RESUMEN
While conventional pathogenic protists have been extensively studied, there is an underappreciated constitutive protist microbiota that is an integral part of the vertebrate microbiome. The impact of these species on the host and their potential contributions to mucosal immune homeostasis remain poorly studied. Here, we show that the protozoan Tritrichomonas musculis activates the host epithelial inflammasome to induce IL-18 release. Epithelial-derived IL-18 promotes dendritic cell-driven Th1 and Th17 immunity and confers dramatic protection from mucosal bacterial infections. Along with its role as a "protistic" antibiotic, colonization with T. musculis exacerbates the development of T-cell-driven colitis and sporadic colorectal tumors. Our findings demonstrate a novel mutualistic host-protozoan interaction that increases mucosal host defenses at the cost of an increased risk of inflammatory disease.
Asunto(s)
Colitis/inmunología , Colitis/parasitología , Interacciones Huésped-Parásitos , Inflamasomas/inmunología , Mucosa Intestinal/parasitología , Microbiota/inmunología , Tricomoniasis/inmunología , Trichomonas/inmunología , Animales , Colitis/microbiología , Dientamoeba/inmunología , Inmunidad Mucosa , Interleucina-18/inmunología , Mucosa Intestinal/inmunología , Mucosa Intestinal/microbiología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Infecciones por Salmonella/inmunología , Salmonella typhimurium/inmunología , Simbiosis , Células TH1/inmunología , Células Th17/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Trichomonas tenax is a protozoan that inhabits the oral cavity of humans, most often those with poor oral hygiene. Although T. tenax is widely considered a commensal, recent studies have suggested a pathogenic role for the protozoan in persons with periodontitis. Here we investigated the capacity of T. tenax to induce pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in human macrophages, with the idea that elicitation of inflammation may be one mechanism by which T. tenax contributes to oral pathology. Human THP-1 cells differentiated to the macrophage phenotype (dTHP-1) were incubated with live or sonicated T. tenax at trophozoite:dTHP-1 ratios of 1:5, 1:10, and 1:20. Culture media removed from the wells after 4, 8, and 16 h of stimulation were assayed by ELISA for tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-8, and the immunoregulatory cytokine interleukin-10. Live T. tenax trophozoites failed to induce production of any of the cytokines tested, regardless of trophozoite:dTHP-1 cell ratio or length of co-incubation. T. tenax lysates stimulated interleukin-8 synthesis, but only after 16 h of incubation at the 1:5 trophozoite:dTHP-1 cell ratio. These results suggest that pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis by human macrophages in direct response to T. tenax contributes little to oral pathology.
Asunto(s)
Citocinas/metabolismo , Macrófagos/parasitología , Trichomonas/inmunología , Análisis de Varianza , Línea Celular , Medios de Cultivo/química , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Humanos , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Interleucina-8/metabolismo , Macrófagos/inmunología , Boca/parasitología , Boca/patología , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMEN
The role of Trichomonas tenax as a pathogen had been clearly implicated in various pathological processes that arise outside the boundaries of the mouth. Although a relationship between the increased occurrence of this protozoan and progression of periodontal disease has been demonstrated, the ability of T. tenax in causing oral infections and the precise mechanism of tissue damage is not well known. The present study aimed to investigate different isolates of T.tenax from individuals having oral infections. Plaques and/or calculi samples were collected from 70 individuals who were diagnosed as having periodontitis and/or gingivitis, then subjected to parasitological examination and culture on modified trypticase, yeast and iron medium (TYI-S-33). Isolates successfully maintained in culture were further subjected to analysis of protein profile of lysates by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and analysis of proteinases by non-denaturing gelatin-SDS-PAGE. Comparison of growth kinetics of seven T. tenax isolates showed a wide variability in the growth characteristics. Protein profiles of the seven isolates revealed a total 53 bands ranged in molecular weight (MW) from 5 to 95kDa using 12% resolution gel. Also, T. tenax isolates were found to possess 19 proteinase bands ranged in MW from 14 to 66kDa. The proteolytic bands were intensified by a cysteine proteinase activator and totally disappeared by treatment with a cysteine proteinase inhibitor suggesting that the proteinases were of cysteine proteinases type. The high frequency of T. tenax detected (28.6%) along with the variability in protein profiling and proteolytic activity of the isolates supports the possible pathogenicity of T. tenax and clarifies a conclusion that different strains with possibility of variable pathogenic potential may exist.
Asunto(s)
Gingivitis/parasitología , Periodontitis/parasitología , Tricomoniasis/parasitología , Trichomonas/aislamiento & purificación , Adolescente , Adulto , Análisis de Varianza , Antígenos de Protozoos/análisis , Niño , Cálculos Dentales/parasitología , Placa Dental/parasitología , Electroforesis en Gel de Poliacrilamida , Femenino , Humanos , Cinética , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Péptido Hidrolasas/análisis , Proteínas Protozoarias/análisis , Trichomonas/enzimología , Trichomonas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Trichomonas/inmunología , Tricomoniasis/diagnóstico , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
PROBLEM: Human sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are widespread but effective vaccines are rare. Experimental and commercially available vaccines for bovine trichomoniasis have been well studied. Principles for immune protection of the female genital tract derived from studies of bovine trichomoniasis may be generally applicable to human trichomoniasis and other STDs. METHOD OF STUDY: A bovine model of trichomoniasis has been developed for study of mechanisms of immunoprophylaxis. RESULTS: Both systemic and local immunization with an immunoaffinity purified antigen cleared the genital tract of trichomonads significantly earlier than non-immunized controls. Predominantly IgA responses or predominantly IgG responses in uterine and vaginal secretions were essentially equally protective. Uterine and vaginal IgA responses could be induced by systemic priming and local boosting via either the vaginal or nasal mucosa. In either case, lymphoid aggregates were formed in the uterine and vaginal mucosa which were not present in the genital mucosa of naïve animals. CONCLUSIONS: Systemic immunization or systemic priming with local boosting protects against bovine trichomoniasis via IgG or IgA antibodies (respectively) to a major surface antigen of trichomonads. Immunization of the genital mucosa results in formation of inductive sites for a local IgA response.
Asunto(s)
Vacunas Antiprotozoos/farmacología , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/inmunología , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/prevención & control , Tricomoniasis/inmunología , Tricomoniasis/prevención & control , Animales , Antígenos de Protozoos/aislamiento & purificación , Antígenos de Protozoos/farmacología , Bovinos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Glicoesfingolípidos/aislamiento & purificación , Glicoesfingolípidos/farmacología , Humanos , Inmunidad Mucosa , Inmunoglobulina A/biosíntesis , Inmunoglobulina G/biosíntesis , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/patología , Trichomonas/inmunología , Tricomoniasis/patología , Útero/inmunología , Útero/patologíaRESUMEN
Tritrichomonas foetus is the causative agent of bovine tritrichomonosis, a sexually transmitted disease leading to infertility and abortion. Diagnosis is hampered by putative contamination of samples with intestinal or coprophilic trichomonadid protozoa which might be mistaken for T. foetus. Therefore, we developed a PCR test optimized for applicability in routine diagnosis. Amplification is based upon primers TFR3 and TFR4 directed to the rRNA gene units of T. foetus. In order to avoid potential carryover contamination by products of previous amplification reactions, conditions were adapted to the use of the uracil DNA glycosylase system. Furthermore, documentation and interpretation of results were facilitated by including a DNA enzyme immunoassay for the detection of amplification products. Specificity was confirmed with genomic material from different related trichomonadid protozoa. The high sensitivity of the test allowed the detection of a single T. foetus organism in diagnostic culture medium or about 50 parasites per ml of preputial washing fluid. The present methods are thus proposed as (i) confirmatory tests for microscopic diagnosis following diagnostic in vitro cultivation and (ii) a direct T. foetus screening test with diagnostic samples.
Asunto(s)
ADN Protozoario/aislamiento & purificación , N-Glicosil Hidrolasas/inmunología , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodos , Infecciones por Protozoos/diagnóstico , Tritrichomonas foetus/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Bovinos , Medios de Cultivo , ADN Glicosilasas , Cartilla de ADN/genética , ADN Protozoario/análisis , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Femenino , Genoma de Protozoos , Técnicas para Inmunoenzimas , Masculino , Infecciones Protozoarias en Animales , ARN Ribosómico/genética , ARN Ribosómico/metabolismo , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Trichomonas/genética , Trichomonas/inmunología , Trichomonas/aislamiento & purificación , Tritrichomonas/genética , Tritrichomonas/inmunología , Tritrichomonas/aislamiento & purificación , Tritrichomonas foetus/genética , Tritrichomonas foetus/inmunologíaRESUMEN
All three existing species of human trichomonads cause similar immune and histopathological host responses. The elicited crossimmunity causes interspecific competition of trichomonal infections in their typical localizations, which results in very rare simultaneous colonization of the same host by different species. This phenomenon points to the existence of a unique immune disorder or subclinical sensitization, regardless of which trichomonas species is in question. The total percentage of infestations in all three species points to the most widespread parasitosis, i.e. the immunodepression of human beings. Trichomonaemia has a very strong immunodepressive action. All the other agents, including viruses act only as opportunists.
Asunto(s)
Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/etiología , Tricomoniasis/complicaciones , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/complicaciones , Animales , Enfermedad Crónica , Humanos , Tolerancia Inmunológica , Inmunización Secundaria , Modelos Biológicos , Trichomonas/inmunología , Trichomonas/patogenicidad , Tricomoniasis/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Four virgin heifers were experimentally inoculated intravaginally with 7 x 10(6) Tritrichomonas foetus, and 2 heifers served as uninfected controls. The durations of infection were 13, 20, 21, and 28 weeks, respectively. An ELISA that used whole T foetus antigen was used to detect anti-T foetus immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG1, IgG2, and IgM) in vaginal, cervical, and uterine secretions, and sera during the course of infection. The vaginal and cervical antibody responses were characterized by significantly increased T foetus-specific IgA and IgG1 at 7 to 9 weeks of infection, whereas uterine IgA and IgG1 responses peaked at 10 to 12 weeks. The antibody response in serum was predominantly of the IgG1 and IgG2 subclasses. In all reproductive tract regions, IgA persisted at least until the time of T foetus clearance, and usually longer. The next most persistent isotype was IgG1, lasting longest in the vagina, then cervix, and for the shortest time in the uterus. In local secretions, IgG2 was seen only transiently, increasing at weeks 13 to 15 in the vagina, and at weeks 10 to 12 in the cervix. Little IgM, relative to that present before infection, was detected in any secretion or serum, although cervical secretions had the greatest amount. Eight to 12 weeks after clearance, the 4 experimental heifers were inoculated intravaginally with 1 x 10(5) T foetus; transient infections (2 to 3 weeks' duration) were established in only 2 of 4 heifers, as determined by culturing of reproductive tract secretions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/análisis , Isotipos de Inmunoglobulinas/análisis , Tricomoniasis/veterinaria , Trichomonas/inmunología , Animales , Especificidad de Anticuerpos , Bovinos , Cuello del Útero/inmunología , Cuello del Útero/metabolismo , Cuello del Útero/parasitología , Femenino , Inmunoglobulina A/análisis , Inmunoglobulina G/análisis , Inmunoglobulina M/análisis , Factores de Tiempo , Trichomonas/aislamiento & purificación , Tricomoniasis/inmunología , Útero/inmunología , Útero/metabolismo , Útero/parasitología , Vagina/inmunología , Vagina/metabolismo , Vagina/parasitologíaRESUMEN
We defined the major specificities of antibodies present in sera from patients with amebic liver abscesses, diagnosed by gamagrafia. These immune reactivities were analyzed against plasma membrane and extract antigens of Entamoeba histolytica, resolved by electrophoresis and blotted to nitrocellulose scheets. We observed that each of the 26 patients revealed a distinct pattern in the plasma membrane and in the total extract preparations. Most of these sera detected a prominent plasma membrane polypeptide of 166 kDa. We also observed that the same pattern of specificities persisted in the patients sera for six months after treatment.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/sangre , Antígenos de Protozoos/inmunología , Entamoeba histolytica/inmunología , Absceso Hepático Amebiano/inmunología , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/inmunología , Proteínas Protozoarias/inmunología , Animales , Convalecencia , Entamoeba histolytica/clasificación , Entamoeba histolytica/patogenicidad , Giardia/inmunología , Humanos , Especificidad de la Especie , Trichomonas/inmunología , VirulenciaRESUMEN
Se dan algunas evidencias de que Pentatrichomonas hominis, un protozoo intestinal cuya trasmisión no es fácilmente explicable, presenta alguna forma de resistencia. Las pruebas indican que el parásito pudo ser aislado por cultivo de muestras tratadas con jugo gástrico natural hasta por 120 horas o mantenidas en refrigeración por 17 días. Puesto que los trofozoitos no pueden resistir tales condiciones, existe la posibilidad de un quiste o seudoquiste
Asunto(s)
Jugo Gástrico/inmunología , Trichomonas/aislamiento & purificación , Medios de Cultivo , Trichomonas/inmunologíaAsunto(s)
Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/análisis , Parasitosis Intestinales/inmunología , Estomatitis/inmunología , Tricomoniasis/inmunología , Trichomonas/inmunología , Animales , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/inmunología , Pruebas de Fijación del Complemento , Femenino , Humanos , Parasitosis Intestinales/complicaciones , Estomatitis/complicaciones , Tricomoniasis/complicaciones , Vaginitis por Trichomonas/complicaciones , Vaginitis por Trichomonas/inmunología , Trichomonas vaginalis/inmunologíaRESUMEN
An antigen characterization was carried out by the method of two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis, and on this basis the antigen community and the antigenic differences between the 3 Trichomonas species parasitic in man were investigated. In the homologous antigen-antibody-systems a maximum number of precipitation curves is formed--21 in T. vaginalis and 20 each in T. tenax and T. hominis. According to our setting of the experiment T. vaginalis has 5 specific antigens in regard to T. tenax and 3 in regard to T. hominis. T. tenax has 2 specific antigens in regard to T. vaginalis and 7 in regard to T. hominis, T. hominis has 2 specific antigens in regard to T. vaginalis and 3 in regard to T. tenax. The presence of antigenic differences is important for the immunological characterization of the 3 species and demonstrates their validity.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos de Protozoos/análisis , Trichomonas vaginalis/inmunología , Trichomonas/inmunología , Animales , Inmunoelectroforesis BidimensionalRESUMEN
The chemical and biological characterization of the preparation, found to be strictly specific, is presented. The allergen is nontoxic and has sensitizing properties. The active principle of the preparation is protein.
Asunto(s)
Alérgenos/inmunología , Trichomonas/inmunología , Alérgenos/análisis , Alérgenos/toxicidad , Animales , Fenómenos Químicos , Química Física , Relación Dosis-Respuesta Inmunológica , Cobayas , Inmunización , Ratones , Pruebas CutáneasRESUMEN
Spleen lymphocytes obtained from mice immunized with Trichomonas vaginalis ATCC 30001 were fused with P3-X63-Ag8-653 mouse myeloma in order to produce hybridoma-secreting antibodies against T. vaginalis associated antigens. Six hybridoma cloned cell lines were established; three produced IgG1, two produced IgG2a, and one produced IgM monoclonal antibody. These six monoclonal antibodies showed binding to seven isolated strains of T. vaginalis but did not bind to Giardia lamblia. Three of those monoclonal antibodies did not bind to Tritrichomonas foetus. These anti-trichomonal monoclonal antibodies should prove to be of great value as diagnostic and research reagents.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Monoclonales/inmunología , Trichomonas vaginalis/inmunología , Animales , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/aislamiento & purificación , Especificidad de Anticuerpos , Línea Celular , Femenino , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente , Giardia/inmunología , Humanos , Hibridomas/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina G/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina G/aislamiento & purificación , Inmunoglobulina M/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina M/aislamiento & purificación , Masculino , Ratones , Mieloma Múltiple , Manejo de Especímenes , Bazo/citología , Trichomonas/inmunología , Tricomoniasis/diagnóstico , Vaginitis por Trichomonas/diagnósticoRESUMEN
Although Trichomonas vaginalis causes one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases, little is known about the antigenic variation of the parasite or about differences between strains in epidemiology or virulence. Variation among isolates of T. vaginalis was investigated by using a panel of monoclonal antibodies, each reactive with different antigens, to test 88 isolates from diverse geographic areas of North America. All isolates of T. vaginalis reacted with at least one of the nine monoclonal antibodies; the individual antibodies reacted with 22%-76% of the isolates. A pool of two broadly reactive antibodies identified all isolates in the study. Four of the most narrowly reactive, or "specific," antibodies demonstrated differences in the antigenic composition of trichomonads isolated from patients in Seattle, Baltimore, and Brooklyn, New York (P less than .005 by chi 2 test). Application of these and other monoclonal antibody probes may facilitate epidemiological studies and provide rapid, reliable methods for direct diagnosis of trichomonads in clinical specimens.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos de Protozoos/inmunología , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/parasitología , Tricomoniasis/parasitología , Vaginitis por Trichomonas/parasitología , Trichomonas vaginalis/inmunología , Animales , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/inmunología , Especificidad de Anticuerpos , Canadá , Epítopos/inmunología , Femenino , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente , Humanos , Masculino , Trichomonas/inmunología , Trichomonas vaginalis/aislamiento & purificación , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
Pulmonary trichomoniasis is usually caused by aspirated Trichomonas tenax. Adult men with chronic purulent or necrotic pulmonary disease are usually affected. Sixty-eight patients were previously described. A Russian study demonstrated pulmonary trichomoniasis in 19 of 112 patients (17%), mostly in patients with lung cancer, lung abscess, or bronchiectasis. Rarely, pulmonary trichomoniasis may be caused by an intra-abdominal (T. hominis) or genitourinary (T. vaginalis) infection. T. tenax is usually regarded as a harmless commensal of the human mouth. Its prevalence ranges from 4% to 53% and may exceed that of vaginal infection with T. vaginalis in adult females. It is frequently found in patients with poor oral hygiene. Cultural identification is superior to microscopic examination of wet-smear, gram-stained and Papanicolaou-stained preparations. Aspirated pulmonary trichomoniasis is an opportunistic infection. Until the question of possible pathogenicity is resolved, metronidazole should be given. The underlying pulmonary disease should be vigorously treated.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Pulmonares Parasitarias/parasitología , Tricomoniasis/parasitología , Trichomonas/aislamiento & purificación , Anticuerpos/análisis , Femenino , Humanos , Pulmón/parasitología , Enfermedades Pulmonares Parasitarias/tratamiento farmacológico , Masculino , Metronidazol/uso terapéutico , Persona de Mediana Edad , Boca/parasitología , Esputo/parasitología , Trichomonas/citología , Trichomonas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Trichomonas/inmunología , Tricomoniasis/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
Human cervicovaginal secretions were obtained from patients at the Gynecology and Obstetrics Clinics at National Taiwan University Hospital and Cathay General Hospital, Republic of China. Among the 500 patients examined, 33 (6.6%) were infected with Trichomonas vaginalis as determined by the culture method. Secretions from 24 of the infected patients and 30 noninfected women were assayed for anti-T. vaginalis immunoglobulins by the indirect immunofluorescent antibody technique. A few serum samples from both infected and noninfected persons were also included in this study. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody against T. vaginalis was detected in 17 (70.8%) secretions from the infected women. Among the 17 positive secretions, anti-parasite IgA was found in two specimens, IgE was found in three, and IgM was found in one. Of the 30 secretions, 7 (23.3%) from noninfected women also contained anti-parasite IgG. Low levels of natural anti-trichomonad IgG and IgM were detected in the sera of normal persons. Infection with T. vaginalis caused an increase in the serum IgG antibody titer. Cross-reaction between T. vaginalis and Pentatrichomonas hominis was also observed.