RESUMEN
Toxaphene (camphechlor) was intensively used in the cotton growing fields of Nicaragua for decades with application rates as high as 31 kg ha(-1) in 1985. Although the use of this compound has recently been discontinued in the country, its intensive use in the past and its long persistence in soil allowed for the build up of large reservoirs of toxaphene in agriculture soils and a wide dispersal of residues in the environment. Measurements of toxaphene in coastal areas on the coast of the Pacific Ocean show that environmental concentrations are particularly high in the district of Chinandega, the traditional cotton growing region. Toxaphene residues measured in soils attained 44 microg g(-1) (dry weight) while concentrations in lagoon sediments attained 6.9 microg g(-1) (dry weight) near the mouth of the rivers flowing across the agricultural region. Measurements in aquatic biota showed concentrations as high as 1.6 microg g(-1) (dry weight) in the soft tissues of clams. The toxaphene reservoir in soils combined with the obvious persistence of this compound in soils and lagoon sediments allows predicting that toxaphene will remain in the coastal ecosystem at relatively high concentrations for many years. Toxic effects in lagoon fauna are likely to be observed especially in benthic species that may recycle this compound from sediments. Consumption of seafood, in particular of clams (Anadara spp.) from the more contaminated areas, may expose the population to unacceptably high intake of toxaphene, 30 microg d(-1) per person, with the diet.
Asunto(s)
Residuos de Plaguicidas/análisis , Contaminantes del Suelo/análisis , Toxafeno/análisis , Animales , Bivalvos/metabolismo , Productos Agrícolas , Ecosistema , Peces/metabolismo , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Gossypium , Nicaragua , Océano Pacífico , Residuos de Plaguicidas/química , Residuos de Plaguicidas/envenenamiento , Contaminantes del Suelo/envenenamiento , Toxafeno/química , Toxafeno/envenenamientoAsunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos/mortalidad , Insecticidas/envenenamiento , Intoxicación/veterinaria , Toxafeno/envenenamiento , Animales , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/patología , Hígado/patología , Michigan , Intoxicación/mortalidad , Intoxicación/patología , Factores de Tiempo , Toxafeno/farmacocinéticaAsunto(s)
Insecticidas/envenenamiento , Intento de Suicidio , Toxafeno/envenenamiento , Adulto , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
Ten of 15 sows developed an acute nervous disorder that resembled the effects of water deprivation-salt poisoning. However, a unique set of circumstances had permitted the environmental persistence of a toxaphene-lindane insecticide combination for approximately 1 month, with toxaphene toxicosis resulting. The diagnosis was based on the lack of lesions of salt poisoning and the finding of 4 ppm of toxaphene in the cerebellum and 0.3 ppm of toxaphene in the serum of 1 of the 2 sows that died.
Asunto(s)
Insecticidas/envenenamiento , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/inducido químicamente , Toxafeno/envenenamiento , Animales , Química Encefálica , Femenino , Porcinos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/diagnóstico , Toxafeno/análisisAsunto(s)
Salud Ambiental , Plaguicidas , Agricultura , Animales , América Central , DDT/envenenamiento , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Humanos , Control de Insectos , Resistencia a los Insecticidas , Enfermedades Profesionales/epidemiología , Residuos de Plaguicidas , Plaguicidas/envenenamiento , Salud Pública , Toxafeno/envenenamiento , Estados UnidosAsunto(s)
Epidemiología/historia , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/historia , Cólico/inducido químicamente , Cólico/historia , Cresoles/envenenamiento , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Contaminación de Alimentos , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Ictericia/inducido químicamente , Ictericia/historia , Parálisis/inducido químicamente , Parálisis/historia , Escorbuto/historia , Toxafeno/envenenamientoRESUMEN
In a case of poisoning involving 70 cattle analysis of specimens obtained during post mortem examination showed that the toxic substances were arsenic and toxaphene. This was consistent with both the clinical and post mortem findings. Arsenic was detected in water from an abandoned cattle dip in the farm. Soil samples collected in the vicinity of the dip contained both arsenic and toxaphene.