RESUMEN
Permethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide that is largely used in the impregnation of fabrics employed for different purposes. This paper reports a detailed study on the conditions for its extraction from fabrics and for its determination by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (UHPLC-DAD). Several parameters that could affect the extraction efficiency of permethrin were evaluated, such as the extraction time, agitating mode (mechanical or ultrasound-assisted), solvent type (methanol or acetonitrile), concentration, and volume. Under optimized conditions, the extraction was performed for 10 min using a 2 × 2 cm piece of impregnated fabric and 5 mL of pure methanol. The flask containing the sample and the solvent was shaken mechanically using a horizontal roller mixer. The accuracy of the method was assessed by a recovery test, which presented satisfactory results ranging from 86.8% to 95.2%. The method was employed in the analysis of nine samples of commercial fabrics of different colors and grammages that were impregnated with permethrin. The concentration of permethrin found in these samples varied between 25.6 ± 4.2 and 934 ± 119 mg m-2.
Asunto(s)
Insecticidas/aislamiento & purificación , Permetrina/aislamiento & purificación , Textiles/análisis , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Insecticidas/análisis , Permetrina/análisis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
ß-Cyclodextrin (ß-CD) is an oligosaccharide composed of seven units of D-(+)-glucopyranose joined by α-1,4 bonds, which is obtained from starch. Its singular trunk conical shape organization, with a well-defined cavity, provides an adequate environment for several types of molecules to be included. Complexation changes the properties of the guest molecules and can increase their stability and bioavailability, protecting against degradation, and reducing their volatility. Thanks to its versatility, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, ß-CD is widespread in many research and industrial applications. In this review, we summarize the role of ß-CD and its derivatives in the textile industry. First, we present some general physicochemical characteristics, followed by its application in the areas of dyeing, finishing, and wastewater treatment. The review covers the role of ß-CD as an auxiliary agent in dyeing, and as a matrix for dye adsorption until chemical modifications are applied as a finishing agent. Finally, new perspectives about its use in textiles, such as in smart materials for microbial control, are presented.
Asunto(s)
Biodegradación Ambiental , Colorantes/química , Industria Textil , Textiles/análisis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/química , beta-Ciclodextrinas/química , HumanosRESUMEN
This study proposes the treatment and valorization of denim textile effluents through a fermentative hydrogen production process. Also, the study presents the decolorizing capabilities of bacterial and fungal isolates obtained from the fermented textile effluents. The maximum hydrogen production rate was 0.23 L H2/L-d, achieving at the same time color removal. A total of thirty-five bacteria and one fungal isolate were obtained from the fermented effluents and screened for their abilities to decolorize indigo dye, used as a model molecule. From them, isolates identified as Bacillus BT5, Bacillus BT9, Lactobacillus BT20, Lysinibacillus BT32, and Aspergillus H1T showed notable decolorizing capacities. Lactobacillus BT20 reached 90% of decolorization using glucose as co-substrate after 11 days of incubation producing colorless metabolites. Bacillus BT9 was able to utilize the indigo dye as the sole carbon source achieving a maximum decolorization of 60% after 9 days of incubation and producing a red-colored metabolite. In contrast, Bacillus BT5 and Lysinibacillus BT32 exhibited the lowest percentages of decolorization, barely 33% after 16 and 11 days of incubation, respectively. When Aspergillus H1T was grown in indigo dye supplemented with glucose, 96% of decolorization was reached after 2 days. This study demonstrates the valorization of denim textile effluents for the production of hydrogen via dark fermentation with concomitant color removal.
Asunto(s)
Bacterias/metabolismo , Hongos/metabolismo , Hidrógeno/metabolismo , Carmin de Índigo/metabolismo , Descoloración del Agua , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/metabolismo , Biodegradación Ambiental , Colorantes/metabolismo , Cinética , Textiles/análisis , Aguas Residuales/microbiologíaRESUMEN
The influence of three meteorological/oceanographic conditions - frontal systems (FS), high riverine discharges (HRD) and regular weather conditions (RWC) - over the quantity (Overall Abundance and Richness of types) and quality (composition and most probable source) of marine debris was assessed in sand beaches along three sectors (internal, I; median, M; and external, E) of an estuarine gradient. The highest overall abundance and richness of types were observed in HRD (I and E), while the lowest were observed in RWC (I and M). The external sector showed lowest abundance in FS. Greatest numbers of "domestic" and "sewage related debris" were observed under HRD (Iâ¯>â¯Eâ¯>â¯M). Greatest numbers of "fisheries" items were observed in HRD (I and E). For "unknown" sourced items, there was no indication of a single condition with smaller quantities (Eâ¯>â¯Iâ¯=â¯M). Results suggest that adopting oceanographical and meteorological conditions for analysis have the potential to detect temporal variations.
Asunto(s)
Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Estuarios , Residuos/análisis , Playas , Brasil , Explotaciones Pesqueras , Oceanografía , Plásticos/análisis , Textiles/análisis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Tiempo (Meteorología)RESUMEN
Textile industry needs to recover and reuse its wastewater as to fulfil the demand of increasingly strict regulations. The characterization of dyeing wastewater samples according to textile fiber and final textile effluent enables the application of different treatment methods. This study aims to characterize dyeing wastewater in black color of polyamide, polyester, and viscose fibers and final textile effluent. Samples were collected and characterized completely for major pollution indicator parameters. Dyeing wastewater of polyester showed higher values for some parameters, e.g., 4994.44% (49,944,400 mg L-1 and 917 NTU) of turbidity and 4100.00% of phenol when compared to dyeing wastewater of other fibers. Other parameters such as pH, alkalinity, color, phosphorus, nitrogen, sulfides, chlorides, oil and grease, dissolved solids, and chemical and biochemical oxygen demand were also assessed. In addition to individual characterization, this study also presents a correlation of the contribution of each parameter to the final textile effluent. Although dyeing wastewater of polyamide contributes the most in terms of quantity for the final effluent, this study revealed that dyeing wastewater of polyester influenced the most on the final composition of the textile wastewater when evaluating color, turbidity, total iron, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, phenol, mercury, oil and grease, and total phosphorus. The present study is focused on bringing new insights to provide future research with other strategies to improve the treatment of dyeing wastewater. In addition, some suggestions are also given for wastewater treatments according to type of textile fiber.
Asunto(s)
Colorantes/química , Residuos Industriales/análisis , Textiles/análisis , Aguas Residuales/química , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Análisis de la Demanda Biológica de Oxígeno , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Hierro , Sulfuros , Industria Textil , Eliminación de Residuos Líquidos/métodosRESUMEN
Microfluidic devices constructed using low cost materials presents as alternative for conventional flow analysis systems because they provide advantages as low consumption of reagents and samples, high speed of analysis, possibility of portability and the easiness of construction and maintenance. Herein, is described for the first time the use of an electrochemical biosensor for phenol detection combined with a very simple and efficient microfluidic device based on commercial textile threads. Taking advantages of capillary phenomena and gravity forces, the solution transportation is promoted without any external forces or injection pump. Screen printed electrodes were modified with carbon nanotubes/gold nanoparticles followed by covalent binding of tyrosinase. After the biosensor electrochemical characterization by cyclic voltammetry technique, the optimization of relevant parameters such as pH, potential of detection and linear range for the biosensor performance was carried out; the system was evaluated for analytical phenol detection presenting limit of detection and limit of quantification 2.94nmolL-1 and 8.92nmolL-1 respectively. The proposed system was applied on phenol addition and recovery studies in drinking water, obtaining recoveries rates between 90% and 110%.
Asunto(s)
Técnicas Biosensibles , Dispositivos Laboratorio en un Chip , Fenol/aislamiento & purificación , Textiles/análisis , Fenol/toxicidad , Agua/químicaRESUMEN
A set of mesoporous delaminated montmorillonites containing iron(III)-titanium oxide species was synthesized using two minerals: a bentonite as support and an ilmenite as source of Fe-TiO2 species. Several values of both sulphuric acid concentration and temperature were employed to extract Fe-TiO2 species from an ilmenite. Analyses by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and nitrogen adsorption-desorption confirmed the successful formation of delaminated (or exfoliated) mesoporous structures. Optical properties of solids were determined by UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and their band gap energy values were also calculated. A small UV-shift of band gap values regarding that of commercial photo-active TiO2 was detected as consequence of the quantum size effect, suggesting that photocatalytic experiments should be performed under UV-radiation assistance. The synthesized solids showed good activity in the photocatalytic oxidation of a textile dye (reactive yellow 145: RY 145), achieving conversions higher than 70% and chemical oxygen demand removal between 60% and 80%.
Asunto(s)
Compuestos Azo/aislamiento & purificación , Bentonita/química , Colorantes/aislamiento & purificación , Hierro/química , Oxidantes Fotoquímicos/química , Titanio/química , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/aislamiento & purificación , Adsorción , Catálisis , Compuestos Férricos/química , Textiles/análisis , Rayos UltravioletaRESUMEN
The present study concerns the identification of nine thus-far unknown derivatives of carminic acid extracted from pre-Columbian Peruvian textiles dyed with American cochineal-these derivatives are not found in commercially available preparations of the dye. These compounds probably represent a unique fingerprint of dyed textiles from this region, as they have never been reported to occur in other fabrics of historical value. They were separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (phenyl column) and detected using a UV/vis spectrophotometer and two tandem mass spectrometers. Peaks observed in chromatograms registered at 450 and 500 nm were further identified by ESI QqQ MS (mainly in the negative ion mode), supported by high-resolution ESI QIT/ToF MS data. The characteristic fragmentation pathways of isolated carminic acid and its derivatives provided additional information concerning lost neutrals and thus the functional groups and substituents present in the parent molecules. This information mainly related to multiple cleavages of the hexoside moiety (initially cross-ring cleavage), which are characteristic of C-glucosides (loss of 90, 120, and 148 Da). This is accompanied by the elimination of H2O as well as the further loss of 60 Da from the hexoside moiety. Moreover, other losses from the carbonyl groups (44 Da from CO2 loss, 62 Da from ethylene glycol loss, 32 Da from O2 loss, 138 Da from hydroxybenzoic acid, and 120 Da from oxomethylene cyclohexadienone) provided more specific information about structures of the identified derivatives of carminic acid.
Asunto(s)
Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Colorantes/análisis , Hemípteros/química , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem/métodos , Textiles/historia , Animales , Antraquinonas/análisis , Antraquinonas/química , Ácidos Carboxílicos/análisis , Ácidos Carboxílicos/química , Carmín/análisis , Colorantes/química , Historia Antigua , Isomerismo , Perú , Espectrometría de Masa por Ionización de Electrospray/métodos , Espectrofotometría/instrumentación , Textiles/análisisRESUMEN
Rapid and efficient methods to evaluate variables associated with fibre quality are essential in animal breeding programs and fibre trade. Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) combined with multivariate analysis was evaluated to predict textile quality attributes of alpaca fibre. Raw samples of fibres taken from male and female Huacaya alpacas (n = 291) of different ages and colours were scanned and their visible-near-infrared (NIR; 400 to 2500 nm) reflectance spectra were collected and analysed. Reference analysis of the samples included mean fibre diameter (MFD), standard deviation of fibre diameter (SDFD), coefficient of variation of fibre diameter (CVFD), mean fibre curvature (MFC), standard deviation of fibre curvature (SDFC), comfort factor (CF), spinning fineness (SF) and staple length (SL). Patterns of spectral variation (loadings) were explored by principal component analysis (PCA), where the first four PC's explained 99.97% and the first PC alone 95.58% of spectral variability. Calibration models were developed by modified partial least squares regression, testing different mathematical treatments (derivative order, subtraction gap, smoothing segment) of the spectra, with or without applying spectral correction algorithms (standard normal variate and detrend). Equations were selected through one-out cross-validation according to the proportion of explained variance (R 2CV), root mean square error in cross-validation (RMSECV) and the residual predictive deviation (RPD), which relates the standard deviation of the reference data to RMSECV. The best calibration models were accomplished when using the NIR region (1100 to 2500 nm) for the prediction of MFD and SF, with R 2CV = 0.90 and 0.87; RMSECV = 1.01 and 1.08 µm and RPD = 3.13 and 2.73, respectively. Models for SDFD, CVFD, MFC, SDFC, CF and SL had lower predictive quality with R 2CV < 0.65 and RPD < 1.5. External validation performed for MFD and SF on 91 samples was slightly poorer than cross-validation, with R 2 of 0.86 and 0.82, and standard error of prediction of 1.21 and 1.33 µm, for MFD and SF, respectively. It is concluded that NIRS can be used as an effective technique to select alpacas according to some important textile quality traits such as MFD and SF.
Asunto(s)
Camélidos del Nuevo Mundo/anatomía & histología , Cabello/anatomía & histología , Textiles/análisis , Animales , Calibración , Femenino , Masculino , Modelos Teóricos , Análisis Multivariante , Perú , Análisis de Componente Principal , Espectroscopía Infrarroja CortaRESUMEN
An acid microwave closed vessel digestion method was used for the determination of inorganic contaminants (Sb, As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Ni and Hg) in polyamide raw materials (pellets) and textiles by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). The initial tests were carried out with samples of polyamide pellets, which is the main raw material used to manufacture sport textiles. The recovery factors obtained were 94.4-105.7% with relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.5-2.2%. The proposed method was evaluated by addition and recovery tests and also using certified reference materials (ERM-BCR680 and ERM-BCR681) showing good accuracy. The residual acidity was about 4% HNO(3) (w/w) and the quantification limits were from 0.1 to 6.6 mg kg(-1). After the development of these parameters for the raw material, the method was applied to textile samples from different sport fabrics obtained from three different brands. The residual carbon after sample digestion was 0.2% (w/w) and the most significant result was obtained for chromium, 901 mg kg(-1), in black fabric. Lixiviation tests using synthetic sweat and temperature were carried out on two black samples, showing that only 0.3% of the initial concentration migrated to the solution.
Asunto(s)
Metales Pesados/análisis , Nylons/química , Textiles/análisis , Oligoelementos/análisis , Biomimética , Vestuario , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Microondas , Ácido Nítrico/química , Espectrofotometría Atómica , SudorRESUMEN
A new miniaturized methodology based on the combination of headspace single drop microextraction and microvolume fluorospectrometry is proposed in this work for the determination of free and hydrolyzed formaldehyde in textile samples. The proposed method is based on the extraction and in-drop derivatization of free and hydrolyzed formaldehyde using the Hantzsch reaction. The effect of experimental variables affecting the performance of the proposed method, such as fluorescence parameters, nature of the extractant phase composition (including acetylacetone concentration, pH, ammonium acetate concentration and presence of an organic solvent), sample temperature, NaCl concentration and microextraction time was carefully investigated. Under optimized conditions, instrumental detection and quantification limits were 26 and 87 µg L(-1), respectively, whereas procedural detection and quantification limits were 1.0 and 3.5 mg kg(-1), respectively. Repeatability, expressed as relative standard deviation, was 4.6% (n=9). The method was successfully applied to the determination of free and hydrolyzed formaldehyde in several textile samples, the found results being in good agreement with those obtained with the EN ISO 14184-1:1998 method.
Asunto(s)
Formaldehído/análisis , Espectrometría de Fluorescencia/métodos , Textiles/análisis , Fraccionamiento Químico , Formaldehído/aislamiento & purificación , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Hidrólisis , Miniaturización , Cloruro de Sodio/química , Solventes/química , TemperaturaRESUMEN
The content of Al, Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, P, Zn, Cd and Pb was determined in textile material samples after microwave-assisted decomposition in a cavity oven and extraction with an artificial sweat solution. Radial viewing inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) was the main detection technique, but Cd and Pb were determined by thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (TS-FF-AAS) to increase the sensitivity. Principal components analysis (PCA) was applied to the data sets to characterize the samples with respect to their geographic origin and color difference. The PCA for Brazilian single-color samples showed separation, with one group consisting of blue and green textiles and another with all the other materials evaluated. The geographic origin study showed a clear separation between Brazilian and Chinese textiles. The metals amount extracted with sweat extractable solution were lower than limits values pointed by the International Testing and Certification System for Textiles, Oko Tex Standard 100, in the all considered classes. Recoveries varied from 85 to 112% for additions ranging from 3.0 to 25 mg kg(-1) for Ca and from 0.3 to 7.0 mg kg(-1) for all other analytes through the microwave-assisted decomposition procedure.
Asunto(s)
Minerales/análisis , Espectrofotometría Atómica/métodos , Textiles/análisis , Análisis de Componente PrincipalRESUMEN
A number of pre-Columbian textiles, most discovered in northern Peru and dating to the Late Intermediate Period (ca. 1050-1200 AD), were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array and mass spectrometric detection (LC-DAD-MS), after extraction of the dyes with formic acid and methanol. The focus of this work was yellow dyes, most of which are present as glycosides of flavonoids and related compounds, with the objective of identifying the plants originally used for dyeing. Two major types of dyes were found in this set of specimens. The first type is characterized by the presence of flavonol 3-O-sulfates (never before reported as being present in dyes) and 3-O-glycosides; this type was probably derived from the plant Flaveria haumanii or a close relative. The second type is characterized by the presence of both chalcone (heretofore not reported in pre-Columbian textiles) and luteolin glycosides, though a specific plant source could not be identified. Two other yellow dye types appeared to be present, but there were not enough examples to allow conclusions to be drawn. Also present in some extracts were various hydroxybenzoic acids, which appear to be oxidation products of the respective unsubstituted flavonol (3-hydroxyflavone) dyes. Most yellow dyes are synthesized in plants as glycosides (or other derivatives), which are incorporated more or less intact into textile fibers during dyeing. Extraction of these derivatives and analysis by LC-DAD-MS yields distinctive profiles that, with appropriate plant reference materials, can aid in the identification of the original plant dyestuffs.