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Resumo Objetivo descrever as internações por efeitos do abuso de álcool e outras drogas e os fatores associados ao óbito. Métodos estudo transversal, observacional e retrospectivo, com dados secundários de 3.562 internações registradas no Centro de Informação e Assistência Toxicológica de um hospital de ensino no noroeste do Paraná, por vigilância epidemiológica de busca ativa, entre os anos 2009 e 2018. Os dados foram tratados por análise univariada (teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson e teste exato de Fisher). Resultados houve predomínio do sexo masculino (89,6%), e a média de idade foi de 43,62 anos (±16 anos). A maioria das internações foi por eventos traumáticos e outras causas externas (52,1%) associadas ao uso/abuso de bebida alcoólica (85,8%). O tempo médio de internação foi de 34,6 dias; 6,0% evoluíram a óbitos. Houve a associação entre o risco para óbitos e doenças endócrinas/metabólicas, cardiovasculares, gastrintestinais e geniturinárias. Conclusão as internações com maior gravidade aumentam a incidência de óbitos, e a identificação dos fatores associados direcionou as intervenções para a redução de internações, minimizando as complicações e os óbitos. Implicações para prática este estudo serve como subsídio para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de prevenção e estímulo para as ações de melhoria na rede assistencial aos usuários, fortalecendo e incrementando as políticas públicas.

Resumen Objetivo describir las hospitalizaciones derivadas del abuso de alcohol y otras drogas y los factores asociados a la muerte. Métodos estudio transversal, observacional y retrospectivo, con datos secundarios de 3.562 hospitalizaciones registradas en el Centro de Información y Asistencia Toxicológica de un hospital universitario al noroeste de Paraná, por vigilancia epidemiológica de búsqueda activa, entre los años 2009 y 2018. Los datos se procesaron mediante análisis univariado (prueba chi-cuadrado de Pearson y prueba exacta de Fisher). Resultados la mayoría eran varones (89,6%) y la edad media fue de 43,62 años (±16 años). La mayoría de las hospitalizaciones se debieron a eventos traumáticos y otras causas externas (52,1%) asociadas al uso/abuso de bebidas alcohólicas (85,8%). El tiempo de hospitalización media fue de 34,6 días y el 6,0% evolucionó a la muerte. Hubo una asociación entre el riesgo de muerte y las enfermedades endocrinas/metabólicas, cardiovasculares, gastrointestinales y genitourinarias. Conclusión las hospitalizaciones con mayor gravedad aumentan la incidencia de muertes, y la identificación de los factores asociados orientó las intervenciones para disminuir las hospitalizaciones, reduciendo las complicaciones y las muertes. Implicaciones para la práctica este estudio sirve de apoyo para el desarrollo de estrategias de prevención y estímulo para acciones de mejora en la red de atención a los usuarios, fortaleciendo y ampliando las políticas públicas.

Abstract Objective To describe the hospitalizations resulting from the impacts of alcohol and other drug abuse and factors associated with death. Methods Cross-sectional, observational, and retrospective study, with secondary data from 3,562 admissions recorded at the Center for Information and Toxicological Assistance of a teaching hospital in northwest Paraná, using epidemiological surveillance of active search, from 2009 to 2018. Data were processed using univariate analysis (Pearson's Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test). Results Most were males (89.6%), and the mean age was 43.62 years (±16 years). Most hospitalizations resulted from traumatic events and other external causes (52.1%) associated with the use/abuse of alcoholic beverages (85.8%). The mean length of hospital stay was 34.6 days, and 6.0% died. There was an association between risk of death and endocrine/metabolic, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary diseases. Conclusion Hospitalizations with greater severity increase the incidence of deaths, and evidencing the associated factors directs interventions to decrease hospitalizations, reducing complications and deaths. Implications for practice The studies serve as a support for the development of prevention strategies, encouragement for improvement actions in the assistance network for users, strengthening and increasing public policies.

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Introducción: El consumo de alcohol es un problema a nivel mundial. En Chile es la droga más consumida, y en cantidades mayores que otros países de la región. Debido a la alta prevalencia y la gran cantidad de complicaciones asociadas, se describió la tasa de mortalidad por síndrome de dependencia del alcohol (SDA) entre los años 2016-2020 en Chile. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, ecológico y descriptivo. La población correspondió a todos los fallecidos por SDA como causa básica en Chile entre 2016-2020 utilizando fuente Departamento de Estadísticas e Información de Salud. Se calculó la tasa de mortalidad según sexo, grupo etario y región con un total de 710 personas. Resultados: Durante el período 2016-2020 se observó un aumento de la tasa de mortalidad principalmente en 2020. Respecto al sexo, predominó la tasa de mortalidad en hombres. El grupo etario con mayor tasa de mortalidad fue el de 65-79. El promedio más alto de la tasa de mortalidad entre los años 2016 y 2020 es el de la región de Los Lagos (2,09) y una desviación estándar de (1,05). Discusión: Resulta interesante que la tasa de mortalidad promedio atribuible al alcohol es menor en Chile y Estados Unidos que en otros países de América. Tanto en Chile como en Argentina y Cuba la tasa de mortalidad es mayor en hombres, sin embargo, en relación al rango etario, el predominio de las tasas varía en la región.

Introduction: Alcohol consumption is a worldwide problem that has been steadily increasing. Chile is among the countries with the highest alcohol consumption per capita in Latin America. Due to the high prevalence and the large number of associated complications, we described the mortality rate due to alcohol dependence syndrome (ADS) between the years 2016-2020 in Chile. Material y methods: Observational, ecological and descriptive study. The population corresponded to all deaths due to ADS as a basic cause in Chile between 2016-2020 using source Department of Health Statistics and Information. The mortality rate was calculated according to sex, age group and region with a total of 710 people. Results: During the period 2016-2020, an increase in the mortality rate was observed mainly in 2020. Regarding sex, the mortality rate was predominantly in men. The age group with the highest mortality rate was 65-79. The highest average mortality rate between 2016 and 2020 is that of the Los Lagos region (2,09) and a standard deviation of (1,05). Discussion: Interestingly, the average alcohol-attributable mortality rate is lower in Chile and the United States than in other countries in the Americas. In Chile as well as in Argentina and Cuba, the mortality rate is higher in men, however in relation to age range, the predominance of rates varies across the region.

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INTRODUCTION:: Alcohol use is one of the main preventable risk factors affecting mortality and premature disability. OBJECTIVE:: To describe the estimates of mortality and years of life lost as a result of premature death (YLL) due to cirrhosis, liver cancer, and disorders attributed to alcohol use in Brazil and its federated units in 1990 and 2015. METHODS:: Descriptive study using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study (2015) and the Mortality Information System (SIM). Statistical models were used to obtain corrected mortality estimates for selected causes. Rates were standardized by age. RESULTS:: In 1990, 16,226 deaths were estimated for the three conditions (17.0/100 thousand inhabitants), while in 2015 there were 28,337 deaths (15.7/100 thousand inhabitants). There was a reduction in mortality (per 100 thousand) due to cirrhosis (from 11.4 to 9.5), stability in mortality rates related to liver cancer (1.5 and 1.9), and stability in mortality rates caused by alcohol use disorders (4.1 and 4.3). Mortality rates were 5.1 times higher among men, and the five states with the highest mortality rates and YLL were from the Northeast Region: Sergipe, Ceará, Pernambuco, Paraíba, and Alagoas. Mortality and YLL rates for the three conditions studied increased in the ranking of causes of death in both sexes, with the exception of cirrhosis in the female population. CONCLUSION:: The three conditions studied are responsible for a significant burden of premature mortality in Brazil, especially among men and residents of the northeast region. These results reinforce the urgent need for public policies that address harmful alcohol consumption in Brazil.

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RESUMO: Introdução: O uso de álcool é um dos principais fatores de risco preveníveis para mortalidade ou incapacidade prematuras. Objetivo: Descrever as estimativas de mortalidade e anos de vida perdidos por morte prematura (YLL) por cirrose, câncer hepático e transtornos devidos ao uso de álcool no Brasil e suas unidades da federação (UFs), em 1990 e 2015. Métodos: Estudo descritivo com dados do estudo de Carga Global de Doenças (2015) e do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM). Modelos estatísticos foram empregados para obter estimativas corrigidas de mortalidade pelas causas selecionadas. As taxas de mortalidade foram padronizadas por idade (TMPI). Resultados: Em 1990, foram estimados 16.226 óbitos para as 3 condições (17,0/100 mil habitantes), enquanto em 2015 foram 28.337 (15,7/100 mil habitantes). Houve redução da mortalidade (por 100 mil habitantes) por cirrose (de 11,4 para 9,5) e estabilidade por câncer hepático (1,5 e 1,9) e transtornos devidos ao uso de álcool (4,1 e 4,3). As TMPI foram 5,1 vezes maiores entre os homens, e as 5 UFs com maiores TMPI e YLL foram da Região Nordeste: Sergipe, Ceará, Pernambuco, Paraíba e Alagoas. As taxas de mortalidade e de YLL pelas três condições estudadas ascenderam no ranking das causas de óbito, em ambos os sexos, exceto a cirrose no feminino. Conclusão: As três condições estudadas são responsáveis por importante carga de mortalidade prematura no Brasil, principalmente entre homens e residentes na região nordeste. Esses resultados reforçam a necessidade de políticas públicas para o enfrentamento ao consumo nocivo do álcool no Brasil.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Alcohol use is one of the main preventable risk factors affecting mortality and premature disability. Objective: To describe the estimates of mortality and years of life lost as a result of premature death (YLL) due to cirrhosis, liver cancer, and disorders attributed to alcohol use in Brazil and its federated units in 1990 and 2015. Methods: Descriptive study using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study (2015) and the Mortality Information System (SIM). Statistical models were used to obtain corrected mortality estimates for selected causes. Rates were standardized by age. Results: In 1990, 16,226 deaths were estimated for the three conditions (17.0/100 thousand inhabitants), while in 2015 there were 28,337 deaths (15.7/100 thousand inhabitants). There was a reduction in mortality (per 100 thousand) due to cirrhosis (from 11.4 to 9.5), stability in mortality rates related to liver cancer (1.5 and 1.9), and stability in mortality rates caused by alcohol use disorders (4.1 and 4.3). Mortality rates were 5.1 times higher among men, and the five states with the highest mortality rates and YLL were from the Northeast Region: Sergipe, Ceará, Pernambuco, Paraíba, and Alagoas. Mortality and YLL rates for the three conditions studied increased in the ranking of causes of death in both sexes, with the exception of cirrhosis in the female population. Conclusion: The three conditions studied are responsible for a significant burden of premature mortality in Brazil, especially among men and residents of the northeast region. These results reinforce the urgent need for public policies that address harmful alcohol consumption in Brazil.

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BACKGROUND: We aimed to assess alcohol consumption and alcohol-attributed disease burden by DALYs (disability adjusted life years) in the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) between 1990 and 2013, and explore to what extent these countries have implemented evidence-based alcohol policies during the same time period. METHODS: A comparative risk assessment approach and literature review, within a setting of the BRICS countries. Participants were the total populations (males and females combined) of each country. Levels of alcohol consumption, age-standardized alcohol-attributable DALYs per 100 000 and alcohol policy documents were measured. RESULTS: The alcohol-attributed disease burden mirrors level of consumption in Brazil, Russia and India, to some extent in China, but not in South Africa. Between the years 1990-2013 DALYs per 100 000 decreased in Brazil (from 2124 to 1902), China (from 1719 to 1250) and South Africa (from 2926 to 2662). An increase was observed in Russia (from 4015 to 4719) and India (from 1574 to 1722). Policies were implemented in all of the BRICS countries and the most common were tax increases, drink-driving measures and restrictions on advertisement. CONCLUSIONS: There was an overall decrease in alcohol-related DALYs in Brazil, China and South Africa, while an overall increase was observed in Russia and India. Most notably is the change in DALYs in Russia, where a distinct increase from 1990-2005 was followed by a steady decrease from 2005-2013. Even if assessment of causality cannot be done, policy changes were generally followed by changes in alcohol-attributed disease burden. This highlights the importance of more detailed research on this topic.

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AIMS: To describe mortality from diseases, conditions and injuries where alcohol was a necessary cause in selected countries in the Americas. DESIGN: A descriptive, population-based study. SETTING: The data come from 16 countries in North, Central and South America for the triennium 2007-09 (latest available data). PARTICIPANTS/CASES: A total of 238 367 deaths were analyzed. MEASUREMENTS: We calculated age-adjusted and age-specific mortality rates by sex and country using the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) mortality database. FINDINGS: The annual average of deaths where alcohol was a necessary cause in the 16 countries was 79, 456 (men comprised 86% and women 14%). People aged 40-59 years represented 55% overall. Most deaths were due to liver diseases (63% overall) and neuropsychiatric disorders (32% overall). Overall age-adjusted rates/100,000 were higher in El Salvador (27.4), Guatemala (22.3), Nicaragua (21.3) and Mexico (17.8) and lower in Colombia (1.8), Argentina (4.0) and Canada (5.7). The age groups at the highest risk were 54-59 to 64-69 years in most countries. In Guatemala, El Salvador and Nicaragua the rates increased earlier, among those aged 30-49 years. Male rates were higher than female rates in all countries, but the male : female ratio varied widely. CONCLUSIONS: Diseases, conditions or injuries where alcohol is a necessary cause are an important cause of premature mortality in the Americas, especially among men. Some countries show high risk of dying from this group of causes.

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Transtornos relacionados ao uso de álcool estão fortemente associados à morbidade e mortalidade em idosos. Representam um problema comum, porém pouco reconhecido, tornando-se uma epidemia silenciosa, que gera problemas de saúde. O estudo teve por objetivo identificar os registros de óbitos e internações por transtornos relacionados ao consumo do álcool em idosos em quatro municípios do Estado de São Paulo. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo documental. Os dados foram coletados no Banco de Dados do Sistema Único de Saúde, no período de 1997 a 2010. Observou-se um número ínfimo de registros relacionados aos óbitos e às internações motivadas pelo uso de álcool. Os dados sugerem provável subnotificação do número de internações e óbitos por uso de álcool, que podem estar sendo mascarados por outras doenças, somado ao possível despreparo dos profissionais de saúde. Devido a isso, o consumo de álcool e suas consequências em idosos nem sempre são identificados.

Alcohol-related disorders among the elderly are strongly associated with morbidity and mortality. They are a common but under-valued problem, translating a silent epidemic accounting for major health issues. This study identifies death records and hospital admissions for alcohol- related disorders among the elderly in four cities in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. This is a descriptive documental study. Data were collected at the National Health System Records, from 1997 to 2010. Inexpressively low death-related and hospital-admission records caused by alcohol use were showing. Data suggest likely underreporting for hospital admissions and deaths caused by the use of alcohol. These are likely to be masked by other diseases in addition to inadequate training of healthcare professionals. Harmful consequences of alcohol use by the elderly are not always being identified.

Los trastornos del consumo de alcohol en anciones se asocían con la morbilidad y la mortalidad. Representan un problema común, pero poco reconocidos, convirtiéndose en una epidemia silenciosa, lo que desarolla problemas de salud. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar los registros de muertes y hospitalizaciones por trastornos relacionados con el consumo de alcohol en los ancianes en cuatro ciudades del Estado de São Paulo-Brasil. Este es un estudio documental descriptivo. Los datos fueron recolectados en la base de datos del Sistema Único de Salud, en el período entre 1997 y 2010. Hubo un pequeño número de registros relativos a las muertes e ingresos hospitalarios motivados por el alcohol. Los datos sugieren que es probable subregistro en el número de hospitalizaciones y muertes debido al alcohol, que pueden ser enmascarada por otras enfermedades. Más el posible la falta de preparación de los profesionales de la salud. Debido a esto, el uso de alcohol y sus consecuencias en los ancianos no siempre son identificados.

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A publicação, que apresenta diversas informações e resultados das mais recentes pesquisas sobre o consumo de álcool ao redor do mundo, foi organizada em nove capítulos, abordando temas como: dados epidemiológicos mundiais sobre o consumo nocivo de álcool; as principais consequências em longo prazo relacionadas ao consumo moderado de álcool; dependência do álcool; consumo nocivo de álcool entre estudantes; padrões de consumo do álcool e problemas decorrentes do beber pesado episódico no Brasil; álcool e HIV/AIDS; álcool e violência; álcool e trânsito; e consumo nocivo de álcool durante a gravidez.

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Baseando-se numa revisão, apresentada pela Organizacão Mundial da Saúde (OMS), de recentes estudos sobre avaliacão do custo social e de saúde decorrentes do uso do álcool, este artigo tem o objetivo de expor as evidências que permitem avaliar o consumo do álcool para além da esfera médica assistencial, pessoal e familiar, como questão prioritária do ponto de vista sócio-político e de saúde pública. São discutidos os dados mundiais e enfatizados os dados específicos do cenário brasileiro. O custo social é dimensionado com metodologia aplicada a diversos fatores, sendo unificados dados sobre violência, problemas familiares, abuso de menores, desordem pública, problemas profissionais, entre outros. O custo dos problemas de saúde é evidenciado pelo método epidemiológico, por meio de uma categorizacão elementar de dados de morbi-mortalidade geral de cada região e sub-região continental e triangulando-se dados de volume médio de consumo e padrões de consumo. Os resultados finais são obtidos através de análise comparativa de risco, utilizando-se basicamente um indicador representativo do número de anos de vida útil perdidos por adoecimento ou mortalidade precoce atribuíveis ao consumo do álcool, na língua inglesa designado "DALYs" (Disability Adjusted Life Years). O valor global do "DALYs", no ano de 2000, para o álcool, foi de 4 por cento da morbi-mortalidade mundial, revelando tendência de ascensão. Os gradientes encontrados entre as diversas regiões do planeta são analisados à luz de uma crítica de seus potenciais determinantes.

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Based on the recent report on alcohol-related health and social burdens issued by the World Health Organization (WHO), this paper explores and discusses the evidence in support of the view that concerns about alcohol consumption extend far beyond consideration of personal and family health consequences, but should be considered in the context of major socio-political and public health priorities. The global findings of the WHO report are first discussed, followed by analysis of the specific findings regarding the burden of alcohol problems in Brazil. The social burden of alcohol problems is quantified by applying a unifying methodology which incorporates outcomes for alcohol-related violence, family problems, child abuse, public disorder, lost productivity, and other consequences. By analyzing the epidemiological date on alcohol-related morbidity and mortality data from each continental region and sub-region, and cross-tabulating data on average consumed volume and patterns of consumption, the burden of disease are estimated for the various regions of the world. The final results provide a comparative analysis of risk, basically using a representative indicator of number of productive years lost because of illness or premature mortality due to alcohol consumption ("DALYs" -- Disability Adjusted Life Years). The DALYs global value in 2000 was 4% of world mortality, with this rate predicted to increase as global alcohol consumption increases. Variations among various regions in the planet are critically analyzed on predictive factors.

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