RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) have impaired online motor control. Researchers posit that this impairment could be due to a deficit in utilizing the internal model control process. However, there is little neurological evidence to support this view because few neuroimaging studies have focused specifically on tasks involving online motor control. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the differences in cortical hemodynamic activity during an online movement adjustment task between children with and without DCD. METHODS: Twenty children with DCD (mean age: 9.88 ± 1.67 years; gender: 14M/6F) and twenty age-and-gender matched children with typical development (TD) (mean age: 9.87 ± 1.59 years; gender: 14M/6F) were recruited via convenience sampling. Participants performed a double-step reaching task under two conditions (with and without online adjustment of reaching). Cortical hemodynamic activity during task in ten regions of interest, including bilateral primary somatosensory cortex, primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, superior parietal cortex, and inferior parietal cortex was recorded using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. In the analyses, change in oxyhemoglobin (ΔHbO) concentration was used to characterize hemodynamic response. Two-way analyses of variance were conducted for each region of interest to compare hemodynamic responses between groups and conditions. Additionally, Pearson's r correlations between hemodynamic response and task performance were performed. RESULTS: Outcome showed that children with DCD required significantly more time to correct their reaching movements compared to the control group (t = 3.948, P < 0.001). Furthermore, children with DCD have a significantly lower ΔHbO change in the left superior parietal cortex during movement correction, compared to children with TD (F = 4.482, P = 0.041). Additionally, a significant negative correlation (r = - 0.598, P < 0.001) was observed between the difference in movement time of reaching and the difference in ΔHbO between conditions in the left superior parietal cortex. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that deficiencies in processing real-time sensory feedback, considering the function of the superior parietal cortex, might be related to the impaired online motor control observed in children with DCD. Interventions could target this issue to enhance their performance in online motor control.
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Trastornos de la Destreza Motora , Espectroscopía Infrarroja Corta , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Espectroscopía Infrarroja Corta/métodos , Niño , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora/fisiopatología , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora/diagnóstico por imagen , Estudios Transversales , Desempeño Psicomotor/fisiología , Corteza Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Corteza Cerebral/fisiopatología , Hemodinámica/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) display difficulties in perception-action coupling when engaging in tasks requiring predictive timing. We investigated the influence of awareness on auditory-motor adjustments to small and large rhythmic perturbations in the auditory sequence to examine whether children synchronize their movements automatically or through planning and whether those adjustments occur consciously or subconsciously. Electroencephalography (EEG) was used to assess functional connectivity patterns underlying different adjustment strategies. Thirty-two children aged 7-11 participated, including children with DCD and their typically developing (TD) peers with and without musical training. All children automatically adjusted their motor responses to small rhythmic perturbations by employing the anticipatory mode, even when those changes were consciously undetectable. Planned adjustments occurred only when children consciously detected large fluctuations (Δ 20%), which required a shift from predictive to reactive strategies. Compared to TD peers, children with DCD showed reduced interhemispheric connectivity during planned adjustments and displayed similar neural patterns regardless of task constraints. Notably, they benefited from rhythmic entrainment despite having increased variability and lower perceptual acuity. Musical training was associated with enhanced auditory-perceptual timing, reduced variability, and increased interhemispheric coherence. These insights are important for the therapeutic application of auditory/rhythm-based interventions in children with DCD.
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Percepción Auditiva , Estado de Conciencia , Electroencefalografía , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora , Humanos , Niño , Masculino , Femenino , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora/fisiopatología , Estado de Conciencia/fisiología , Percepción Auditiva/fisiología , Desempeño Psicomotor/fisiología , Estimulación Acústica , MúsicaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The perception of biological motion requires accurate prediction of the spatiotemporal dynamics of human movement. Research on Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) suggests deficits in accurate motor prediction, raising the question whether not just action execution, but also action perception is perturbed in this disorder. AIMS: To examine action perception by comparing the neural response to the observation of apparent biological motion in children with and without DCD. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Thirty-three participants with and 33 without DCD, matched based on age (13.0 ± 2.0), sex and writing hand, observed sequences of static body postures that showed either fluent or non-fluent motion, in which only the fluent condition depicted apparent biological motion. Using a recently validated paradigm combining EEG frequency tagging and apparent biological motion (Cracco et al., 2023), the perception of biological motion was contrasted with the perception of individual body postures. OUTCOMES AND CONCLUSIONS: Children with DCD did not show reduced sensitivity to apparent biological motion compared with typically developing children. However, the DCD group did show a reduced brain response to repetitive visual stimuli, suggesting altered predictive processing in the perceptual domain in this group. Suggestions for further research on biological motion perception in DCD are identified.
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Electroencefalografía , Percepción de Movimiento , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora , Humanos , Percepción de Movimiento/fisiología , Femenino , Masculino , Electroencefalografía/métodos , Niño , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora/fisiopatología , Adolescente , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Postura/fisiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: A different interlimb coordination and higher variability in movement patterns is evident in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). The impact of DCD on interlimb coordination during walking and running is unknown. AIM: To assess interlimb coordination and spatiotemporal variability during overground walking and running in children with and without DCD. METHODS: Children with DCD and typically developing children (TDC), from 8 to 12 years participated. Children were equipped with portable sensors. Participants walked and ran for 3 min in an oval-path at their comfortable pace. Interlimb coordination, expressed by the phase coordination index (PCI), and spatiotemporal variability (coefficient of variance (CoV)) were collected. RESULTS: Twenty-one children with DCD and 23 TDC participated. During walking, PCI showed similar values in both groups, but a higher spatiotemporal variability was observed in children with DCD. During running, PCI was higher (reduced coordination) in children with DCD than TDC and a higher spatiotemporal variability was shown. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Only during running, interlimb coordination of children with DCD was lower than TDC. During both walking and running tasks, spatiotemporal variability was higher in DCD. Current results implicate that difficulties in children with DCD is more prominent when motor coordination is more challenged. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: This paper adds to the literature on coordination and gait pattern in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) through a cross-sectional analysis of interlimb coordination and variability of spatiotemporal measures of overground walking and running. Overground walking and running were performed in a large oval-path allowing the assessment of coordination and gait patterns in an ecological valid set-up. Our results indicate that during a more demanding task, namely running, children with DCD display a less coordinated running pattern, expressed by a significantly higher phase coordination index, than typically developing peers. During walking, the interlimb coordination was similar between both groups. The current result is in accordance with the hybrid model of DCD that states that motor coordination difficulties in DCD are dpendent on the interaction of the task, individual and environment. This highlights the importance of implementing running assessments in children with DCD and the need for task-oriented running training in clinical practice The study also supports previous findings that children with DCD show a higher variability in their gait pattern of both walking and running, expressed by higher coefficient of variance of spatiotemporal measures, than typically developing peers. Further understanding in the normal development of interlimb coordination during walking and running from childhood into adulthood will enhance interpretations of the phase coordination index in children with and without DCD.
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Trastornos de la Destreza Motora , Desempeño Psicomotor , Carrera , Caminata , Humanos , Niño , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora/fisiopatología , Carrera/fisiología , Masculino , Femenino , Caminata/fisiología , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Desempeño Psicomotor/fisiología , Marcha/fisiología , Análisis Espacio-Temporal , Desarrollo Infantil/fisiología , Destreza Motora/fisiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) demonstrate a heterogeneous sensorimotor, emotional, and cognitive profile. Comorbid sensorimotor imbalance, anxiety, and spatial disorientation are particularly prevalent among their non-core symptoms. Studies in other populations presented these three comorbid dysfunctions in the context of vestibular hypofunction. OBJECTIVE: To test whether there is a subgroup of children with ADHD who have vestibular hypofunction presenting with concomitant imbalance, anxiety, and spatial disorientation. METHODS: Children with ADHD-only (n = 28), ADHD + Developmental Coordination Disorder (ADHD + DCD; n = 38), and Typical Development (TD; n = 19) were evaluated for vestibular function by the Dynamic Visual Acuity test (DVA-t), balance by the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of motor proficiency (BOT-2), panic anxiety by the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders questionnaire-Child version (SCARED-C), and spatial navigation by the Triangular Completion test (TC-t). RESULTS: Children with ADHD vs. TD presented with a high rate of vestibular hypofunction (65 vs. 0 %), imbalance (42 vs. 0 %), panic anxiety (27 vs. 11 %), and spatial disorientation (30 vs. 5 %). Children with ADHD + DCD contributed more frequent and severe vestibular hypofunction and imbalance than children with ADHD-only (74 vs. 54 %; 58 vs. 21 %, respectively). A concomitant presence of imbalance, anxiety, and spatial disorientation was observed in 33 % of children with ADHD, all sharing vestibular hypofunction. CONCLUSIONS: Vestibular hypofunction may be the common pathophysiology of imbalance, anxiety, and spatial disorientation in children. These comorbidities are preferentially present in children with ADHD + DCD rather than ADHD-only, thus likely related to DCD rather than to ADHD disorder. Children with this profile may benefit from a vestibular rehabilitation intervention.
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Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora , Enfermedades Vestibulares , Humanos , Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/fisiopatología , Masculino , Femenino , Niño , Enfermedades Vestibulares/fisiopatología , Enfermedades Vestibulares/complicaciones , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora/etiología , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora/fisiopatología , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora/epidemiología , Adolescente , Comorbilidad , Equilibrio Postural/fisiología , Ansiedad/etiologíaRESUMEN
Neurological soft signs (NSS), discrete deficits in motor coordination and sensory integration, have shown promise as markers in autism diagnosis. While motor impairments, partly associated with core behavioral features, are frequently found in children with autism, there is limited evidence in adults. In this study, NSS were assessed in adults undergoing initial diagnosis of high-functioning autism (HFA), a subgroup difficult to diagnose due to social adaptation and psychiatric comorbidity. Adults with HFA (n = 34) and 1:1 sex-, age-, and intelligence-matched neurotypical controls were administered a structured NSS examination including motor, sensory, and visuospatial tasks. We showed that adults with HFA have significantly increased motor coordination deficits compared with controls. Using hierarchical cluster analysis within the HFA group, we also identified a subgroup that was particularly highly affected by NSS. This subgroup differed from the less affected by intelligence level, but not severity of autism behavioral features nor global psychological distress. It remains questionable whether motor impairment represents a genuinely autistic trait or is more a consequence of factors such as intelligence. Nevertheless, we conclude that examining NSS in terms of motor coordination may help diagnose adults with HFA and identify HFA individuals who might benefit from motor skills interventions.
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Trastorno Autístico , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Trastorno Autístico/fisiopatología , Trastorno Autístico/diagnóstico , Adulto Joven , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora/diagnóstico , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora/fisiopatología , Destreza Motora/fisiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Adolescente , InteligenciaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The present study analyses the effect of a Movement-Based Intervention to improve Actual and Perceived Motor Competence in children with probable Developmental Coordination Disorder aged four and six years. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: A longitudinal pre-experimental study was designed with measurements conducted at pre-test, post-test and follow-up (after 5 months without intervention). The group, composed of children with probable Developmental Coordination Disorder or low motor competence, consisted of 57 participants, and the duration of a Movement-Based Intervention was 27 sessions allocated in nine weeks. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: Actual Motor Competence was evaluated with the Movement Assessment Battery for School children and Perceived Motor Competence with Pictorial Scale of Perceived Motor Skill Competence for Children. The results showed significant improvements in both study variables (Actual Motor Competence and Perceived Motor Competence), both at post-test and follow-up, five months after the end of the intervention. In conclusion, a Movement-based Intervention is effective in improving Actual and Perceived Motor Competence in the participants of this research, children with low motor competence or probable Developmental Coordination Disorder. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: Considering the improvements observed after the program in Spanish sample, it seems that the usual practice in Early Childhood Education in our context may not be sufficient, i.e., it may not provide children with the necessary support (number of lesson and time) and appropriate learning contexts to promote the development of their motor skills. Considering the results, this study suggests that using an Movement-Based Intervention with an appropriate pedagogical approach, and offering different learning opportunities to children according to their needs, could positively influence their Actual and Perceived Motor Competence, and could motivate them towards future practice.
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Trastornos de la Destreza Motora , Destreza Motora , Humanos , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora/rehabilitación , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora/fisiopatología , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora/psicología , Masculino , Femenino , Preescolar , Niño , Estudios Longitudinales , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Previous studies have shown that children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD)/Dyspraxia have poorer maths performance compared to their neurotypical (NT) counterparts. However, no studies have explored the cognitive and emotional factors affecting the maths performance of adults with DCD. This study, therefore, investigated the role of working memory (WM), maths anxiety (MAS), and maths self-efficacy on the maths performance of adults with DCD. We found that adults with DCD had lower WM and maths performance and were more maths anxious than their NT peers. However, there were no significant differences in maths self-efficacy. When looking at the predictors of maths performance, we found a positive relationship between WM resources and the DCD maths performance, possibly indicating that they relied more on WM resources to perform simple mental arithmetic tasks than NTs. On the other hand, MAS had an inverse relationship with the NT maths performance but not with the DCD performance. The reasons and implications of these findings will be discussed.
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Ansiedad , Memoria a Corto Plazo , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora , Humanos , Memoria a Corto Plazo/fisiología , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Ansiedad/fisiopatología , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora/fisiopatología , Matemática , Autoeficacia , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Human beings are living longer than ever before and aging is accompanied by an increased incidence of motor deficits, including those associated with the neurodegenerative conditions, Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD). However, the biological correlates underlying this epidemiological finding, especially the functional basis at the synapse level, have been elusive. This study reveals that motor skill performance examined via rotarod, beam walking and pole tests is impaired in aged mice. This study, via electrophysiology recordings, further identifies an aging-related reduction in the efficacy of inhibitory synaptic transmission onto dorsolateral striatum (DLS) indirect-pathway medium spiny neurons (iMSNs), i.e., a disinhibition effect on DLS iMSNs. In addition, pharmacologically enhancing the activity of DLS iMSNs by infusing an adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) agonist, which presumably mimics the disinhibition effect, impairs motor skill performance in young mice, simulating the behavior in aged naïve mice. Conversely, pharmacologically suppressing the activity of DLS iMSNs by infusing an A2AR antagonist, in order to offset the disinhibition effect, restores motor skill performance in aged mice, mimicking the behavior in young naïve mice. In conclusion, this study identifies a functional inhibitory synaptic plasticity in DLS iMSNs that likely contributes to the aging-related motor skill deficits, which would potentially serve as a striatal synaptic basis underlying age being a prominent risk factor for neurodegenerative motor deficits.
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Envejecimiento , Cuerpo Estriado , Neuronas , Transmisión Sináptica , Animales , Envejecimiento/fisiología , Transmisión Sináptica/fisiología , Transmisión Sináptica/efectos de los fármacos , Neuronas/fisiología , Ratones , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Globo Pálido , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora/fisiopatología , Destreza Motora/fisiología , Receptor de Adenosina A2A/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Writing involves complex sensorimotor and biomechanical processes that regulate pressure on the writing surface. Researchers analyze writing to understand kinetics and kinematics by evaluating temporal, spatial, and pressure aspects, yet discerning writing surface pressure and pen-grip force remains challenging. AIMS: To compare handwriting kinetics (pen grip-force and surface pressure) and kinematics (temporal-spatial) of children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) with those of typically developing (TD) children. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Twenty-seven children with DCD aged 7-12 years and 27 TD children matched by age and gender copied a 29-word passage onto a computerized tablet. Temporal, spatial and surface pressure as well as pen grip-force were measured with a tablet and a wearable device respectively. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: The DCD group displayed significantly longer total writing time, mean letter time, and greater letter height, width, variance, spacing, area, and erasures than the TD group. Although there were no significant between-group differences in the surface pressure or maintaining pressure, the DCD group displayed weaker grip-force, p = .01, with greater variance. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The DCD group's weaker grip-force dynamics correlated with reduced legibility, form, and prolonged writing duration, revealing insights into handwriting mechanisms, particularly grip force, crucial for effective clinical interventions.
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Fuerza de la Mano , Escritura Manual , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora , Humanos , Niño , Femenino , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora/fisiopatología , Masculino , Fuerza de la Mano/fisiología , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Estudios de Casos y Controles , PresiónRESUMEN
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is characterized by inappropriate levels of activity, impulsivity, and inattention. Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a condition involving challenges in acquiring and executing motor skills. This cross-sectional study aimed to distinguish motor symptoms between ADHD and ADHD/DCD. A total of 283 children from two elementary schools underwent screening, leading to the identification of 27 children with ADHD. The assessment encompassed the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham-IV Questionnaire (SNAP-IV), the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC-2), and the Motor Development Scale (MDS). The groups consisted of ADHD (14) and ADHD/DCD (13). Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in general motor age means between groups (p = 0.016), indicating inferior performance in the ADHD/DCD group. The coexistence of DCD significantly influenced the motor performance of children with ADHD, particularly in fine motor skills (p = 0.018) and balance (p = 0.033). Both groups exhibited mild to moderate risk of motor development delay. It is suggested that ADHD is associated with motor problems, even when DCD is not co-occurring. Specific domain-based analysis could demonstrate how the co-occurrence with DCD affects the motor performance of children with ADHD, with statistically significant differences observed in fine motor skills and balance.
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Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora , Destreza Motora , Humanos , Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/fisiopatología , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora/fisiopatología , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora/diagnóstico , Niño , Masculino , Femenino , Estudios Transversales , Destreza Motora/fisiología , Desempeño Psicomotor/fisiologíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is one of the most prevalent pediatric chronic conditions. Without proper intervention, significant delays in motor skill performance and learning may persist until adulthood. Moderate-to-vigorous physical exercise has been proven to improve motor learning (adaptation and consolidation) in children with or without disorders. However, the effect of a short bout of physical exercise on motor adaptation and consolidation in children with DCD has not been examined. Furthermore, the role of perceptual-motor integration and attention as mediators of learning has not been examined via neuroimaging in this population. OBJECTIVES: Therefore, the primary aims of this project will be to compare children with and without DCD to (a) examine the effect of acute exercise on motor learning (adaptation and consolidation) while performing a rotational visuo-motor adaptation task (rVMA), and (b) explore cortical activation in the dorsolateral- and ventrolateral-prefrontal cortex areas while learning the rVMA task under rest or post-exercise conditions. METHODS: One hundred twenty children will be recruited (60 DCD, 60 controls) and within-cohort randomly assigned to either exercise (13-minute shuttle run task) or rest prior to performing the rVMA task. Adaptation and consolidation will be evaluated via two error variables and three retention tests (1h, 24h and 7 days post adaptation). Cortical activation will be registered via functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) during the baseline, adaptation, and consolidation. DISCUSSION: We expect to find exercise benefits on motor learning and attention so that children with DCD profiles will be closer to those of children with typical development. The results of this project will provide further evidence to: (a) better characterize children with DCD for the design of educational materials, and (b) establish acute exercise as a potential intervention to improve motor learning and attention.
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Ejercicio Físico , Aprendizaje , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora , Destreza Motora , Humanos , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora/fisiopatología , Niño , Aprendizaje/fisiología , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Femenino , Masculino , Destreza Motora/fisiología , Encéfalo/fisiopatología , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Adaptación Fisiológica , Adolescente , Terapia por Ejercicio/métodosRESUMEN
Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder featuring deficits in motor coordination and motor timing among children. Deficits in rhythmic tracking, including perceptually tracking and synchronizing action with auditory rhythms, have been studied in a wide range of motor disorders, providing a foundation for developing rehabilitation programs incorporating auditory rhythms. We tested whether DCD also features these auditory-motor deficits among 7-10 year-old children. In a speech recognition task with no overt motor component, modulating the speech rhythm interfered more with the performance of children at risk for DCD than typically developing (TD) children. A set of auditory-motor tapping tasks further showed that, although children at risk for DCD performed worse than TD children in general, the presence of an auditory rhythmic cue (isochronous metronome or music) facilitated the temporal consistency of tapping. Finally, accuracy in the recognition of rhythmically modulated speech and tapping consistency correlated with performance on the standardized motor assessment. Together, the results show auditory rhythmic regularity benefits auditory perception and auditory-motor coordination in children at risk for DCD. This provides a foundation for future clinical studies to develop evidence-based interventions involving auditory-motor rhythmic coordination for children with DCD.
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Percepción Auditiva , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora , Humanos , Niño , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora/fisiopatología , Femenino , Masculino , Percepción Auditiva/fisiología , Desempeño Psicomotor/fisiología , Estimulación Acústica , Percepción del Habla/fisiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) affects movement coordination, but little is known about how the condition impacts the behaviours of car drivers and pedestrians. AIMS: This study examined the self-reported driving and pedestrian behaviours of adults with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). METHODS AND PROCEDURES: One hundred and twenty-eight participants (62 adults with DCD vs. 66 TD adults) responded to an online survey asking them about their perceptions of confidence and self-reported driving and pedestrian behaviours in the real-world. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: Results suggested that adults with DCD felt less confident and reported more lapses in attention (e.g., forgetting where their car was parked) and errors (e.g., failing to check their mirrors prior to a manoeuvre) when driving compared to typically developed (TD) adults. Adults with DCD also reported feeling less confident and reported less adherence to road traffic laws (e.g., not waiting for a green crossing signal before crossing the road) when walking as pedestrians. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: These results offer some much-needed insight into the behaviours of those with DCD outside of the laboratory environment and underline the need for research investigating the driving and pedestrian behaviours of individuals with DCD in 'real-world' contexts.
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Conducción de Automóvil , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora , Peatones , Autoinforme , Humanos , Adulto , Femenino , Masculino , Conducción de Automóvil/psicología , Peatones/psicología , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora/psicología , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora/fisiopatología , Adulto Joven , Persona de Mediana Edad , Caminata , Atención/fisiología , Adolescente , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
While procedural learning (PL) has been implicated in delayed motor skill observed in developmental coordination disorder (DCD), few studies have considered the impact of co-occurring attentional problems. Furthermore, the neurostructural basis of PL in children remains unclear. We investigated PL in children with DCD while controlling for inattention symptoms, and examined the role of fronto-basal ganglia-cerebellar morphology in PL. Fifty-nine children (6-14 years; nDCD = 19, ncontrol = 40) completed the serial reaction time (SRT) task to measure PL. The Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale-IV was administered to measure inattention symptoms. Structural T1 images were acquired for a subset of participants (nDCD = 10, ncontrol = 28), and processed using FreeSurfer. Volume was extracted for the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and frontal regions. After controlling for inattention symptoms, the reaction time profile of controls was consistent with learning on the SRT task. This was not the case for those with DCD. SRT task performance was positively correlated with cerebellar cortical volume, and children with DCD trended towards lower cerebellar volume compared to controls. Children with DCD may not engage in PL during the SRT task in the same manner as controls, with this differential performance being associated with atypical cerebellar morphology.
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Cerebelo , Aprendizaje , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora , Tiempo de Reacción , Humanos , Niño , Masculino , Femenino , Adolescente , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora/fisiopatología , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora/diagnóstico por imagen , Tiempo de Reacción/fisiología , Cerebelo/diagnóstico por imagen , Cerebelo/fisiopatología , Aprendizaje/fisiología , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/fisiopatología , Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/diagnóstico por imagen , Neuroimagen/métodos , Atención/fisiología , Ganglios Basales/fisiopatología , Ganglios Basales/diagnóstico por imagen , Desempeño Psicomotor/fisiología , Destreza Motora/fisiologíaRESUMEN
In this study we investigated the effects of an 8-week table tennis exercise program with a task-oriented approach on visual perception and motor performance of 31 adolescents with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). The participants were identified by their teachers as having greater difficulty than their peers (450 students from three Korean middle schools) in physical education (PE) classes. On the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-2, these adolescents scored below the 15th percentile and showed difficulties in performing daily life activities due to motor performance problems; they did not have physical defects, intellectual or neurological impairments, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Of 98 prospective adolescents with PE difficulties, we obtained personal assent and parents' informed consent from 54, and 31 of these met screening criteria for DCD through the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire-Korean. This final group was divided in non-random fashion (based on the proximal geographic grouping of the children's schools) between an experimental group (n = 16) and a control group (n = 15). The experimental group participated in the 8-week task-oriented table tennis training program with three 90-minute sessions per week, while the control group only participated in regular PE classes twice per week. We measured participants' visual perception and motor performance in the same environment before and after the intervention program. Participants' visual perception was significantly more improved in the experimental group than the control group, with specific improved skills in visual-motor search, visual-motor speed, figure-ground, and visual closure; copying and perceptual constancy skills did not improve significantly. In addition, total motor performance and motor sub-skills, including fine manual control, manual coordination, body coordination, strength, and agility were significantly more improved in the experimental group than in the control group. Thus, our task-oriented table tennis exercise program was of greater assistance than general PE classes for improving visual perception and motor performance in adolescents at risk of DCD.
Asunto(s)
Trastornos de la Destreza Motora , Percepción Visual , Humanos , Adolescente , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora/rehabilitación , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora/fisiopatología , Masculino , Femenino , Percepción Visual/fisiología , Desempeño Psicomotor/fisiología , Tenis/fisiología , Terapia por Ejercicio/métodos , Destreza Motora/fisiología , Educación y Entrenamiento Físico/métodos , NiñoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) are diagnosed based on poor motor skills that impact their daily activities. However, this may also lead to lower predilection and participation in physical activities and a higher risk to develop health problems. OBJECTIVE: To determine motor skill related levels in children with moderate and severe DCD and compare that to typically developing children (TD). The study also aimed to determine the level of activities of daily living (ADL) as reported by their parent and self-efficacy as reported by the children. Lastly, the relation of motor skill related fitness, ADL, and self-efficacy has been examined. METHODS: A cross-sectional study has compared TD children (n = 105) and children with DCD (n = 109; 45 moderate DCD and 64 severe DCD) from elementary schools in Tunisia between 7 and 10 years of age. The DCDDaily-Questionnaire and Children's Self-perceptions of Adequacy in and Predilection for Physical Activity Questionnaire have been used to determine ADL and adequacy towards physical activity, respectively. The PERF-FIT has been used to measure motor skill related fitness levels. RESULTS: Large group differences (p = 0.001) were found for ADL and all domains of self-efficacy between TD and DCD children. However, ADL and self-efficacy were not different between moderate and severe DCD. Motor skill related fitness was significantly lower (p = 0.01) for children with DCD than TD children, and between children with moderate and severe DCD. The relation between self-efficacy and DCDDaily-Q was different in the two DCD groups. Slow motor learning was associated with lower perceived enjoyment in physical education in the moderate DCD group, and with lower perceived adequacy in physical education in the severe DCD group. CONCLUSIONS: Children with DCD participate and enjoy physical activity less than their peers. This combination of lower participation, lower predilection to physical activity and lowered motor skill-related fitness is a concern for the present and future health status of children with DCD.
Asunto(s)
Actividades Cotidianas , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora , Destreza Motora , Autoeficacia , Humanos , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora/fisiopatología , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora/psicología , Niño , Masculino , Femenino , Destreza Motora/fisiología , Estudios Transversales , Aptitud Física/fisiología , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , TúnezRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To synthesize evidence about physical fitness levels in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) compared with typically developing (TD) children. METHODS: We searched four databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and PsycINFO) for cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies comparing physical fitness between children with and without DCD. We assessed the methodological quality of the studies with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). We calculated Cohen's d effect sizes to provide clinical evidence of group differences in aerobic capacity, anaerobic capacity, muscle strength, body composition and flexibility. RESULTS: We included 32 studies for qualitative synthesis after applying eligibility criteria. All selected studies ranged from moderate to high research quality. Effect sizes in favor of typically developing children over children with DCD were large for aerobic capacity (d = 1.15), anaerobic capacity (d = 0.90), and muscle strength (d = 0.79), and small for body composition (d = 0.43) and flexibility (d = 0.21) outcomes. CONCLUSION: Children with DCD presented significantly lower physical fitness than their typically developing peers, particularly in aerobic and anaerobic capacity and in muscle strength.
Asunto(s)
Trastornos de la Destreza Motora , Fuerza Muscular , Aptitud Física , Humanos , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora/fisiopatología , Aptitud Física/fisiología , Niño , Fuerza Muscular/fisiología , Composición CorporalRESUMEN
A limited number of studies have attempted to understand how motor deficits affect numerical abilities in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). The purpose of this study was to explore the functionality of finger-counting (FC) in children with DCD. The participants, 15 children with DCD and 15 typically developing (TD) children matched on school level and fluid reasoning abilities, were asked to use FC to solve an ordinal task with high working memory (WM) load. Behavioral measures supplemented with biomechanical measures, from three-dimensional motion analysis synchronized to a voice recording were used to assess children's performance and FC functionality (total duration, inter-finger [IF] transition, IF variance, finger/voice synchronization, and automatization of FC movements). Children with DCD were less accurate than TD children in using FC to solve ordinal problems with high WM load. This group difference could not be accounted for by poor FC skills given that FC movement turned out to be as functional in children with DCD as in their TD peers. When added to the model as a covariate, WM captured a greater proportion of intergroup variability than manual dexterity, further suggesting that their difficulties would be better accounted for by limited WM resources than by fine motor skills.
Asunto(s)
Dedos , Memoria a Corto Plazo , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora , Humanos , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora/psicología , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora/fisiopatología , Masculino , Femenino , Niño , Destreza Motora/fisiología , Matemática , Desempeño Psicomotor/fisiología , Fenómenos BiomecánicosRESUMEN
Developmental coordination disorder is a frequently co-occurring condition with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Several cross-sectional studies have reported that children with difficulties in motor skills have a higher severity of ASD symptoms. This study aims to examine the association of difficulties in motor skills with longitudinal changes in social skills in children with ASD. Participants were drawn from the ELENA cohort, a French longitudinal cohort of children with ASD. Motor skills were assessed using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children at baseline, while social skills were measured using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS-2) and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS-II) at both the baseline and a follow-up assessment conducted 3 years later. A composite score of social skills was created at baseline and at both time points. Linear regression models were performed to assess the association between difficulties in motor skills and changes in social skills, considering potential confounders such as IQ, age, and gender. The sample included 162 children with ASD. Children with difficulties in global motor skills (N = 114) showed less favorable trajectories in social skills compared to those without motor difficulties. The results were consistent when examining the ADOS-2 and the VABS-II separately. This study provides evidence for the negative impact of difficulties in motor skills on the longitudinal development of social skills in children with ASD. Interventions targeting motor difficulties may have broader benefits, extending beyond motor function to improve socialization.