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ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Ophiocordyceps sinensis (O. sinensis) is a genus of Ascomycete fungus that is endemic to the alpine meadows of the Tibetan Plateau and adjoining Himalayas. It has been used traditionally as a tonic to improve respiratory health in ancient China as well as to promote vitality and longevity. Bioactive components found in O. sinensis such as adenosine, cordycepin, 3-deoxyadenosine, L-arginine and polysaccharides have gained increasing interest in recent years due to their antioxidative and other properties, which include anti-asthmatic, antiviral, immunomodulation and improvement of general health. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study's primary aim was to investigate the effect of a cultivated fruiting body of O. sinensis strain (OCS02®) on airways patency and the secondary focus was to investigate its effect on the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cultivated strain, OCS02®, was employed and the metabolic profile of its cold-water extract (CWE) was analysed through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Organ bath approach was used to investigate the pharmacological properties of OCS02® CWE when applied on airway tissues obtained from adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. The airway relaxation mechanisms of OCS02® CWE were explored using pharmacological tools, where the key regulators in airway relaxation and constriction were investigated. For the longevity study, age-synchronised, pos-1 RNAi-treated wild-type type Caenorhabditis elegans at the L4 stage were utilised for a lifespan assay. RESULTS: Various glycopeptides and amino acids, particularly a high concentration of L-arginine, were identified from the LC-MS analysis. In airway tissues, OCS02® CWE induced a significantly greater concentration-dependent relaxation when compared to salbutamol. The relaxation response was significantly attenuated in the presence of NG-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo [4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) and several K+ channel blockers. The longevity effect induced by OCS02® CWE (5 mg/mL and above) was observed in C. elegans by at least 17%. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the airway relaxation mechanisms of OCS02® CWE involved cGMP-dependent and cGMP-independent nitric oxide signalling pathways. This study provides evidence that the cultivated strain of OCS02® exhibits airway relaxation effects which supports the traditional use of its wild O. sinensis in strengthening respiratory health.
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Cuerpos Fructíferos de los Hongos , Músculo Liso , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Animales , Masculino , Cuerpos Fructíferos de los Hongos/química , Músculo Liso/efectos de los fármacos , Relajación Muscular/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Tráquea/efectos de los fármacos , Tráquea/metabolismo , Longevidad/efectos de los fármacos , HypocrealesRESUMEN
Emergency front-of-neck access refers to all techniques that deliver oxygen into the airway lumen through the anterior neck structures and encompasses access both through the cricothyroid membrane and the tracheal wall. There has yet to be a universal agreement regarding the preferred technique. A surgical incision is currently the most common approach in prehospital and in-hospital care. This review intends to review and summarize the existing clinical, basic science, and societal guidelines for eFONA.
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Manejo de la Vía Aérea , Servicios Médicos de Urgencia , Cuello , Humanos , Cuello/cirugía , Manejo de la Vía Aérea/métodos , Servicios Médicos de Urgencia/métodos , Intubación Intratraqueal/métodos , TráqueaRESUMEN
The presence of fungi in tracheal wash (TW) of horses was recently linked to mild-moderate equine asthma, indicating a possible causal role; however, increased numbers of fungi may also stem from asthma-related alteration of tracheal mucus clearance or from environmental exposure. Our objective was to elucidate the association between the presence of fungi in TW and asthma status while controlling for relevant confounders. We conducted a retrospective case-control study involving 73 horses, including 34 controls and 39 asthmatic cases. Each asthmatic horse was matched with a control from the same barn to account for the influence of environmental exposure. All horses underwent respiratory clinical scoring, endoscopy, TW, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). The association between asthma status and presence of TW fungi was tested with multivariable logistic regression modelling, accounting for selected management factors, tracheal mucus accumulation, and selected TW and BAL cytological characteristics, including multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) in the TW. Given the variability in MGC definitions in the literature, particularly concerning their morphology and number of nuclei, we constructed two distinct models for each outcome (asthma status or presence of fungi in TW): one considering MGCs as cells with ≥ 3 nuclei, and another using a criterion of ≥ 10 nuclei. Horses with a tracheal mucus score ≥ 2 exhibited 3.6 to 4.3 higher odds of being asthmatic, depending on the MGC definition. None of the other variables examined were associated with either asthma status or TW fungi detection. Notably, the presence of fungal elements in the TW was not associated with equine asthma.
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Asma , Hongos , Enfermedades de los Caballos , Tráquea , Animales , Caballos/microbiología , Asma/microbiología , Tráquea/microbiología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Enfermedades de los Caballos/microbiología , Hongos/aislamiento & purificación , Estudios Retrospectivos , Masculino , Femenino , Líquido del Lavado Bronquioalveolar/microbiologíaAsunto(s)
Laringectomía , Humanos , Hipofaringe/cirugía , Neoplasias Hipofaríngeas/cirugía , Neoplasias Hipofaríngeas/patología , Enfermedades de la Laringe/cirugía , Enfermedades de la Laringe/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Laríngeas/cirugía , Neoplasias Laríngeas/patología , Tráquea/cirugía , LaringoscopíaRESUMEN
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) often causes disease through coinfection with other bacterial pathogens, including Glaesserella parasuis (G. parasuis), which causes high morbidity and mortality, but the role played by PCV2 and bacterial and host factors contributing to this process have not been defined. Bacterial attachment is assumed to occur via specific receptor-ligand interactions between adhesins on the bacterial cell and host proteins adsorbed to the implant surface. Mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of PCV2-infected swine tracheal epithelial cells (STEC) revealed that the expression of Extracellular matrix protein (ECM) Fibronectin (Fn) increased significantly on the infected cells surface. Importantly, efficient G. parasuis serotype 4 (GPS4) adherence to STECs was imparted by interactions with Fn. Furthermore, abrogation of adherence was gained by genetic knockout of Fn, Fn and Integrin ß1 antibody blocking. Fn is frequently exploited as a receptor for bacterial pathogens. To explore the GPS4 adhesin that interacts with Fn, recombinant Fn N-terminal type I and type II domains were incubated with GPS4, and the interacting proteins were pulled down for MS analysis. Here, we show that rare lipoprotein A (RlpA) directly interacts with host Fibronectin mediating GPS4 adhesion. Finally, we found that PCV2-induced Fibronectin expression and adherence of GPS4 were prevented significantly by TGF-ß signaling pathway inhibitor SB431542. Our data suggest the RlpA-Fn interaction to be a potentially promising novel therapeutic target to combat PCV2 and GPS4 coinfection.
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Circovirus , Fibronectinas , Haemophilus parasuis , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Tráquea , Animales , Porcinos , Fibronectinas/metabolismo , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/virología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/metabolismo , Haemophilus parasuis/metabolismo , Circovirus/metabolismo , Circovirus/patogenicidad , Tráquea/virología , Tráquea/microbiología , Tráquea/metabolismo , Infecciones por Haemophilus/microbiología , Infecciones por Haemophilus/virología , Infecciones por Haemophilus/metabolismo , Adhesión Bacteriana , Serogrupo , Coinfección/virología , Coinfección/microbiología , Infecciones por Pasteurellaceae/veterinaria , Infecciones por Pasteurellaceae/virología , Infecciones por Pasteurellaceae/microbiología , Infecciones por Pasteurellaceae/metabolismoRESUMEN
Analysis of tracheal breathing sounds (TBS) is a significant area of study in medical diagnostics and monitoring for respiratory diseases and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Recorded at the suprasternal notch, TBS can provide detailed insights into the respiratory system's functioning and health. This method has been particularly useful for non-invasive assessments and is used in various clinical settings, such as OSA, asthma, respiratory infectious diseases, lung function, and detection during either wakefulness or sleep. One of the challenges and limitations of TBS recording is the background noise, including speech sound, movement, and even non-tracheal breathing sounds propagating in the air. The breathing sounds captured from the nose or mouth can interfere with the tracheal breathing sounds, making it difficult to isolate the sounds necessary for accurate diagnostics. In this study, two surface microphones are proposed to accurately record TBS acquired solely from the trachea. The frequency response of each microphone is compared with a reference microphone. Additionally, this study evaluates the tracheal and lung breathing sounds of six participants recorded using the proposed microphones versus a commercial omnidirectional microphone, both in environments with and without background white noise. The proposed microphones demonstrated reduced susceptibility to background noise particularly in the frequency ranges (1800-2199) Hz and (2200-2599) Hz with maximum deviation of 2 dB and 2.1 dB, respectively, compared to 9 dB observed in the commercial microphone. The findings of this study have potential implications for improving the accuracy and reliability of respiratory diagnostics in clinical practice.
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Ruidos Respiratorios , Tráquea , Humanos , Tráquea/fisiología , Ruidos Respiratorios/fisiología , Masculino , Adulto , Diseño de Equipo , Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño/diagnóstico , Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño/fisiopatología , Femenino , Procesamiento de Señales Asistido por Computador , RespiraciónRESUMEN
Blunt injury to the neck following high-impact trauma can be associated with airway injury. The anaesthesiologist should have a high index of suspicion for the same when the patient presents for any surgical intervention for trauma. A complete evaluation of the tracheobronchial tree using a flexible bronchoscope is essential before instrumenting the airway in a child with suspected laryngotracheal trauma because blind intubation can convert a lesser grade airway trauma into a significant one. We report the airway management in a child belonging to middle childhood, who presented with complete tracheal transection after a blunt laryngotracheal trauma.
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Manejo de la Vía Aérea , Broncoscopía , Laringe , Tráquea , Heridas no Penetrantes , Humanos , Heridas no Penetrantes/complicaciones , Heridas no Penetrantes/cirugía , Tráquea/lesiones , Tráquea/cirugía , Laringe/lesiones , Laringe/cirugía , Manejo de la Vía Aérea/métodos , Masculino , Niño , Intubación Intratraqueal/métodos , Traumatismos del Cuello/cirugía , Traumatismos del Cuello/complicacionesRESUMEN
Pulmonary surfactant serves as a barrier to respiratory epithelium but can also regulate airway smooth muscle (ASM) tone. Surfactant (SF) relaxes contracted ASM, similar to ß2-agonists, anticholinergics, nitric oxide, and prostanoids. The exact mechanism of surfactant relaxation and whether surfactant relaxes hyperresponsive ASM remains unknown. Based on previous research, relaxation requires an intact epithelium and prostanoid synthesis. We sought to examine the mechanisms by which surfactant causes ASM relaxation. Organ bath measurements of isometric tension of ASM of guinea pigs in response to exogenous surfactant revealed that surfactant reduces tension of healthy and hyperresponsive tracheal tissue. The relaxant effect of surfactant was reduced if prostanoid synthesis was inhibited and/or if prostaglandin E2-related EP2 receptors were antagonized. Atomic force microscopy revealed that human ASM cells stiffen during contraction and soften during relaxation. Surfactant softened ASM cells, similarly to the known bronchodilator prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and the cell softening was abolished when EP4 receptors for PGE2 were antagonized. Elevated levels of PGE2 were found in cultures of normal human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to pulmonary surfactant. We conclude that prostaglandin E2 and its EP2 and EP4 receptors are likely involved in the relaxant effect of pulmonary surfactant in airways.
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Dinoprostona , Relajación Muscular , Músculo Liso , Surfactantes Pulmonares , Tráquea , Cobayas , Animales , Humanos , Masculino , Músculo Liso/efectos de los fármacos , Músculo Liso/fisiología , Músculo Liso/metabolismo , Relajación Muscular/efectos de los fármacos , Dinoprostona/farmacología , Dinoprostona/metabolismo , Surfactantes Pulmonares/metabolismo , Surfactantes Pulmonares/farmacología , Tráquea/efectos de los fármacos , Tráquea/fisiología , Tráquea/metabolismo , Subtipo EP2 de Receptores de Prostaglandina E/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Subtipo EP4 de Receptores de Prostaglandina E/metabolismoRESUMEN
Surgical resection of the stenotic segment with end-to-end anastomosis is considered the gold standard in postintubation tracheal stenosis. However, outcomes of this concrete aetiology are not well described. With the aim to examine the extent, range and characteristics of the existing evidence, a scoping review was performed. Data sources included MEDLINE, Scopus, Ovid and the Cochrane databases. Inclusion criteria consisted of studies in adult patients with postintubation tracheal stenosis that reported characteristics, surgical management and outcomes. A total of 125 articles were identified, of which 10 were included in the final analysis. All studies were case reports or case series (level 4 evidence) grouping 110 patients, 75 males and 35 females. The age ranged from 15 to 71 years. Cotton-Myer stenosis grade was 1 [1 (0.9%)], 2 [25 (22.7%)], 3 [70 (63.6%)] and 4 [14 (12.7%)]. Stenosis location was in the tracheal upper-third in 108 (98.2%), in the middle-third in 1 (0.9%) and in the lower-third in 1 (0.9%). Stenosis length ranged from 1 to 5.6 cm. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 60 months (2 years for the most). Most frequent complications were transitory dysphagia in 13 (11.3%), granuloma formation in 8 (7.3%), dehiscence or air leak in 5 (4.5%) and wound infection in 4 (3.6%). Restenosis rate ranged from 2% to 25%. There was no perioperative mortality. Tracheal resection and primary anastomosis in postintubation tracheal stenosis appear to be safe and effective in the short and mid-terms; however, the very low level of evidence found prevents definitive conclusions.
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Anastomosis Quirúrgica , Intubación Intratraqueal , Tráquea , Estenosis Traqueal , Humanos , Estenosis Traqueal/cirugía , Estenosis Traqueal/etiología , Intubación Intratraqueal/efectos adversos , Anastomosis Quirúrgica/efectos adversos , Tráquea/cirugía , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Anciano , AdolescenteRESUMEN
Introduction: Influenza A virus (IAV) infection is a global respiratory disease, which annually leads to 3-5 million cases of severe illness, resulting in 290,000-650,000 deaths. Additionally, during the past century, four global IAV pandemics have claimed millions of human lives. The epithelial lining of the trachea plays a vital role during IAV infection, both as point of viral entry and replication as well as in the antiviral immune response. Tracheal tissue is generally inaccessible from human patients, which makes animal models crucial for the study of the tracheal host immune response. Method: In this study, pigs were inoculated with swine- or human-adapted H1N1 IAV to gain insight into how host adaptation of IAV shapes the innate immune response during infection. In-depth multi-omics analysis (global proteomics and RNA sequencing) of the host response in upper and lower tracheal tissue was conducted, and results were validated by microfluidic qPCR. Additionally, a subset of samples was selected for histopathological examination. Results: A classical innate antiviral immune response was induced in both upper and lower trachea after infection with either swine- or human-adapted IAV with upregulation of genes and higher abundance of proteins associated with viral infection and recognition, accompanied by a significant induction of interferon stimulated genes with corresponding higher proteins concentrations. Infection with the swine-adapted virus induced a much stronger immune response compared to infection with a human-adapted IAV strain in the lower trachea, which could be a consequence of a higher viral load and a higher degree of inflammation. Discussion: Central components of the JAK-STAT pathway, apoptosis, pyrimidine metabolism, and the cytoskeleton were significantly altered depending on infection with swine- or human-adapted virus and might be relevant mechanisms in relation to antiviral immunity against putative zoonotic IAV. Based on our findings, we hypothesize that during host adaptation, IAV evolve to modulate important host cell elements to favor viral infectivity and replication.
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Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae , Proteómica , Tráquea , Animales , Tráquea/inmunología , Tráquea/virología , Porcinos , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/inmunología , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/virología , Proteómica/métodos , Humanos , Adaptación al Huésped/inmunología , Inmunidad Innata , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/inmunología , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno/inmunología , MultiómicaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/AIM: Cigarette smoke has been shown to induce a phenotype in humans known as "acquired cystic fibrosis". This occurs because the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) functions are impaired systemically due to the deleterious effects of smoke components. Elucidation of cigarette smoke effects on the tracheal epithelium is important. The aim of this study was to develop an ex vivo sheep tracheal model to investigate tracheal ion function. In this model, the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is inhibited after exposure to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) as a proof of principle. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Tracheas were isolated from healthy sheep and the tracheal epithelium was surgically excised. Tissues were mounted in Ussing chambers and the short circuit current (Isc) was measured after incubation with 5% CSE in PBS or PBS alone for 30 min. The function of ENaC was investigated by the addition of amiloride (10-5M) apically. Western blot analysis was performed to assess differences in ENaC quantity after CSE exposure. Some specimens were stained with H&E for detection of histological alterations. RESULTS: The amiloride effect on normal epithelium led to a significant decrease in Isc [ΔI=33±5.92 µA/cm2; p<0.001 versus control experiments (ΔI=1.44±0.71 µA/cm2)]. After incubation with CSE, ENaC Isc was significantly reduced (ΔI=14.80±1.96 µA/cm2; p<0.001). No differences in αENaC expression were observed between CSE-exposed and normal tracheal epithelium. Histological images post CSE incubation revealed decreases in the height of the epithelium, with basal cell hyperplasia and loss of ciliated cells. CONCLUSION: Reduced ENaC inhibition by amiloride after CSE incubation could be due to alterations in the tracheal epithelium.
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Canales Epiteliales de Sodio , Tráquea , Animales , Canales Epiteliales de Sodio/metabolismo , Ovinos , Tráquea/metabolismo , Tráquea/efectos de los fármacos , Tráquea/patología , Proyectos Piloto , Humo/efectos adversos , Amilorida/farmacología , Mucosa Respiratoria/metabolismo , Mucosa Respiratoria/efectos de los fármacos , Mucosa Respiratoria/patología , Epitelio/efectos de los fármacos , Epitelio/metabolismo , Epitelio/patologíaRESUMEN
Accurate segmentation of the pulmonary airway tree is crucial for diagnosing lung diseases. To tackle the issues of low segmentation accuracy and frequent leaks in existing methods, this paper proposes a precise segmentation method using quasi-spherical region-constrained wavefront propagation with tracheal wall gap sealing. Based on the characteristic that the surface formed by seed points approximates the airway cross-section, the width of the unsegmented airway is calculated, determining the initial quasi-spherical constraint region. Using the wavefront propagation method, seed points are continuously propagated and segmented along the tracheal wall within the quasi-spherical constraint region, thus overcoming the need to determine complex segmentation directions. To seal tracheal wall gaps, a morphological closing operation is utilized to extract the characteristics of small holes and locate low-brightness tracheal wall gaps. By filling the CT values at these gaps, the method seals the tracheal wall gaps. Extensive experiments on the EXACT09 dataset demonstrate that our algorithm ranks third in segmentation completeness. Moreover, its performance in preventing airway leaks is significantly better than the top-two algorithms, effectively preventing large-scale leak-induced spread.
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Algoritmos , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , Tráquea , Tráquea/diagnóstico por imagen , Tráquea/anatomía & histología , Humanos , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X/métodos , Pulmón/diagnóstico por imagen , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador/métodosRESUMEN
A dynamic tracheal collapse caused by multiple rib fractures in a neonatal wagyu calf was diagnosed by radiography, endoscopy and computed tomography. Conservative treatment, consisting of the medical treatment of respiratory inflammation and the reduction of environmental and social stress was initiated. The respiratory signs improved significantly, and the calf was discharged. The condition deteriorated after several weeks without treatment, most likely due to of excessive callus formation of the fractured ribs causing increased reduction in tracheal diameter.
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Animales Recién Nacidos , Distocia , Fracturas de las Costillas , Animales , Fracturas de las Costillas/veterinaria , Fracturas de las Costillas/diagnóstico por imagen , Bovinos , Femenino , Embarazo , Distocia/veterinaria , Distocia/terapia , Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Tráquea/lesiones , Tráquea/diagnóstico por imagen , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X/veterinariaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) has long been a pathogenic microorganism threatening the global poultry industry. Previous studies have demonstrated that the mechanism by which quercetin (QUE) inhibits the colonization of MG in chicks differs from that of antibiotics. However, the molecular mechanism by which QUE facilitates the clearance of MG remains unclear. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanism of MG clearance by QUE, with the expectation of providing new options for the treatment of MG. METHODS: A model of MG infection in chicks and MG-induced M1 polarization in HD-11 cells were established. The mechanism of QUE clearance of MG was investigated by evaluating the relationship between tracheal mucosal barrier integrity, antibody levels, Th1/Th2 immune balance and macrophage metabolism and M1/M2 polarization balance. Furthermore, network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques were employed to explore the potential molecular pathways connecting QUE, M2 polarization, and fatty acid oxidation (FAO). RESULTS: The findings indicate that QUE remodels tracheal mucosal barrier function by regulating tight junctions and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) expression levels. This process entails the regulatory function of QUE on the Th1/Th2 immune imbalance that is induced by MG infection in the tracheal mucosa. Moreover, QUE intervention impeded the M1 polarization of HD-11 cells induced by MG infection, while simultaneously promoting M2 polarization through the induction of FAO. Conversely, inhibitors of the FAO pathway impede this effect. The results of computer network analysis suggest that QUE may induce FAO via the PI3K/AKT pathway to promote M2 polarization. Notably, inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway was found to effectively inhibit M2 polarization in HD-11 cells, while having a limited effect on FAO. CONCLUSIONS: QUE promotes M2 polarization of HD-11 cells to enhance Th2 immune response through FAO and PI3K/AKT pathways, thereby restoring tracheal mucosal barrier function and ultimately inhibiting MG colonization.
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Pollos , Infecciones por Mycoplasma , Mycoplasma gallisepticum , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Quercetina , Células Th2 , Animales , Quercetina/farmacología , Mycoplasma gallisepticum/efectos de los fármacos , Infecciones por Mycoplasma/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Mycoplasma/inmunología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/inmunología , Células Th2/efectos de los fármacos , Células Th2/inmunología , Mucosa Respiratoria/efectos de los fármacos , Mucosa Respiratoria/inmunología , Tráquea/efectos de los fármacos , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Uniones Estrechas/efectos de los fármacos , Inmunoglobulina A Secretora/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas/metabolismo , Células TH1/efectos de los fármacos , Células TH1/inmunología , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Ácidos GrasosRESUMEN
Single cilia, 100 nm in diameter and 10 µm in length, were isolated from mouse tracheae with Triton X-100 (0.02%) treatment, and the effects of pH on ciliary beating were examined by measuring the ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and the ciliary bend distance (CBD-an index of amplitude) using a high-speed video microscope (250 fps). ATP (2.5 mM) plus 8Br-cAMP (10 µM) reactivated the CBF and CBD in the isolated cilia, similar to the cilia of in vivo tracheae. In the reactivated isolated cilia, an elevation in pH from 7.0 to 8.0 increased the CBF from 3 to 15 Hz and the CBD from 0.6 to 1.5 µm. The pH elevation also increased the velocity of the effective stroke; however, it did not increase the recovery stroke, and, moreover, it decreased the intervals between beats. This indicates that H+ (pHi) directly acts on the axonemal machinery to regulate CBF and CBD. In isolated cilia priorly treated with 1 µM PKI-amide (a PKA inhibitor), 8Br-cAMP did not increase the CBF or CBD in the ATP-stimulated isolated cilia. pH modulates the PKA signal, which enhances the axonemal beating generated by the ATP-activated inner and outer dyneins.
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Adenosina Trifosfato , Cilios , AMP Cíclico , Tráquea , Animales , Cilios/efectos de los fármacos , Cilios/metabolismo , Adenosina Trifosfato/metabolismo , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Tráquea/metabolismo , Tráquea/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones , AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , MasculinoRESUMEN
The appropriate degradation characteristics of polydioxanone (PDO) are necessary for the safety and effectiveness of stents. This study aimed to investigate the degradation of PDO weaving tracheal stents (PW stents)in vitroandin vivo. The degradation solution ofS. aureus(SAU),E. coli(ECO),P. aeruginosa(PAE), and control (N) were prepared, and the PW stents were immersed for 12 weeks. Then, the radial support force, weight retention, pH, molecular structure, thermal performance, and morphology were determined. Furthermore, the PW stents were implanted into the abdominal cavity of rabbits, and omentum was embedded. At feeding for 16 weeks, the mechanical properties, and morphology were measured. During the first 8 weeks, the radial support force in all groups was progressively decreased. At week 2, the decline rate of radial support force in the experimental groups was significantly faster compared to the N group, and the difference was narrowed thereafter. The infrared spectrum showed that during the whole degradation process, SAU, ECO and PAE solution did not lead to the formation of new functional groups in PW stents.In vitroscanning electron microscope observation showed that SAU and ECO were more likely to gather and multiply at the weaving points of the PW stents, forming colonies.In vivoexperiments showed that the degradation in the concavity of weaving points of PW stents was more rapid and severe. The radial support loss rate reached more than 70% at week 4, and the radial support force was no longer measurable after week 8. In omentum, multinuclear giant cells and foreign giant cells were found to infiltrate. PW stents have good biocompatibility. The degradation rate of PW stents in the aseptic conditionsin vivowas faster than in the bacteriological environmentin vitro.
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Ensayo de Materiales , Polidioxanona , Stents , Tráquea , Animales , Polidioxanona/química , Conejos , Materiales Biocompatibles/química , Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , EpiplónRESUMEN
This study assesses different IBV vaccination regimens in broiler chickens using commercially available live attenuated GI-23 (Egyptian-VAR2) and GI-1 (H120) vaccines. Vaccines were administered at 1, 14 days of age, or both. The ciliostasis test, following wild-type VAR2 challenge at 28 days of age, indicated that classic H120+VAR2 at one day old followed by the VAR2 vaccine at 14 days of age provided the highest level of protection (89.58%). Similarly, administering VAR2 at 1 day of age and classic H120 at 14 days of age demonstrated substantial protection (85.42%). Conversely, administering only classic H120 and VAR2 at one day old resulted in the lowest protection level (54.17%). Tracheal virus shedding quantification and assessment of trachea and kidney degenerative changes were significantly lower in vaccinated groups compared to the unvaccinated-challenged group. In conclusion, a carefully planned vaccination regimen based on homologous vaccination offers the most effective clinical protection in broiler chickens.
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Pollos , Infecciones por Coronavirus , Virus de la Bronquitis Infecciosa , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Vacunas Atenuadas , Vacunas Virales , Animales , Virus de la Bronquitis Infecciosa/inmunología , Virus de la Bronquitis Infecciosa/genética , Pollos/virología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/prevención & control , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/virología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/inmunología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/veterinaria , Infecciones por Coronavirus/prevención & control , Infecciones por Coronavirus/virología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/inmunología , Vacunas Virales/inmunología , Vacunas Virales/administración & dosificación , Vacunas Atenuadas/inmunología , Vacunas Atenuadas/administración & dosificación , Vacunación/veterinaria , Esparcimiento de Virus , Tráquea/virología , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , Eficacia de las VacunasRESUMEN
We evaluated the incidence and potential etiology of tracheobronchial uptake in patients being evaluated by 18F-DCFPyL PET/CT for prostate cancer (PCa). Methods: The study included a consecutive 100 PCa patients referred for 18F-DCFPyL PET/CT. The PET/CT scans were retrospectively reviewed. The presence or absence of physiologic tracheobronchial uptake on PET/CT was recorded. To further evaluate tracheal prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) expression, immunohistochemistry was performed on tracheal samples taken from 2 men who had surgical resection of lung cancer. Results: Tracheal uptake was present in 31 of 100 patients (31%). When tracheal uptake was present, the SUVmax was significantly higher in the left main bronchus (mean, 2.7) than in the right (mean, 2.3) (P < 0.001). Histopathologic testing of tracheobronchial samples showed PSMA expression in bronchial submucosal glands. Conclusion: In PCa patients undergoing 18F-DCFPyL PET/CT, tracheobronchial uptake occurred in 31% of patients. This is attributed to normal physiologic PSMA expression in bronchial submucosal glands.
Asunto(s)
Bronquios , Glutamato Carboxipeptidasa II , Lisina , Tomografía Computarizada por Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones , Neoplasias de la Próstata , Tráquea , Urea , Humanos , Masculino , Neoplasias de la Próstata/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias de la Próstata/metabolismo , Tráquea/diagnóstico por imagen , Tráquea/metabolismo , Anciano , Glutamato Carboxipeptidasa II/metabolismo , Bronquios/diagnóstico por imagen , Bronquios/metabolismo , Persona de Mediana Edad , Lisina/análogos & derivados , Lisina/metabolismo , Estudios Retrospectivos , Urea/análogos & derivados , Urea/metabolismo , Antígenos de Superficie/metabolismo , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Transporte Biológico , RadiofármacosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Double-lumen tubes (DLTs) and bronchial blockers (BBs) can be used to establish one-lung ventilation (OLV) for thoracic surgery. BBs are a good alternative when DLTs are not suitable or patients have difficult airways. However, BBs are more prone to malposition, leading to adverse events. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a 68-year-old male patient who was scheduled for thoracoscopic left lower lobectomy. The patient was not expected to have airway malformation preoperatively. When the DLT could not be inserted into the bronchus after general anesthesia induction, we used a BB to perform OLV. During surgery, malposition of the BB resulted in the development of an "incomplete balloon valve", leading to a cardiopulmonary crisis. CONCLUSIONS: Previewing chest computed tomography scans to assess the airway anatomy before thoracic surgery is essential. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the airway can provide a more intuitive assessment of airway anatomy. During OLV with BBs, we should pay attention to balloon malposition to prevent cardiopulmonary crises.