RESUMEN
This is the second in the series of historical articles dealing with developments in clinical pathology. As one of the most commonly measured analytes in pathology, the assessment of glucose dates back to the time of the ancient Egyptians. It was only in the 19th century that advances in chemistry led to the identification of the sugar in urine being glucose. The following century witnessed the development of more chemical and enzymatic methods which became incorporated into the modern analysers and point-of-care instruments which are as ubiquitous as the modern day cellphones. Tracking the milestones in these developments shows the striking paradigms and the many parallels in the development of other clinical chemistry methods.
Asunto(s)
Automonitorización de la Glucosa Sanguínea/historia , Trastornos del Metabolismo de la Glucosa/historia , Glucosa/historia , Animales , Biomarcadores/sangre , Biomarcadores/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Biomarcadores/orina , Glucemia/metabolismo , Automonitorización de la Glucosa Sanguínea/instrumentación , Glucosa/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Trastornos del Metabolismo de la Glucosa/sangre , Trastornos del Metabolismo de la Glucosa/diagnóstico , Trastornos del Metabolismo de la Glucosa/orina , Glucosuria/diagnóstico , Glucosuria/historia , Glucosuria/orina , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Historia Antigua , Humanos , Sistemas de Atención de Punto/historia , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Pronóstico , Tiras Reactivas/historia , Factores de Tiempo , Urinálisis/historiaAsunto(s)
Técnicas de Diagnóstico Oftalmológico/historia , Oftalmopatías/historia , Rosa Bengala/historia , Coloración y Etiquetado/historia , Oftalmopatías/diagnóstico , Colorantes Fluorescentes/historia , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Tiras Reactivas/historia , Coloración y Etiquetado/métodosAsunto(s)
Técnicas de Diagnóstico Oftalmológico/historia , Síndromes de Ojo Seco/historia , Fluoresceína/historia , Tiras Reactivas/historia , Síndromes de Ojo Seco/diagnóstico , Fluoresceína/farmacocinética , Colorantes Fluorescentes/historia , Colorantes Fluorescentes/farmacocinética , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Coloración y Etiquetado/historia , Lágrimas/metabolismoRESUMEN
The history of the urinary test papers does not being in the post-war period. As early as the 1880's some practitioners and pharmacists tried to replace the complicated wet-chemical procedures and apparatus by "dry chemistry." The first popular test paper for sugar and albumin originated in England in 1883. Dry reagents for proving hematuria have been available since the beginning of this century. Until the 1930s a wide palette of commercial urine tests with "modern" brand names was established. A methodological breakthrough was created by the spot test chemistry inaugurated by the Austrian, Fritz Feigl, about 1920. Using the capillary properties of filter paper in enhancing color reactions he founded a new area of analytical chemistry. Many of the pioneers were recruited from Jewish scientists. In this lecture is proposed that their emigration and banishment as well as the Second World War have stopped the development of urinary diagnostics on the European continent. In the post-war period the American industry succeeded to the leading position in the researching and marketing of test papers. In 1956, the triumphal progress of the "stick tests" began with the "Clinistix" (Ames Company, today Bayer Diagnostic).