RESUMEN
The dairy industry in Pakistan is booming, and investors are anxious to fund dairy farms that are using high-milk-producing (exotic) cattle breeds such as Holstein Friesians that are not native to the country. Unfortunately, the benefits of increased milk production do not provide resistance to pathogens present in regions where the exotic breeds are introduced. Therefore, the current study was conducted to evaluate the economic impact of Theileria annulata on a commercial Holstein Friesian dairy farm in the District of Ranjanpur, in the Province of Punjab, Pakistan. The economic impact of T. annulata infection was calculated for cattle with subclinical and clinical theileriosis. Losses were estimated based on milk production, morbidity, mortality, and tick control costs (organophosphate sprays). Animals were classified into groups after screening for mastitis, teat abnormality, abnormal parturition, intestinal parasites, and hemoparasites ( T. annulata, Babesia spp., and Anaplasma spp.). Microscopy was done for hemoparasites and intestinal parasites. PCR was used to confirm microscopic identification of T. annulata. Animals were classified into 3 groups: group A (normal), group B (subclinical theileriosis), and group C (acute theileriosis). Hemoparasites were observed microscopically in 28.7% of cows. Theileria annulata was found in 8%, and the herd incidence (new cases) of T. annulata was 2.8%. Milk production, animal rectal temperature, and body condition scores between group A and groups B and C were significantly different ( P < 0.05). But the enlargement of sub-scapular lymph node and interval of body condition score of the 3 groups were not significant ( P > 0.05). The total expenditure incurred due to theileriosis was US $74.98 per animal and 13.83% of total farm costs. Hence theileriosis caused significant economic loss of US $18,743.76 (0.02 million) on this Holstein Friesian dairy.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos/economía , Industria Lechera/economía , Trastornos de la Lactancia/veterinaria , Theileriosis/economía , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Sangre/parasitología , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/sangre , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/fisiopatología , Femenino , Trastornos de la Lactancia/economía , Trastornos de la Lactancia/parasitología , Leche/metabolismo , Pakistán , Theileria annulata/genética , Theileria annulata/aislamiento & purificación , Theileriosis/sangre , Theileriosis/fisiopatología , Clima TropicalRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine association between exposure to Neospora caninum and milk production in dairy cows. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. ANIMALS: 565 Holstein cows. PROCEDURE: Cows were classified as seropositive or seronegative to N. caninum within 7 days after calving by use of a kinetic ELISA. Milk production was compared between seropositive and seronegative cows. RESULTS: On the basis of 305-day mature equivalent milk production data, seropositive cows produced less milk (2.8 lb/cow per day) than did seronegative cows. In addition, analysis of results throughout the first 300 days of lactation revealed that after adjusting for effects of lactation number, calving season, clinical mastitis, and lameness, milk weight of seropositive cows was 2.5 lb/cow per day less than that of seronegative cows. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Exposure to N. caninum was associated with a 3 to 4% decrease in milk production. A decrease in milk production of 800 lb/cow for a typical 305-day lactation represents a loss of $128/cow.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/sangre , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/fisiopatología , Bovinos/fisiología , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Leche/metabolismo , Neospora , Animales , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/economía , Coccidiosis/economía , Coccidiosis/fisiopatología , Industria Lechera , Femenino , Lactancia , Trastornos de la Lactancia/economía , Trastornos de la Lactancia/etiología , Trastornos de la Lactancia/veterinaria , Neospora/inmunología , Estudios Prospectivos , ReproducciónRESUMEN
Dairy production practices are changing; in order to remain viable, producers must optimise the health and productivity of dairy herds in economic terms. Health care is important in economic terms because disease can substantially reduce the productivity of individual animals. Preventive disease control programmes can thus result in economic gains for the dairy producer. The author describes new approaches to preventing postpartum diseases and dealing with fertility problems which can result from these diseases. Other aspects of dairy production are also changing, employing new technologies where these are judged to be profitable. Innovations include: the use of bovine somatotropin; systematic breeding/culling programmes; new mathematical modelling techniques to determine optimum feed composition and to define optimal growth levels for accelerated heifer-rearing programmes; the use of computers to collect, store and analyse data on animal production and health; and semen selection programmes. Increasing awareness of bio-security is also vital, not least because of the large investment present in dairy herds. Whatever practices are employed, they must offer economic returns to producers that compete with alternative uses of capital. Optimal levels of disease control must be determined for a particular production situation, taking into account not only the economic health of the producer, but also the well-being of the animals.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos/economía , Industria Lechera/economía , Animales , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/fisiopatología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/prevención & control , Femenino , Infertilidad Femenina/economía , Infertilidad Femenina/fisiopatología , Infertilidad Femenina/veterinaria , Trastornos de la Lactancia/economía , Trastornos de la Lactancia/fisiopatología , Trastornos de la Lactancia/veterinariaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether cows seropositive to Neospora caninum produced less milk during their first lactation than seronegative cows. DESIGN: Repeated-measures, prospective study. ANIMALS: 372 Holstein cows in their first lactation. PROCEDURE: Cows were tested repeatedly before and during their first lactation for antibodies to N caninum. One-way and repeated-measures ANOVA were used to determine whether mean daily milk weights and milk weights from Dairy Herd Improvement Association testing were less for seropositive cows than for seronegative cows. RESULTS: Weekly mean daily milk weights for the 118 seropositive cows were significantly less than those for the 254 seronegative cows, and milk production for seropositive cows (mean, 55.2 lb/cow/d) was 2.5 lb/cow/d less than that for seronegative cows (mean, 57.7 lb/cow/d). Analysis of results from Dairy Herd Improvement Association testing revealed that production of seropositive cows was less for milk (3.1 lb/cow/d), fat-corrected milk (3.6 lb/cow/d), and fat (0.14 lb/cow/d) than production of seronegative cows. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The economic impact of N caninum infection in dairy cows can include reduced revenues from decreased milk production, which may warrant culling of young, seropositive replacement stock.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos/fisiopatología , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Trastornos de la Lactancia/veterinaria , Neospora , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/sangre , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/economía , Coccidiosis/complicaciones , Coccidiosis/economía , Coccidiosis/fisiopatología , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Lactancia , Trastornos de la Lactancia/economía , Trastornos de la Lactancia/etiología , Leche/metabolismo , Neospora/inmunología , Estudios ProspectivosRESUMEN
The culling of dairy cows can occur either early or late during lactation. Furthermore, the farmers decision-making process is probably not identical for cows culled early in lactation and for cows culled later. Most of the studies investigating associations between diseases and culling were performed without considering the time of culling during lactation. The present study defines d 45 post partum as a threshold between early and late cullings, and proposes 2 lists of possible risk factors, whether cows were culled early or late during lactation.
Asunto(s)
Crianza de Animales Domésticos/estadística & datos numéricos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/epidemiología , Trastornos de la Lactancia/veterinaria , Animales , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/economía , Femenino , Trastornos de la Lactancia/economía , Trastornos de la Lactancia/epidemiología , Modelos Logísticos , Estudios Longitudinales , Estudios Prospectivos , Registros/veterinaria , Factores de Riesgo , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Data from a prospective longitudinal study carried out from 1986 to 1990 in 47 commercial Holstein dairy herds from western France were used to quantify the effects of udder health disorders on the risk of culling. Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between 4 udder health disorders and early and late culling. Teat injuries were associated with an increased risk of early culling in the current and following lactations. Mastitis and high milk cell count were associated with an increased risk of late culling in the current and following lactations, respectively.
Asunto(s)
Mastitis Bovina/epidemiología , Aborto Veterinario/economía , Aborto Veterinario/epidemiología , Animales , Bovinos , Endometritis/economía , Endometritis/epidemiología , Endometritis/veterinaria , Femenino , Francia/epidemiología , Incidencia , Infertilidad Femenina/economía , Infertilidad Femenina/epidemiología , Infertilidad Femenina/veterinaria , Cetosis/economía , Cetosis/epidemiología , Cetosis/veterinaria , Trastornos de la Lactancia/economía , Trastornos de la Lactancia/epidemiología , Trastornos de la Lactancia/veterinaria , Estudios Longitudinales , Mastitis Bovina/economía , Oportunidad Relativa , Paridad , Parálisis de la Parturienta/economía , Parálisis de la Parturienta/epidemiología , Enfermedades Placentarias/economía , Enfermedades Placentarias/epidemiología , Enfermedades Placentarias/veterinaria , Embarazo , Estudios Prospectivos , Análisis de Regresión , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
The effects of sanitary problems in dairy herds on milk production have been determined using 595 cases of health problems noted in Friesian and Montbeliarde cows in a long-term feeding trial, covering over 487 lactations. Relationships between each sanitary condition and lactation characteristics were established. On a short-term basis (5 weeks), the greater milk losses were first due to lameness at turnout (56 kg) and second to winter mastitis (24 kg); the effects of lameness lasted beyond the 5th week depending on when the problem was first detected. Over the whole lactation cycle, the highest milk losses resulted from recurrent lameness: 640 kg loss for cows presenting a lameness at least three times, versus 20 kg for those presenting only one lameness. The frequency of recurrent lameness was three times higher in Friesian than in Montbeliarde cows and four times higher with grass silage-based diets as compared with hay diets. Four main types of lactation cycles were characterized on the basis of the cows' level of production, their health status, their reproduction performances and their culling rate. Cumulative differences in any of those characteristics accounted for up to a 1 800 kg difference in milk production.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos/fisiopatología , Trastornos de la Lactancia/veterinaria , Cojera Animal/complicaciones , Animales , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/economía , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/etiología , Femenino , Trastornos de la Lactancia/economía , Trastornos de la Lactancia/etiología , Mastitis Bovina/complicacionesRESUMEN
More than 17,000 events from 1,305 lactations of 551 cows in two herds were analyzed to quantify the distribution of costs and disorders of health during a lactation. Categories were mammary, reproduction, locomotion, digestion, respiration, other, insemination, and total. The largest costs and most disorders were associated with initiation of lactation rather than period of peak daily milk yield. Mammary and reproductive costs were 71% of total health cost in the first 30 days postpartum. Mammary and reproductive costs were 55% of the total health cost in an average 30-day interval. Insemination cost was 50% of the total health cost between 60 to 89 days postpartum. Parturition and extended days open were periods of large reproductive cost. Postpartum distributions of health cost and health disorders were similar implying that the prices assigned for severity added little information to counting disorders.