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BACKGROUND: Idiopathic esophageal dysmotility (ED) is increasingly recognized in young dogs of brachycephalic breeds. Few studies have objectively associated specific videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) features with brachycephaly, leading to under-recognition of ED in brachycephalic breeds. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To describe and compare VFSS in brachycephalic dogs versus non-brachycephalic dogs presented for dysphagia or regurgitation, and to investigate associations between these imaging findings and patient signalment. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of VFSS of dogs presented for dysphagia or regurgitation (not megaesophagus) from 2006 to 2017. Cases were divided into brachycephalic and mesaticephalic breeds. The VFSS were reviewed using a standardized protocol by 2 examiners. Esophageal motility was assessed using specific criteria, and particular imaging features were noted and graded. Fisher's exact test was used to determine associations among signalment (including brachycephaly), final diagnosis, outcomes, and ED features. RESULTS: Thirty-six dogs were included (n = 10 normal, n = 26 presumed ED). Twenty dogs (77%) with presumed ED were brachycephalic with a median age of 1 year (range, 0.2-10.5 years). Most common were prolonged esophageal transit time (ETT; n = 21/26), decreased propagation of secondary peristaltic waves (n = 20/26), and gastroesophageal reflux (GER; n = 18/28). Eight dogs (all brachycephalic) had hiatal herniation (HH). Morphological esophageal variations were only observed in brachycephalic dogs. Brachycephaly was significantly associated with ED (P = .005), prolonged ETT (P = .41), GER (P = .02), and HH (P = .03). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: The majority of dogs with presumed ED was young and brachycephalic and had specific abnormalities that were less frequent in mesaticephalic dogs with regurgitation or dysphagia.

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BACKGROUND: Increased incidence of bacterial pneumonia (BP) has been reported in Irish Wolfhounds (IWHs), and recurrence of BP is common. The etiology of recurrent pneumonia in IWHs is largely unknown. OBJECTIVES: To describe clinical findings in IWHs with recurrent BP and investigate possible etiologies. ANIMALS: Eleven affected IWHs, 25 healthy IWHs, 28 healthy dogs of other Sighthound breeds, and 16 healthy dogs of other breeds. METHODS: Prospective cross-sectional observational study. All affected IWHs underwent thorough clinical examinations including thoracic radiographs, thoracic computed tomography, electron microscopic evaluation of ciliary structure, and bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology and culture. Serum and BALF immunoglobulin concentrations were measured using an ELISA method, and peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations were analyzed using flow cytometry. Esophageal function was assessed by fluoroscopy (n = 2). RESULTS: Median age of onset was 5.0 years (range, 0.4-6.5 years), and when presented for study, dogs had experienced a median of 5 previous episodes of BP (range, 2-6). The following predisposing factors to BP were detected: focal bronchiectasis (10/11), unilateral (2/9) and bilateral (1/9) laryngeal paralysis, and esophageal hypomotility (2/2). Local or systemic immunoglobulin deficiencies or primary ciliary defects were not detected. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Recurrent BP affects mostly middle-aged and older IWHs without any evident immune deficit or primary ciliary defects. Focal BE was a frequent finding in affected dogs and likely contributed to the development of recurrent respiratory infections. Laryngeal and esophageal dysfunction identified in a minority of dogs may contribute to recurrent BP.

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A 2-year-old Rottweiler dog was evaluated for cough, regurgitation, and nasal discharge, and was subsequently diagnosed with sinonasal aspergillosis and secondary esophageal disease. Following treatment of sinonasal aspergillosis, all clinical signs resolved. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of resolution of esophageal dysfunction following treatment of sinonasal aspergillosis.

Résolution d'une dismotilité de l'oesophage suite au traitement d'une infection nasale chez un chien. Un chien Rottweiler, âgé de 2 ans est présenté avec une anamnèse de toux, régurgitations et jetage nasal, a été diagnostiqué avec une aspergillose naso-sinusale associée a dysmotilité oesophagienne. Le traitement médical de l'aspergillose naso-sinusale a entrainé une résolution complète des signes cliniques directement associés avec l'aspergillose ainsi qu'une résolution du dysmotilité oesophagienne. D'après les auteurs, c'est le premier cas de résolution spontanée d'un dysmotilité oesophagienne après traitement pour aspergillose naso-sinusale.(Traduit par les auteurs).

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Timpanismo ruminal consiste na distensão acentuada do rúmen e retículo, devido a incapacidade do animal em expulsar gases produzidos durante o processo fisiológico da fermentação. O timpanismo pode ser ocasionado de forma primária, por formação de espuma estável, ou secundária, devido a anormalidades funcionais e/ou físicas que interferem na eructação. Nesse trabalho, são descritos os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e anatomopatológicos da ocorrência de timpanismo secundário em bovinos, decorrente da obstrução esofágica aguda por limões sicilianos. Cinco bovinos, de um lote de 210, foram afetados. Os bovinos eram suplementados com resíduo de tangerina (Citrus reticulata) no cocho e na última carga desse subproduto, havia limões sicilianos inteiros misturados ao resíduo. Os cinco animais afetados eram da raça Aberdeen Angus e tinham entre 12-24 meses de idade. Todos apresentaram sinais clínicos caracterizados principalmente por mucosas cianóticas, grave timpanismo, desconforto abdominal, acentuada dispneia e taquicardia, atonia ruminal, desidratação, decúbito e morte. O curso clínico variou entre 24 a 48 horas. Na necropsia, os cinco bovinos apresentavam grave obstrução esofágica por limões nas porções: cranial (logo após a laringe [1/5]), porção medial (entrada do tórax [1/5]) e final (próximo ao cárdia [3/5]). Nas áreas de oclusão, observou-se extensa necrose e ulceração da mucosa esofágica. O conteúdo ruminal dos bovinos estava seco e misturado com limões inteiros. No esôfago de dois animais havia linha de timpanismo. As lesões histológicas eram visualizadas principalmente no esôfago, na região da obstrução, onde se evidenciaram alterações degenerativas, necróticas e ulcerativas acentuadas no revestimento epitelial.

Ruminal bloat (acute timpany) in ruminants is a marked rumen-reticular distension which results from more gas being produced during the physiologic process of fermentation than is eliminated by eructation. This condition may present itself as either primary timpany due to the formation of stable foam or secondary timpany resulting from functional and/or physical disturbances compromising eructation. This paper describes the epidemiological, clinical, and anatomopathological aspects of acute timpany in cattle secondary to esophageal obstruction by sicilian lemons. Five out of a herd of 210 cattle were affected. Cattle were supplemented with tangerine (Citrus reticulata) residues in a trough. In the last batch of this feed there were whole sicilian lemons mixed with the tangerine residue. The five affected cattle were 12-24 month-old Aberdeen-Angus. All of the five presented clinical signs characterized mainly by cyanotic mucous membranes, severe timpany, abdominal discomfort, marked dyspnea and tachycardia, ruminal atony, dehydration, recumbence and death. Clinical course lasted from 24 to 48 hours. Necropsy findings in the five affected cattle were similar and included complete esophageal obstruction by lemons in the cranial esophagus (immediately cranial to the larynx [1/5]) medial esophagus (at the thoracic inlet [1/5]) and caudal esophagus (close to the cardia [3/5]). At the occluded sites the esophageal mucosa was necrotic and ulcerated. Ruminal content was dried and admixed with whole lemons. In the esophagus o two affected bovine a bloat line was observed. Histological lesions were observed mainly in the esophagus at the sites of obstruction and consisted of marked degenerative, necrotic and ulcerative changes in the esophageal mucosal epithelium.

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A 5 yr old female spayed Great Dane was presented for recurrent episodes of gastric dilatation, intestinal dysmotility, and one episode of gastric rupture. Numerous hematologic, radiographic, and endocrine diagnostic tests were performed with no identifiable underlying cause. Many risk factors have been identified for gastric dilatation and most were present in this Great Dane. A number of symptomatic treatments, aimed primarily at altering the gastrointestinal tract flora and motility were tried, but failed to influence the clinical course of the disease. The dog continued to worsen, experienced more frequent episodes of gastric dilatation, and developed generalized muscle atrophy. Biopsies were collected from the biceps femoris and triceps brachii muscles. A pattern of denervation atrophy was evident in both muscles, consistent with polyneuropathy. The owners elected humane euthanasia and a necropsy was performed. A striking finding at necropsy was severe loss of myelinated fibers with extensive endoneurial fibrosis in the vagus nerve, consistent with an autonomic neuropathy. Autonomic neuropathy is a previously unexplored cause of gastric dilatation and intestinal dysmotility in dogs. These findings should open new directions for exploring pathogenic mechanisms for gastric dilatation in this species.

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BACKGROUND: Abnormal esophageal motility can exist without megaesophagus, although its prevalence in dogs is unknown and its cause has not been elucidated. HYPOTHESIS: Esophageal dysmotility without overt megaesophagus exists in both symptomatic and asymptomatic young dogs, and motility can improve with age. ANIMALS: Dogs examined at the Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge for regurgitation, but without evidence of megaesophagus on radiographs, and a further group of asymptomatic dogs. METHODS: Dogs underwent an initial and a repeat videofluoroscopic swallowing study. Images were reviewed and 5 criteria of esophageal motility evaluated. RESULTS: Eight affected dogs were identified (median age 9 months), and terrier dogs predominated (6 terriers of 3 breeds). Esophageal motility was reduced either globally (n = 3) or segmentally (n = 5). Repeat examination at a median of 3 months revealed that regurgitation had reduced or resolved in the majority of terrier dogs, and 4 of 6 cases demonstrated an improvement in esophageal motility. Videofluoroscopic evaluation of young (median age 11 months) asymptomatic dogs of various breeds (n = 22) revealed evidence of esophageal dysmotility in 4 of 5 control terrier dogs. Repeat evaluation demonstrated an improvement in esophageal motility in 3 dogs. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Esophageal dysmotility without overt megaesophagus occurs in young terrier dogs, and affected animals can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Further, an improvement in esophageal motility occurs with time in some dogs, and might represent a syndrome of delayed esophageal maturation.

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Video-assisted division of the ligamentum arteriosum can be performed successfully in dogs with minimal postoperative complications and hospitalization time. Single-lung ventilation and thoracic insufflation are not mandatory and standard instrumentation may be used for most of the procedure.

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A retrospective study evaluated cases of feline esophageal dysfunction. Cats identified had contrast esophagrams performed during a six-year period. Of 56 cases undergoing esophagography, 51 had complete records available for review. Forty-four cases were felt to be abnormal and were included in the study. Cases were analyzed for signalment, presenting complaints, and identifiable causes of abnormal esophageal motility. Response to treatment and case outcome were also reviewed. The signalment of the cases varied widely, especially in age. The occurrence of esophageal motility dysfunction was low, comprising only 0.05% of all feline cases seen in a six-year period. Forty-three percent of cases were considered idiopathic, and 57% were congenital or diagnosed with conditions known to cause esophageal motility dysfunction. The causative disease states included myasthenia gravis, mediastinal masses, vascular ring anomalies, dysautonomia, and esophageal stricture. Seventy-eight percent of those treated with medical therapy (i.e., combinations of sucralfate, H2 receptor antagonists, and either metoclopramide or cisapride) showed clinical improvement.

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Mycoplasma spp were isolated in pure culture from bronchoalveolar lavage specimens from three cats with clinical, cytological and radiographic signs of bronchopneumonia or suppurative bronchitis. Predisposing factors were not identified in the first case, the second cat had oesophageal hypomotility, while the third cat had been exposed to cigarette smoke and had advanced periodontal disease. Respiratory signs resolved promptly and completely in all cases following antimicrobial therapy directed against mycoplasmas. Mycoplasma spp are possible causes of lower respiratory tract disease in cats and this should be considered when selecting empirical therapy for feline airway disease and pneumonia. In some situations mycoplasmas may behave as primary lower respiratory tract pathogens in cats.

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Electromyography of the esophageal musculature of a cow that had been regurgitating and losing weight after correction of an esophageal obstruction was suggestive of unilateral denervation. Radiography before and after oral administration of barium sulfate revealed a dilated terminal portion of the thoracic esophagus, suggestive of a focal motility problem. Electromyography was performed on the esophageal musculature by positioning the electrode through the rumen fistula and into the thoracic esophagus and by positioning the electrode percutaneously with the aid of a tube placed in the cervical esophagus. Numerous fibrillation potentials and sharp epsilon-positive waves were detected in the muscles of the left side of the distal portions of the cervical and thoracic esophagus. During hospitalization, the cow was given alfalfa pellets, ground corn, and sodium bicarbonate through the rumen fistula 3 times each day for several weeks to maintain body weight.

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