RESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Decreased plasma BDNF (pBDNF) levels have been proposed as a biomarker in illness phases of mood disorders. Serum cortisol (seC) levels are an index of energy mobilization and stress. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate pBDNF and seC levels in workers exposed to occupational stress and suffering from Adjustment Disorders (AD) compared to healthy workers. METHODS: Plasma BDNF and seC levels were measured by means of specific immunoassays in 64 AD patients and 38 healthy controls. Perceived and occupational stress was evaluated in patients and controls using the Psychological Stress Measure (PSM) and the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). Psychopatological symptoms in patients were assessed using specific rating scales. RESULTS: Plasma BDNF levels resulted significantly higher in patients than in controls, whereas no significant differences were found for seC levels. In patients but not in controls pBDNF levels showed a significant positive correlation with seC levels. Perceived stress levels were positively correlated with all psychopatological rating scales scores. CONCLUSIONS: BDNF could play a key role in the pathophysiology of stress-related disorders and its peripheral levels elevation could contribute to protect neurons under stress. Further research is needed focusing on biomarkers for stress-related disorders as a potential tool for the diagnosis and prevention of occupational diseases.
Asunto(s)
Trastornos de Adaptación , Factor Neurotrófico Derivado del Encéfalo/sangre , Hidrocortisona/sangre , Estrés Laboral , Trastornos de Adaptación/sangre , Trastornos de Adaptación/etiología , Adulto , Biomarcadores/sangre , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Exposición Profesional/efectos adversos , Estrés Laboral/sangre , Estrés Laboral/complicacionesRESUMEN
Mitochondrial dysfunction may result in a variety of diseases. The objectives here were to examine possible differences in mtDNA copy number between healthy controls and patients with depression, anxiety or stress- and adjustment disorders; the association between mtDNA copy number and disease severity at baseline; and the association between mtDNA copy number and response after an 8-week treatment (mindfulness, cognitive based therapy). A total of 179 patients in primary health care (age 20-64 years) with depression, anxiety and stress- and adjustment disorders, and 320 healthy controls (aged 19-70 years) were included in the study. Relative mtDNA copy number was measured using quantitative real-time PCR on peripheral blood samples. We found that the mean mtDNA copy number was significantly higher in patients compared to controls (84.9 vs 75.9, p<0.0001) at baseline. The difference in mtDNA copy number between patients and controls remained significant after controlling for age and sex (ß=8.13, p<0.0001; linear regression analysis). The mtDNA copy number was significantly associated with Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) scores (ß=0.57, p=0.02) at baseline. After treatment, the change in mtDNA copy number was significantly associated with the treatment response, i.e., change in Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-D) and PHQ-9 scores (ß=1.00, p=0.03 and ß=0.65, p=0.04, respectively), after controlling for baseline scores, age, sex, BMI, smoking status, alcohol drinking and medication. Our findings show that mtDNA copy number is associated with symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress- and adjustment disorders and treatment response in these disorders.
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Trastornos de Adaptación/sangre , Ansiedad/sangre , ADN Mitocondrial/sangre , Depresión/sangre , Estrés Psicológico/sangre , Adulto , Análisis de Varianza , Variaciones en el Número de Copia de ADN/fisiología , ADN Mitocondrial/genética , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Childhood maltreatment leads to neuroendocrine changes, which may be associated with an increased vulnerability for psychopathology, such as depression and anxiety in later life. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and orexin A levels in patients with depression and anxiety. The study consisted of 27 female outpatients who presented with depressive and/or anxiety symptoms, and 27 healthy female controls. Childhood trauma history was assessed using the childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ-28) in patients and controls. Serum levels of orexin and cortisol were measured in all subjects. There were positive correlations between serum orexin levels and CTQ total score and between orexin levels and some CTQ subscale scores, such as physical and emotional neglect, in patients. Orexin levels in patients with a positive history of physical and emotional neglect were higher than those in patients with a negative history of them. In the controls, there was a positive correlation between emotional neglect score and serum orexin level. There were no differences in serum levels of orexin and cortisol between patients and controls. Orexin levels may be associated with childhood maltreatment per se, rather than psychopathology, such as depression or anxiety.
Asunto(s)
Trastornos de Adaptación/sangre , Adultos Sobrevivientes del Maltrato a los Niños , Trastornos de Ansiedad/sangre , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/sangre , Orexinas/sangre , Adulto , Adultos Sobrevivientes del Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Biomarcadores/sangre , Femenino , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/sangre , Entrevista Psicológica , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pacientes Ambulatorios , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Increasing evidence suggests a link between brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and suicidal behaviour (SB). Furthermore, decreased peripheral BDNF levels have been associated with clinical symptoms in various psychiatric disorders as well as with personality dimensions in healthy individuals. However, the relationship between BDNF and psychopathology is poorly investigated regarding SB. METHODS: Plasma BDNF concentrations were analysed in 61 recent suicide attempters. Clinical symptoms were evaluated using the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale. Personality dimensions were assessed using the Marke-Nyman Temperament Scale. RESULTS: Plasma BDNF correlated positively and significantly with the personality dimension Solidity but not with the other personality dimensions or with clinical symptoms. CONCLUSION: BDNF plays an important role in the regulation of neuroplasticity and neurogenesis in humans. Our results indicate that lower BDNF concentrations are associated with higher levels of impulsiveness and changeability (low scores on the Solidity scale). Furthermore, low plasma BDNF levels may be proposed as a trait marker rather than a state marker for attempted suicide.
Asunto(s)
Factor Neurotrófico Derivado del Encéfalo/sangre , Conducta Impulsiva , Trastornos Mentales/sangre , Personalidad , Intento de Suicidio , Trastornos de Adaptación/sangre , Trastornos de Adaptación/psicología , Adulto , Anciano , Trastornos de Ansiedad/sangre , Trastornos de Ansiedad/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Trastornos Mentales/psicología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Trastornos del Humor/sangre , Trastornos del Humor/psicología , Trastornos Psicóticos/sangre , Trastornos Psicóticos/psicología , Intento de Suicidio/psicología , Temperamento , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Patients with serious mental illnesses exhibit a reduced lifespan compared with the general population, a finding that can not solely rely on high suicide risk, low access to medical care and unhealthy lifestyle. The main causes of death are medical related pathologies such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease; however pharmacological treatment might play a role. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We compared a two hour glucose load in naïve patients at the onset of a serious mental illness (N=102) (84 patients with a first episode of schizophrenia and related disorders, 6 with a first episode of bipolar I disorder and 12 with a first episode of major depression disorder) with another psychiatric diagnose, adjustment disorder (N=17) and matched controls (N=98). RESULTS: Young patients with serious mental illness showed an increased two hour glucose load compared with adjustment disorder and the control group. Mean two hour glucose values [±standard deviation] were: for schizophrenia and related disorders 106.51mg/dL [±32.0], for bipolar disorder 118.33mg/dL [±34.3], for major depressive disorder 107.42mg/dL [±34.5], for adjustment disorder 79.06mg/dL[±24.4] and for the control group 82.11mg/dL [±23.3] (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our results reflect an abnormal metabolic pathway at the onset of the disease before any pharmacological treatment or other confounding factors might have taken place. Our results suggest a similar glycemic pathway in serious mental illnesses and the subsequent need of primary and secondary prevention strategies.
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Trastornos de Adaptación/sangre , Trastorno Bipolar/sangre , Glucemia , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/sangre , Homeostasis , Esquizofrenia/sangre , Adulto , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Prueba de Tolerancia a la Glucosa , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Easily available biomarkers for suicidality would be valuable for the identification of individuals at risk. Oxytocin has been shown to be associated with mental illness. We assessed basal oxytocin plasma levels of patients with (SA, n=41) and without (NSA, n=40) a 1-year history of attempted suicide. SA and NSA groups did not differ with respect to oxytocin levels. Plasma oxytocin may not be a biological suicide marker candidate.
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Trastornos de Adaptación/sangre , Trastornos del Humor/sangre , Oxitocina/sangre , Intento de Suicidio , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Escalas de Valoración PsiquiátricaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Hypokalemia is not an isolated disease but an associated finding in a number of different diseases. It is also a commonly neglected condition among patients with acute acetaminophen overdose. OBJECTIVES: This study intended to determine the prevalence of hypokalemia and its clinical correlates in acute psychiatric illness among hypokalemic and normokalemic patients after acetaminophen overdose. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of hospital admissions for acute acetaminophen overdose conducted over a period of 5 years from 1 January 2004 to 31 December 2008. Demographic data and different types of psychiatric illness were compared between hypokalemic and normokalemic patients. Hypokalemia was predefined by a serum concentration <3.5 mmol/L. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 15 was used for data analysis. RESULTS: Two hundred and eighty patients out of 305 admissions were studied. Hypokalemia was found in 63.6% of patients with a higher prevalence in the presence of psychiatric illness (67.7%). Hypokalemic patients were significantly associated with the presence of major depression (p = .04), adjustment disorder (p < .001), anxiety (p = .01), and suicidal attempts (p = .04). CONCLUSION: Hypokalemia was common among patients with psychiatric illness and acute acetaminophen overdose.
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Acetaminofén/envenenamiento , Hipopotasemia/complicaciones , Hipopotasemia/epidemiología , Trastornos Mentales/complicaciones , Trastornos de Adaptación/sangre , Trastornos de Adaptación/complicaciones , Adolescente , Adulto , Trastornos de Ansiedad/sangre , Trastornos de Ansiedad/complicaciones , Estudios de Cohortes , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/sangre , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/complicaciones , Sobredosis de Droga/complicaciones , Femenino , Humanos , Hipopotasemia/sangre , Hipopotasemia/prevención & control , Malasia/epidemiología , Masculino , Trastornos Mentales/sangre , Potasio/administración & dosificación , Potasio/sangre , Prevalencia , Estudios Retrospectivos , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Intento de Suicidio , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Psychopathological factors associated with metabolic control in juvenile insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) deserve further investigation. This study assessed the relationship among specific psychopathological dimensions, coping mechanisms, and metabolic control in a Croatian clinical sample of adolescents with IDDM. One-hundred and one adolescents (aged 11-18) with IDDM filled out the youth self report (YSR) assessing psychopathological dimension and the scale of coping with stress (SCS). Glycemic control was estimated by the percentage of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Subjects were divided into three groups according to HbA1C values: "optimal", "suboptimal control", and "at high risk". Subjects in optimal glycemic control presented with significantly lower scores in most of YSR scales compared to subjects at high risk. Moreover, they had significantly lower scores in avoidance and emotional reactivity and significantly higher scores in cognitive restructuring and problem solving SCS subscales. Regression models revealed that both internalizing and externalizing YSR scores, as well as emotional reactivity coping scores, independently contributed to explain variability of HbA1C values. Both internalizing and externalizing psychopathological dimensions, as well as emotion-oriented coping strategies, are independently associated with poor metabolic control in both boys and girls with IDDM, thus representing potential interest targets of psychotherapeutic interventions aimed at improving glycemic control in this population.
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Adaptación Psicológica , Trastornos de Adaptación/psicología , Glucemia/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/psicología , Hemoglobina Glucada/metabolismo , Rol del Enfermo , Trastornos de Adaptación/sangre , Adolescente , Croacia , Emociones , Femenino , Humanos , Control Interno-Externo , Masculino , Cooperación del Paciente/psicología , Psicopatología , Psicoterapia , Derivación y ConsultaRESUMEN
AIM: Today the most important problem in the work place is psychological abuse, which may affect the health because of high levels of stress and anxiety. There is evidence that most psychiatric disorders are associated with increased oxidative stress but nothing is reported about the presence of oxidative stress in mobbing victims. METHODS: This study has been carried out in a group of 19 patients affected by workplace mobbing-due adjustment disorders, in comparison with 38 healthy subjects, to evaluate whether oxidative stress may be induced by mobbing. RESULTS: Serum levels of protein carbonyl groups and of nitrosylated proteins, biological markers of oxidative stress conditions, were higher than those measured in healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS: These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the redox homeostasis dysregulation occurring in victims of workplace mobbing.
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Trastornos de Adaptación/sangre , Biomarcadores/sangre , Carbonilación Proteica/fisiología , Proteínas/metabolismo , Lugar de Trabajo/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estrés Oxidativo/fisiología , Conducta Social , Estadísticas no Paramétricas , Estrés Psicológico/sangreRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Evidence based on controlled studies is still limited for treatment strategies that prevent recurrence of suicide attempts. Findings from observational as well as meta-analytic studies strongly suggest that lithium may have suicide-protective properties. METHOD: Patients with a recent suicide attempt in the context of an affective spectrum disorder (n = 167) were treated with either lithium or placebo during a 12-month period. RESULTS: Survival analysis showed no significant difference of suicidal acts between lithium and placebo-treated individuals (adjusted hazard ratio 0.517; 95% CI 0.18-1.43). However, post hoc analysis revealed that all completed suicides had occurred in the placebo group accounting for a significant difference in incidence rates (P = 0.049). CONCLUSION: Results indicate that lithium treatment might be effective in reducing the risk of completed suicide in adult patients with affective disorders. Our findings contribute to the growing body of evidence suggesting a specific antisuicidal effect of lithium.
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Trastornos de Adaptación/tratamiento farmacológico , Antidepresivos/uso terapéutico , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/tratamiento farmacológico , Trastorno Distímico/tratamiento farmacológico , Carbonato de Litio/uso terapéutico , Prevención del Suicidio , Intento de Suicidio/prevención & control , Trastornos de Adaptación/sangre , Trastornos de Adaptación/diagnóstico , Trastornos de Adaptación/psicología , Adulto , Antidepresivos/efectos adversos , Antidepresivos/farmacocinética , Comorbilidad , Estudios Transversales , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/sangre , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/diagnóstico , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/psicología , Trastorno Distímico/sangre , Trastorno Distímico/diagnóstico , Trastorno Distímico/psicología , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Estimación de Kaplan-Meier , Carbonato de Litio/efectos adversos , Carbonato de Litio/farmacocinética , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Determinación de la Personalidad , Prevención Secundaria , Suicidio/psicología , Suicidio/estadística & datos numéricos , Intento de Suicidio/psicología , Intento de Suicidio/estadística & datos numéricosAsunto(s)
Cuidados en el Hogar de Adopción/psicología , Hidrocortisona/sangre , Estrés Psicológico/complicaciones , Trastornos de Adaptación/sangre , Trastornos de Adaptación/psicología , Adolescente , Niño , Maltrato a los Niños/diagnóstico , Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Abuso Sexual Infantil/diagnóstico , Abuso Sexual Infantil/psicología , Trastornos de la Conducta Infantil/sangre , Trastornos de la Conducta Infantil/diagnóstico , Trastornos de la Conducta Infantil/psicología , Trastornos Reactivos del Niño/sangre , Trastornos Reactivos del Niño/psicología , Ritmo Circadiano/fisiología , Trastorno de la Conducta/sangre , Trastorno de la Conducta/diagnóstico , Trastorno de la Conducta/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Control Interno-Externo , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Ciudad de Nueva York , Responsabilidad Parental/psicología , Proyectos Piloto , Valores de Referencia , Factores de Riesgo , Saliva/metabolismo , Estrés Psicológico/sangreRESUMEN
Therapeutic drug monitoring studies of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants thus far failed to identify a clear concentration-response relationship in major depression. Majority of the previous studies defined clinical response as 50% or greater reduction from baseline in depression rating scale scores. Because many patients who meet these criteria still present symptoms associated with functional impairment, there is a need to consider "remission" as an alternative end point in concentration-response analyses of SSRIs. The present 12-week prospective study investigated the relationship between fluvoxamine (an SSRI) plasma concentration and remission in outpatients with depression. We used a flexible dose titration study designed to mimic clinical practice within the therapeutic dose range of fluvoxamine (25-200 mg/d). Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was computed to determine the optimal fluvoxamine plasma concentration for remission using 269 concentration data obtained from 80 patients. Analysis of the ROC curve from the entire study sample did not reveal a fluvoxamine concentration significantly predicting remission. By contrast, ROC analysis specifically in patients with moderate to severe depression (N = 51; baseline 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression score > or = 20) found a fluvoxamine concentration of 61.4 ng/mL as a significant predictor of remission. In conclusion, therapeutic drug monitoring may be useful for rational titration and individualization of fluvoxamine dose and predicting remission in patients with moderate to severe depression, who may presumably display lesser placebo component in pharmacodynamic response.
Asunto(s)
Trastornos de Adaptación/sangre , Antidepresivos de Segunda Generación/farmacocinética , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/sangre , Trastorno Depresivo/sangre , Fluvoxamina/farmacocinética , Trastornos de Adaptación/diagnóstico , Trastornos de Adaptación/tratamiento farmacológico , Adulto , Antidepresivos de Segunda Generación/efectos adversos , Trastorno Depresivo/diagnóstico , Trastorno Depresivo/tratamiento farmacológico , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/diagnóstico , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/tratamiento farmacológico , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Esquema de Medicación , Femenino , Fluvoxamina/administración & dosificación , Fluvoxamina/efectos adversos , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Inventario de Personalidad , Estudios Prospectivos , Curva ROC , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Evidence in the literature suggests stress-related changes of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in mobbing. We investigated the association between HPA activity and psychological profiles in mobbing, using a multidisciplinary approach. DESIGN: Forty-eight victims of mobbing were evaluated by a working group of the Departments of Occupational Medicine, Psychiatry and Internal Medicine. After an informed consent, a detailed occupational history, a psychiatric interview with Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2 (MMPI-2) administration and a blood sample (8:00 AM) for the determination of basal adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) plasma levels were collected. Twenty-six patients received an overnight dexamethasone (dex) test. RESULTS: Mean ACTH, cortisol and DHEAS levels were within normal ranges. The dex-test response was normal, with a significant hormone suppression (ACTH p<0.001, cortisol p<0.001, DHEAS p<0.001). The correlations between basal hormones and the psychometric scales of MMPI-2 revealed that cortisol was significantly and negatively related to Psychasthenia (Pt, p=0.003) and Depression (D, p=0.006), while DHEAS showed a significant negative correlation to Hysteria (Hy, p=0.008). Basal ACTH levels were not significantly related to psychometric scales. CONCLUSION: A significant inverse correlation between morning plasma cortisol levels and psychometric parameters in victims of mobbing with adjustment disorders was observed. A larger group of patients is necessary to identify and validate a cut-off cortisol level that may become an innovative biological parameter for the diagnosis and follow-up in victims of mobbing.
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Trastornos de Adaptación/sangre , Víctimas de Crimen/psicología , Hidrocortisona/sangre , Estrés Psicológico/complicaciones , Violencia/psicología , Lugar de Trabajo/psicología , Trastornos de Adaptación/etiología , Trastornos de Adaptación/psicología , Hormona Adrenocorticotrópica/sangre , Adulto , Trastornos de Ansiedad/sangre , Trastornos de Ansiedad/diagnóstico , Trastornos de Ansiedad/etiología , Ritmo Circadiano/fisiología , Deshidroepiandrosterona/sangre , Trastorno Depresivo/sangre , Trastorno Depresivo/diagnóstico , Trastorno Depresivo/etiología , Femenino , Humanos , MMPI , Masculino , Salud Laboral , Psicometría , Conducta Social , Estrés Psicológico/sangreAsunto(s)
Trastornos de Adaptación/tratamiento farmacológico , Trastorno Bipolar/inducido químicamente , Psicotrópicos/efectos adversos , Intento de Suicidio/psicología , Trastornos de Adaptación/sangre , Trastornos de Adaptación/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Anticonvulsivantes/efectos adversos , Anticonvulsivantes/farmacocinética , Anticonvulsivantes/uso terapéutico , Antipsicóticos/efectos adversos , Antipsicóticos/farmacocinética , Antipsicóticos/uso terapéutico , Trastorno Bipolar/sangre , Trastorno Bipolar/diagnóstico , Trastorno Bipolar/tratamiento farmacológico , Buspirona/efectos adversos , Buspirona/farmacocinética , Buspirona/uso terapéutico , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Interacciones Farmacológicas , Quimioterapia Combinada , Terapia Electroconvulsiva , Femenino , Humanos , Paroxetina/efectos adversos , Paroxetina/farmacocinética , Paroxetina/uso terapéutico , Psicotrópicos/farmacocinética , Psicotrópicos/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores Selectivos de la Recaptación de Serotonina/efectos adversos , Inhibidores Selectivos de la Recaptación de Serotonina/farmacocinética , Inhibidores Selectivos de la Recaptación de Serotonina/uso terapéutico , Síndrome de Abstinencia a Sustancias/sangre , Síndrome de Abstinencia a Sustancias/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Abstinencia a Sustancias/tratamiento farmacológico , Intento de Suicidio/prevención & controlRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Autogenic training is a widely recognised psychotherapy technique. The British School of Autogenic Training cites a large list of disorders, states, and changes, where autogenic training may prove to be of help. We wanted to explore the application of autogenic training as a therapy for adjustment disorder in adults. Our sample consisted of a homogeneous group of 35 individuals, with an average age of 39.3 +/- 1.6 years, who were diagnosed with adjustment disorder, F 43.2, in accordance with ICD 10 search criteria. AIM: The aim of our study was to research the effectiveness of autogenic training as a therapy for adjustment disorder in adults, by checking the influence of autogenic training on the biophysical and biochemical indicators of adjustment disorder. METHOD: We measured the indicators of adjustment disorder and their changes in three phases: before the beginning, immediately after the beginning, and six months after the completion, of a practical course in autogenic training. We measured systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure, brachial pulse rate as well as the levels of cortisol in plasma, of cholesterol in blood, and of glucose. During that period, autogenic training functioned as the sole therapy. RESULTS: The study confirmed our preliminary assumptions. The measurements we performed demonstrated that arterial blood pressure, pulse rate, concentration of cholesterol and cortisol, after the application of autogenic training among the subjects suffering from adjustment disorder, were lower in comparison to the initial values. These values remained lower even six months after the completion of the practical course in autogenic training. CONCLUSION: Autogenic training significantly decreases the values of physiological indicators of adjustment disorder, diminishes the effects of stress in an individual, and helps adults to cope with stress, facilitating their recuperation.
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Trastornos de Adaptación/terapia , Entrenamiento Autogénico , Trastornos de Adaptación/sangre , Trastornos de Adaptación/fisiopatología , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Autogenic training is a widespread technique used in psychotherapy. The British school of autogenic training cites a large list of diseases, health states, and life changes, in which autogenic training can be of help. We wanted to explore the application of autogenic training as a therapy for adjustment disorder in adolescents. The sample consisted of a homogeneous group of 31 individuals, with an average age of 17.3 +/- 0.2 years, who were diagnosed with adjustment disorder, F 43.2, in accordance with ICD 10 search criteria. OBJECTIVE: The aim of our work was to figure out the influence of autogenic training on adjustment disorder, through biophysical and biochemical indicators, and to research the efficiacy of autogenic training as a therapy for adjustment disorder in adolescents. METHOD: We observed adjustment disorder indicators and their changes in three phases, using initial, final, and control values, which we measured immediately before the beginning, immediately after the completion, and six months after the completion, of the practical course in autogenic training. We measured systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure, brachial pulse rates, cortisol levels in plasma, cholesterol levels in blood, as well as glucose concentrations. During that period, autogenic training was employed as the sole therapy. RESULTS: The study confirmed our preliminary assumptions. The measurements we performed showed that arterial blood pressure, pulse rates, cholesterol and cortisol concentrations, after the application of autogenic training among adolescents suffering from adjustment disorder, were lower than the initial values. They remained lower even six months after the completion of the practical course in autogenic training. CONCLUSION: We concluded that autogenic training significantly decreases the values of physiological indicators of adjustment disorder, diminishes the effects of stress in an individual, and eases the adaptation of adolescents to stress, helping with recovery.
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Trastornos de Adaptación/terapia , Entrenamiento Autogénico , Trastornos de Adaptación/sangre , Trastornos de Adaptación/fisiopatología , Adolescente , Presión Sanguínea , Humanos , Pulso ArterialRESUMEN
Fear is a common behavioral problem in dogs. In this paper, we studied the association between behavioral and physiological responses in two potentially fear-eliciting situations. The aim was to establish whether it is possible to separate dogs of the collie breed that are fearful of floors and gunshots from those that are not by studying changes in heart rate and hematocrit, plasma cortisol, progesterone, testosterone, vasopressin, and beta-endorphin concentrations. Thirteen privately owned male dogs of the collie breed were studied during a floor test, using different types of floors, and a subsequent gunshot test. Seven of the dogs were identified as being fearful of floors and six were declared as fearless. Out of the 13 dogs, seven were fearful of gunshots and six were fearless of gunshots. Since fear of floors did not always occur concomitantly with fear of gunshots, there were consequently four different groups of dogs. The heart rate increased during the floor test in all groups, but dogs that were fearful of floors had higher heart rates than dogs that were fearless of floors. Dogs that were fearful of gunshots had higher heart rates, higher hematocrit levels and higher plasma concentrations of cortisol, progesterone, vasopressin, and beta-endorphins during the gunshot test than did dogs that were found to be fearless of gunshots. Plasma cortisol and progesterone increased drastically during the gunshot test in dogs identified as being fearful of gunshots. In fearful dogs, the testosterone concentration increased after completion of the floor test and before the gunshot test started, but there were no significant differences in testosterone between the groups. Since dogs fearful of gunshots had increased levels of several physiological parameters, the results demonstrated that this fear is a serious stress for the individual, a fear which it is possible to register with physiological variables.
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Adaptación Fisiológica , Trastornos de Adaptación/psicología , Enfermedades de los Perros/psicología , Miedo , Trastornos de Adaptación/sangre , Animales , Enfermedades de los Perros/sangre , Perros , Ambiente , Frecuencia Cardíaca , Hematócrito , Hidrocortisona/sangre , Ruido , Progesterona/sangre , Pruebas Psicológicas , Vasopresinas/sangre , betaendorfina/sangreRESUMEN
The authors investigated the impact of the CYP2D6 genotype on steady-state concentrations of nortriptyline (NT) and its metabolites, trans-10-hydroxynortriptyline (EHNT) and cis-10-hydroxynortriptyline in a Japanese population of psychiatric patients. Forty-one patients (20 men and 21 women) were orally administered nortriptyline hydrochloride. The allele frequencies of the CYP2D6*5 and CYP2D6*10 were 4.9% and 34.1%, respectively. Significant differences in NT concentrations corrected for dose and weight were observed between the subjects with no mutated alleles and those with one mutated allele (mean +/- SD for no mutated alleles vs. one mutated allele: 70.3 +/- 25.4 vs. 98.4 +/- 36.6 ng/mL x mg(-1) x kg(-1); t = 2.54, dcf = 33, p < 0.05) and between the subjects with no mutated alleles and two mutated alleles (no mutated alleles vs. two mutated alleles: 70.3 +/- 25.4 vs. 147 +/- 31.1 ng/mL x mg(-1) x kg(-1); t = 5.87, df = 19, p < 0.0001). Also, a significant difference in the NT/EHNT ratio, which is representative of the hydroxylation ratio of NT, was observed between the subjects with no mutated alleles and those with two mutated alleles (no mutated alleles vs. two mutated alleles: 0.82 +/- 0.30 vs. 2.71 +/- 0.84; t = 7.86, df = 19, p < 0.0001). Multiple regression analysis showed that the number of mutated alleles of CYP2D6, which was the only significant factor, accounted for 41% and 48% of the variability in log(NT corrected for dose and weight) and log(NT/EHNT), respectively.
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Citocromo P-450 CYP2D6/genética , Etnicidad/genética , Genotipo , Nortriptilina/análogos & derivados , Nortriptilina/farmacocinética , Trastornos de Adaptación/sangre , Trastornos de Adaptación/tratamiento farmacológico , Trastornos de Adaptación/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Alelos , Trastorno Bipolar/sangre , Trastorno Bipolar/tratamiento farmacológico , Trastorno Bipolar/genética , Análisis Mutacional de ADN , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/sangre , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/tratamiento farmacológico , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/genética , Femenino , Humanos , Japón , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
Suicidality has been found to be associated with low pre- and postsynaptic serotonin functioning. The purpose of this study was to examine whether in acutely suicidal psychiatric inpatients, the blood serotonin concentration was related to the underlying psychiatric disorder and whether it was associated with changes in the affinity (dissociation constant, KD) or in the maximal binding capacity (Bmax) of the platelet serotonin2A receptor. We therefore determined the blood serotonin concentrations and the platelet serotonin2A receptor activities of 45 suicidal psychiatric patients and 20 healthy subjects. We found that the blood serotonin concentrations were significantly lower in suicidal patients compared to healthy subjects. In all diagnostic categories (affective disorder, schizophrenia and adjustment disorder) we noted a significantly higher maximal binding capacity of the platelet serotonin2A receptor. These findings support the notion that a reduction in the availability of serotonin and an upregulation of the serotonin2A receptors in psychiatric patients are associated with a loss of control over suicidal impulses.