol of creatinine (p<0.05).
El metabolismo de calcio es modificado durante el embarazo debido a la mineralización del esqueleto del feto. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la asociación entre la ingesta de calcio y la desmineralización ósea durante el embarazo. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se administró un Cuestionario de Frecuencia de Consumo de alimentos en cada trimestre del embarazo para evaluar el consumo de calcio en una cohorte de 206 mujeres residentes de la Ciudad de México. Se recolectaron muestras de orina para medir los niveles de N-telopéptido de colágeno tipo I (NTx), biomarcador de resorción. Se hicieron modelos de efectos aleatorios; se estudiaron asociaciones no lineales utilizando modelos aditivos generalizados. RESULTADOS: Se observó aumento progresivo en los niveles de NTx durante el embarazo. El mayor consumo de calcio se asoció con una menor resorción ósea (β=- 0.015, p<0,05). CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados sugieren que la ingestión de calcio reduce la resorción ósea en el embarazo.
Asunto(s)
Adolescente , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Embarazo , Adulto Joven , Remodelación Ósea/fisiología , Resorción Ósea/orina , Calcio de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Colágeno Tipo I/orina , Péptidos/orina , Factores de Edad , Biomarcadores/orina , Estudios Longitudinales , México , Trimestres del Embarazo/orina , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic (In-As) from drinking water is associated with different health effects, including skin, lung, bladder, and kidney cancer as well as vascular and possibly reproductive effects. In-As is metabolized through the process of methylation, resulting in the production and excretion of methylated species, mainly monomethylarsenate (MMA) and dimethylarsenate (DMA). Because a large percentage of the dose is excreted in urine, the distribution of urinary In-As, MMA, and DMA is considered a useful indicator of methylation patterns in human populations. Several factors affect these patterns, including sex and exposure level. In this study, we investigated the profile of urinary In-As, MMA, and DMA of pregnant women. Periodic urine samples were collected from early to late pregnancy among 29 pregnant women living in Antofagasta, Chile, who drank tap water containing 40 micro g/L In-As. The total urinary arsenic across four sampling periods increased with increasing weeks of gestation, from an initial mean value of 36.1 to a final value of 54.3 micro g/L. This increase was mainly due to an increase in DMA, resulting in lower percentages of In-As and MMA and a higher percentage of DMA. Our findings indicate that among women exposed to moderate arsenic from drinking water during pregnancy, changes occur in the pattern of urinary arsenic excretion and metabolite distribution. The toxicologic significance of this is not clear, given recent evidence suggesting that intermediate methylated species may be highly toxic. Nevertheless, this study suggests that arsenic metabolism changes throughout the course of pregnancy, which in turn may have toxicologic effects on the developing fetus. Key words: arsenic, arsenic metabolism, arsenic methylation, Chile, pregnancy, urinary arsenic.