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Surely Thomas Mann is today a forgotten writer, with only a little and selected group of readers between our young colleagues. However, perhaps could be useful for the others some knowledge about his vision of the infectious diseases in the first half of the twentieth century, when he wrote the novels here reviewed. Typhoid fever, meningitis, syphilis, tuberculosis and cholera are present in Mann's thematic from Buddenbrooks till Doktor Faustus, always with a personal focus, more on spirit -the will to live- rather than flesh and bones... or bacteria. One of his lasts and minor works let us throw an ironical glance over transplant, no so named, indeed, by Mann, who speaks of "exchange". In this second part we present tuberculosis, cholera and…transplant.

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El factor uterino absoluto como causa de infertilidad, ya sea la ausencia de útero o la presencia de útero no funcional, es actualmente una patología con posibilidad de tratamiento. El primer intento de trasplante uterino en humanos fue en el año 2000, este falló y el útero necrótico tuvo que ser removido luego de 99 días. Este caso pionero inspiró a varios grupos de investigación alrededor del mundo para comenzar estudios en animales para investigar el trasplante uterino en relación a cirugía, inmunosupresión, rechazo y resultados obstétricos. El primer estudio clínico de trasplante uterino comenzó en Suecia en el año 2013 donde se realizaron nueve procedimientos a partir de donantes vivas. El primer nacido vivo en el mundo a partir de un trasplante uterino se reportó en septiembre del año 2014, luego se comunicaron dos nacimientos más en noviembre de ese mismo año. Desde ese momento se han reportado nacimientos de trasplantes uterinos en Suecia, Estados Unidos y Brasil. El caso de nacido vivo en Brasil es el primer y único nacimiento en el mundo cuya donante fue cadavérica. Todos los casos publicados de trasplante uterino y nacidos vivos serán revisados en detalle en este artículo. En el año 2016 se realizó el primer simposio de trasplante uterino en América Latina bajo el auspicio de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Medicina Reproductiva (ALMER). En ese encuentro, el equipo de la Universidad de Gotemburgo, Suecia, compartió su experiencia en trasplante uterino en humanos. Este fue nuestro puntapié para comenzar un trabajo colaborativo entre nuestro equipo en Rosario y el equipo de Suecia, con la intención de preparar un estudio científico de trasplante uterino en Argentina. Los pasos importantes para este procedimiento serán revisados en este artículo (AU)

Absolute uterine factor infertility, due to absence or non-function of the uterus, is now treatable. The first attempt of human uterus transplantation was in year 2000, but it failed and a necrotic uterus had to be removed after 99 days. This pioneering case inspired several research groups around the globe to initiate animal-based studies to investigate uterus transplantation in relation to surgery, immunosuppression, rejection and pregnancy outcome. The first clinical trial of uterus transplantation was initiated in Sweden in 2013 and involved nine live donor procedures. The world ́s first live birth was reported from that trial in September 2014 and this was followed by two more births within the trial in November 2014. Births after uterus transplantation has since then been reported from Sweden, USA and Brazil. The live birth in Brazil is the first and only birth from a deceased donor so far. All published cases of uterus transplantation and the live births will be review in detail.In 2016 there was the first symposium on uterus transplantation in Latin-America under the auspice of ALMER. At the meeting, the Swedish team shared their experiences of human uterus transplantation. This was the starting point for a collaboration work between our team in Rosario and the Swedish team, with the aim to prepare for a scientific trial of uterus transplantation in Argentina. The important steps in this procedure will be reviewed (AU)

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Resumen Con seguridad Thomas Mann es hoy en día un escritor olvidado, para los infectólogos y para todo el mundo, con apenas un selecto grupo de poquísimos lectores entre nuestros jóvenes colegas. No les hará mal, a éstos y a aquéllos, sin embargo, adquirir algún conocimiento de las ideas sobre las enfermedades infecciosas en la primera mitad del siglo XX, período en que Mann escribió las obras aquí comentadas: por el contrario puede resultarles particularmente útil si este conocimiento les llega a través de la visión muy personal del germano, quien pone el foco más en el espíritu -la voluntad, el alma en suma- que en el componente físico de la enfermedad, en la miseria corporal, ignorando de paso, desdeñosamente, a las bacterias causantes.

Surely Thomas Mann is today a forgotten writer, with only a little and selected group of readers between our young colleagues. However, perhaps could be useful for the others some knowledge about his vision of the infectious diseases in the first half of the twentieth century, when he wrote the novels here reviewed. Typhoid fever, meningitis, syphilis, tuberculosis and cholera are present in Mann's thematic from Buddenbrooks till Doktor Faustus, always with a personal focus, more on spirit -the will to live- rather than flesh and bones... or bacteria. One of his lasts and minor works let us throw an ironical glance over transplant, no so named, indeed, by Mann, who speaks of "exchange". In this second part we present tuberculosis, cholera and…transplant.

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Se realiza en el trabajo una descripción histórica del empleo de otras especies especial animales, como soporte de la experimentación en el desarrollo y puesta a punto de las diferentes trasplantes. La mayoría de las aportaciones referenciadas constituyen a hitos en relación a la realización de forma pionera de las técnicas. En otros casos el apunte histórico se refiere a experimentos realizados de forma rutinaria que sirvieron para lograr aportaciones en algún campo puntual y también en el adiestramiento técnico quirúrgico para realizar los trasplantes. Hay referencia también al empleo de animales para la obtención de las vísceras como injertos en su aplicación en el ser humano lo que constituyen los xenoinjertos

A historical description of the use of other animals species, is carried out in the work as a support for the experimentation in the development and implementation of the different transplants. The majority of the referenced contributions constitute milestones in relation to the realization of a pioneering technique. In other cases the historical record refers to routinely performed experiments that served to achieve contributions in a specific field and also in the surgical technical training to perform the transplants. There is also reference to the use of animals for obtaining the viscera as grafts in their application in the human being what constitute the xenografts

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This issue is dedicated to the contributions of Professor Glyn O. Phillips to the field of tissue banking and the advancement of science in general. The use of ionizing radiation to sterilize medical products drew the interest of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). A meeting in 1976 in Athens Greece to present work on the effects of sterilizing radiation doses upon the antigenic properties of proteins and biologic tissues was my first introduction of Professor Phillips and the role that he was to play in Tissue Banking (Friedlaender, in Phillips GO, Tallentine AN (eds) Radiation sterilization. Irradiated tissues and their potential clinical use. The North E. Wales Institute, Clwyd, p 128, 1978). The IAEA sponsored subsequent meetings in the Republic of Korea, Czechoslovakia and Rangoon, the later including a visit to the tissue bank by Professor Phillips. His advocacy resulted in multiple workshops and teaching opportunities in a variety of countries, one of which led to the establishment of the Asia Pacific Surgical Tissue Banking Association in 1989 (Phillips and Strong, in Phillips GO, Strong DM, von Versen R, Nather A (eds) Advances in tissue banking, vol 3. World Scientific, Singapore, pp 403-417, 1999).

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BACKGROUND: We address accusations linking AIDS with testis transplantation performed by a French surgeon, Serge Voronoff (1866-1951), and their implications in the future of animal-to-human organ transplantation. METHODS: Biographical literature on Voronoff and scientific literature on xenotransplantation and the origin of HIV were reviewed. RESULTS: IN the 1920s, Serge Voronoff transplanted testes from primates into humans to revitalize them sexually and physically, making him one of the first surgeons to perform xenotransplantation-transplanting live tissues between species. In recent years, some have postulated that Voronoff's transplants may have caused or contributed to the AIDS epidemic. However, consensus among virologists holds that HIV most likely originated from a chimpanzee virus known as simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) which many agree was transmitted to humans during the hunting of primates in the early 1900s. As these accusations have never been addressed, evidence is reviewed which refutes the claims. HIV isolate studies are summarized, which show that SIV was most likely transferred to humans from a chimpanzee species different from those used by Voronoff. Furthermore, literature suggests that Voronoff's experiments were performed in Europe and the United States, not central Africa. CONCLUSIONS: Over 100,000 people await organ transplants, making the prospect of using animal organs to meet demand increasingly favorable. The accusations against Voronoff and others have led to increased concern over cross-species disease transfer. The evidence presented refutes those claims and is used to explain the need for further research into xenotransplantation.

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The past 5 decades have documented remarkable advances in basic knowledge and clinical expertise in transplantation. The first 12 years of this half century of my participation in the enterprise were consumed with the isolation, chemical characterization, and application of histocompatibility antigens purified from mouse, guinea pig, and human tissues, demonstrating that their specificity was based on unique amino acid sequences in protein structures. Initial unsuccessful attempts to use native molecules to induce tolerance in rat renal or heart transplantation models were followed by limited success when they were administered with a brief perioperative course of cyclosporine (CsA). Production of allochimeric constructs of class I major histocompatibility complex molecules bearing donor-type amino acid substitutions into the host-type C-terminal portion of the α1 helix yielded tolerogens whose activity was not dependent on conditioning with CsA or total lymphoid irradiation (TLI). The allochimeric molecules serve as altered peptide ligands that induce an aberrant T-cell signal 1 response producing transplantation tolerance. The potent activity of CsA in this experimental model was extended to clinical settings. Pharmacologic tools were employed to explore intra- and interindividual variations in drug exposure leading to the development of a better drug formulation. However, the intrinsic nephrotoxicity of CsA necessitated marked 80% reductions in de novo drug exposure as were achieved by exploiting the synergistic pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions of CsA with sirolimus. The final decade in this 50-year experience includes editorship of this journal with marked changes in its direction. These experiences have afforded insights into future avenues for preclinical exploration and therapeutic drug development.

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Regenerative medicine is not new; it has not sprung anew out of stem cell science as has often been suggested. There is a rich history of study of regeneration, of development, and of the ways in which understanding regeneration advances study of development and also has practical and medical applications. This paper explores the history of regenerative medicine, starting especially with T.H. Morgan in 1901 and carrying through the history of transplantation research in the 20th century, to an emphasis on translational medicine in the late 20th century.

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The achievements of the Hogarth Pringles, father and son, represent a remarkable story of surgical innovation; remarkable not only for the range and significance of their contributions but also because neither of them has been given appropriate recognition for their pioneering work. George Hogarth Pringle introduced antiseptic surgery to Australia. His son James performed the first autologous vein graft in Britain and the first excision with en bloc nodal dissection for malignant melanoma, both of which procedures were successful. He was also one of the earliest exponents of hindquarter amputation, was a national authority on fracture management and an early supporter of women in medicine.

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