RESUMEN
Resumen: El confinamiento por la pandemia del covid-19 afectó el otorgamiento de testamentos, siendo estos tan necesarios ante las crisis sanitarias cuando las personas precisan decidir el destino de sus bienes y otros actos individuales ante el riesgo de vida. La solemnidad del testamento impide el ejercicio de testar de los pacientes, incluso de las personas sanas. Facilitar el derecho de testar en tiempos de peste tiene contenido bioético, al estar de por medio la vida, salud, autodeterminación y el derecho de decidir el destino patrimonial. El testamento en épocas de pandemia, apoyado en las TIC, es una solución que debe viabilizarse con la ayuda de la digitalización y tecnología, con el fin de permitir el ejercicio de los derechos de última voluntad en aislamiento por contagio.
Abstract: The confinement due to the Covid pandemic affected the granting of wills, which are so necessary in the health crisis when people need to decide the fate of their property and other individual acts at the risk of life. The solemnity of the will impedes the exercise of testamentary rights of patients, even healthy people. Facilitating the right to testament in times of plague has a bioethical content since life, health, self-determination and the right to decide the destiny of property are at stake. The will in times of pandemic, supported by ICTs, is a solution that should be made feasible with the help of digitization and technology in order to allow the exercise of the rights of last will in isolation by contagion.
Resumo: O confinamento pela pandemia da covid-19 afetou a outorga de testamentos, sendo estes muito necessários durante as crises sanitárias, quando as pessoas precisam decidir o destino de seus bens e outros atos individuais diante do risco de vida. A solenidade do testamento impede o exercício de testar dos pacientes, inclusive das pessoas sadias. Facilitar o direito de testar em tempos de peste tem conteúdo bioético, al estar de por médio (no entendí el significado de esto) a vida, saúde, autodeterminação e o direito de decidir o destino patrimonial. O testamento em épocas de pandemia, apoiado nas TIC, é uma solução que deve viabilizar-se com a ajuda de digitalização e tecnologia, a fim de permitir o exercício dos direitos de última vontade no isolamento por contagio.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Testamentos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Tecnología de la Información , EpidemiasRESUMEN
Based on detailed household survey of apple farmers in Shandong and Shaanxi, this article used a binary logistic regression model to examine the impact of asset specificity on farmers' intergenerational succession arrangements of apple orchard. The results showed that the farmers' intergenerational willingness of younger generation to succeed them is generally weak. The specificity of human capital, physical assets, land assets and geographic location significantly impacted on farmers' intergenerational succession of family-operated apple orchard. Especially, the production technology level of apple planting decision-makers, the value of orchard facilities and machinery owned by apple growers, orchard topography, orchard fertility, government support, and the length of village hardened roads have significantly positive impacts on farmers' willingness. The education achievement of apple planting decision-makers, orchard irrigation area, and the number of village apple disasters negatively impacted farmers' willingness. Therefore, technical training should be intensified to effectively increase the human capital of farmers, infrastructure construction should be strengthened to improve apple production conditions, and professional farmers' operations should be supported to develop moderate-scale operations.
Com base em uma pesquisa domiciliar detalhada de produtores de maçã em Shandong e Shaanxi, este artigo usou um modelo de regressão logística binária para examinar o impacto da especificidade dos ativos nos arranjos de sucessão intergeracional dos produtores de pomar de maçã. Os resultados mostram que a disposição intergeracional dos agricultores da geração mais jovem para sucedê-los é geralmente fraca. A especificidade do capital humano, ativos físicos, ativos de terra e localização geográfica impactaram significativamente na sucessão intergeracional dos agricultores de pomar de maçã administrado por famílias. Especialmente, o nível de tecnologia de produção dos tomadores de decisão de plantio de maçã, o valor das instalações de pomar e maquinários de propriedade dos produtores, topografia do pomar, fertilidade do pomar, apoio do governo e a extensão das estradas da aldeia têm impactos significativamente positivos na vontade dos agricultores. As conquistas educacionais dos tomadores de decisão de plantio de maçã, a área de irrigação do pomar e o número de desastres de maçã nas aldeias impactam negativamente a vontade dos agricultores. Portanto, o treinamento técnico deve ser intensificado para aumentar efetivamente o capital humano dos agricultores, a construção da infraestrutura deve ser reforçada para melhorar as condições de produção de maçã e as operações dos agricultores profissionais devem ser apoiadas para desenvolver operações em escala moderada.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Testamentos , Bienes Jurídicos , Agricultores/estadística & datos numéricos , 24444 , Modelos Logísticos , China , MalusRESUMEN
RESUMO: O artigo investiga a relação entre nomeação e herança a partir da constatação lacaniana de que o sobrenome é símbolo do quinhão ao qual o sujeito tem acesso: o pecado dos pais tal como Kierkegaard o designa. Ao examinar a nomeação e o pecado herdado em Kierkegaard à luz da psicanálise, observamos aproximações entre esses elementos que podem atravessar o engajamento do sujeito com a sua história e o modo como se autoriza a ser chamado filho de.
Abstract: This study discusses the relation between nomination and inheritance starting from the Lacanian observation that the surname is a symbol of the legacy to which the subject has access: the parent's sin as Kierkegaard designates it. When examining, in the light of psychoanalysis, the nomination and ancestral sin in Kierkegaard, we observe approximations between these elements that can permeate the subject engagement with his history and the way he authorizes himself to be called son of.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Testamentos , Nacionalsocialismo , Nombres , FamiliaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Over the last 2 decades, several international indices have been developed to describe the status of older persons. None, however, have examined their human rights. The International Older Persons' Human Rights Index (IOPHRI) fills in this gap by analyzing the formal legislative foundation of human rights for older people. The objective of this exploratory study is to examine the IOPHRI while comparing the legislation in 6 countries. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A comparative international exploratory study comparing the human rights legislation of 6 countries: United States, Chile, Ireland, South Africa, India, and Australia in 5 different human rights domains: constitutional, protection, familial and informal support, planning, and empowerment. RESULTS: The findings suggest that the actual relationship between formal human rights of older persons and the real world is complex: for example, while the IOPHRI index places South Africa in first place, it is far behind compared with all other participants in the Global AgeWatch Index (which measures objective elements such as life expectancy at 60, or poverty rates in old age). DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Measuring and indexing human rights of older persons reveal significant methodological issues. Beyond these methodological challenges, comparing the ranking of the IOPHRI to nonlegalistic indices raises significant questions about the relationship between formal human rights and the actual living experiences of older persons.
Asunto(s)
Abuso de Ancianos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Familia , Derechos Humanos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Legislación como Asunto , Directivas Anticipadas/legislación & jurisprudencia , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Ageísmo , Australia , Chile , Humanos , India , Irlanda , Persona de Mediana Edad , Seguridad Social/legislación & jurisprudencia , Sudáfrica , Estados Unidos , Testamentos/legislación & jurisprudenciaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Over the last few decades, pyrethroid-resistant in Triatoma infestans populations have been reported, mainly on the border between Argentina and Bolivia. Understanding the genetic basis of inheritance mode and heritability of resistance to insecticides under laboratory conditions is crucial for vector management and monitoring of insecticide resistance. Currently, few studies have been performed to characterize the inheritance mode of resistance to pyrethroids in T. infestans; for this reason, the present study aims to characterize the inheritance and heritability of deltamethrin resistance in T. infestans populations from Bolivia with different toxicological profiles. METHODS: Experimental crosses were performed between a susceptible (S) colony and resistant (R) and reduced susceptibility (RS) colonies in both directions (â x â and â x â), and inheritance mode was determined based on degree of dominance (DO) and effective dominance (D(ML)). In addition, realized heritability (h(2)) was estimated based on a resistant colony, and select pressure was performed for two generations based on the diagnostic dose (10 ng. i. a. /nymph). The F1 progeny of the experimental crosses and the selection were tested by a standard insecticide resistance bioassay. RESULTS: The result for DO and D(ML) (< 1) indicates that resistance is an incompletely dominant character, and inheritance is autosomal, not sex-linked. The LD50 for F1 of âS x âR and âS x âR was 0.74 and 3.97, respectively, which is indicative of dilution effect. In the resistant colony, after selection pressure, the value of h(2) was 0.37; thus, the LD50 value increased 2.25-fold (F2) and 26.83-fold (F3) compared with the parental colony. CONCLUSION: The inheritance mode of resistance of T. infestans to deltamethrin, is autosomal and an incompletely dominant character; this is a previously known process, confirmed in the present study on T. infestans populations from Bolivia. The lethal doses (LD50) increase from one generation to another rapidly after selection pressure with deltamethrin. This suggests that resistance is an additive and cumulative factor, mainly in highly structured populations with limited dispersal capacity, such as T. infestans. This phenomenon was demonstrated for the first time for T. infestans in the present study. These results are very important for vector control strategies in problematic areas where high resistance ratios of T. infestans have been reported.
Asunto(s)
Resistencia a los Insecticidas , Insecticidas/farmacología , Nitrilos/farmacología , Piretrinas/farmacología , Triatoma/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Bolivia , Cruzamientos Genéticos , Genes Dominantes , Dosificación Letal Mediana , Selección Genética , Triatoma/genética , TestamentosRESUMEN
Using samples from three diverse populations, we test evolutionary hypotheses regarding how people reason about the inheritance of various traits. First, we provide a framework for differentiat-ing the outputs of mechanisms that evolved for reasoning about variation within and between (a) biological taxa and (b) culturally evolved ethnic categories from (c) a broader set of beliefs and categories that are the outputs of structured learning mechanisms. Second, we describe the results of a modified "switched-at-birth" vignette study that we administered among children and adults in Puno (Peru), Yasawa (Fiji), and adults in the United States. This protocol permits us to study perceptions of prenatal and social transmission pathways for various traits and to differentiate the latter into vertical (i.e., parental) versus horizontal (i.e., peer) cultural influence. These lines of evidence suggest that people use all three mechanisms to reason about the distribution of traits in the population. Participants at all three sites develop expectations that morphological traits are under prenatal influence, and that belief traits are more culturally influenced. On the other hand, each population holds culturally specific beliefs about the degree of social influence on non-morphological traits and about the degree of vertical transmission-with only participants in the United States expecting parents to have much social influence over their children. We reinterpret people's differentiation of trait transmission pathways in light of humans' evolutionary history as a cultural species.
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Cognición/fisiología , Aprendizaje/fisiología , Carácter Cuantitativo Heredable , Pensamiento/fisiología , Adolescente , Adopción/psicología , Adulto , Anciano , Evolución Biológica , Niño , Preescolar , Comparación Transcultural , Evolución Cultural , Femenino , Fiji , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Perú , Estados Unidos , Testamentos/psicología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Las directivas anticipadas (también llamadas "testamentos vitales") son documentos firmados por un individuo competente en los cuales se estipulan directivas acerca del permiso de aplicación o el rechazo de tratamientos médicos en el caso de que el individuo que las redactó no se encuentre capacitado para manifestar su voluntad. A pesar del buen recibimiento que han tenido por parte de la comunidad bioética mundial, su validez ha sido fuertemente cuestionada. En este trabajo me propongo analizar en profundidad las fallas que sus detractores señalan e intentaré ofrecer una alternativa superadora de la versión clásica de estos documentos que logre escapar a las críticas que durante décadas se les han formulado.
Advance directives (also called "living wills") are documents signed by a competent individual providing directives as to the permission to apply or to reject medical treatments in the event that the individual who wrote it may not be in a position to declare his or her will. Despite the good reception from the global bioethics community, their validity has been seriously questioned. In this paper, I intend to analyze in depth the faults mentioned by its detractors and I will try to offer an alternative that is superior to the classic version of these documents and manage to escape the criticism which, for decades, they have been subject to.
As diretrizes antecipadas (também chamadas "testamentos vitais") são documentos firmados por um indivíduo competente nos quais se estipulam diretrizes sobre a permissão de aplicação ou a recusa de tratamentos médicos no caso de o indivíduo que as redigiu não se encontrar capacitado para manifestar sua vontade. Apesar do bom recebimento que têm tido por parte da comunidade bioética mundial, sua validade tem sido fortemente questionada. Neste trabalho, propõe-se analisar em profundidade as falhas que seus detratores sinalizam e se tentará oferecer uma alternativa que supere a versão clássica desses documentos e consiga, assim, fugir das críticas que, durante décadas, lhes são formuladas.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Médicos , Terapéutica , Volición , Testamentos , TrabajoRESUMEN
The recent discovery of the testamentary records of Francisco Xavier de Balmis (1753-1819), director of the Royal Philanthropic Expedition of the Vaccine, constitutes a new source material with which to study his biographical profile.Balmis wrote a total of five wills covering the period from 1803-1818 and coinciding with crucial moments in his life.The analysis of these documents has led to interesting observations that confirm Balmis's personal insecurity before facing the Expedition, his vulnerability when he was stripped of his possessions for joining the royalist cause against Napoleon, the reassurance he felt when his honors and property were restored, or his fortitude in facing the final moments of his life. The documents also reveal that Balmis used his career as a military surgeon as a tool to achieve social prestige, and belie the assumptions of an obscure end. The inventory of his goods confirms his comfortable economic situation and his ability to manage it. The notarial sources are confirmed by this case of Balmis, an official of the Crown, as an appropriate source for the study of urban oligarchies of the Spanish Ancien Régime.
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Vacunación/historia , Testamentos/historia , Equipos y Suministros/historia , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Historia del Siglo XIX , EspañaRESUMEN
Este estudo procura aprofundar o conhecimento sobre o processo de transmissão da herança material nas famílias envelhecidas, estudando perfis de transmissão do legado (o que é transmitido, a quem, como e quando?), dinâmicas de entreajuda entre doadores e herdeiros e suas implicações na satisfação familiar. Os resultados sugerem que a herança constitui um processo normativo da vida familiar na velhice, envolvendo a reorganização da gestão dos bens familiares e a sua transmissão (passagem do testemunho financeiro).(AU)
This study aims to deepen the knowledge about the process of material inheritance transmission in later life families, by studying the profiles of transmission of material legacy (what is transmitted, to whom, when and how?), the dynamics of support between donors and heirs and their influence on family satisfaction. Main results suggest that material inheritance is a normative process in later life families, involving the reorganization of the management of families material property and its transmission (passing on financial testimony).(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Relaciones Familiares , TestamentosRESUMEN
Este estudo procura aprofundar o conhecimento sobre o processo de transmissão da herança material nas famílias envelhecidas, estudando perfis de transmissão do legado (o que é transmitido, a quem, como e quando?), dinâmicas de entreajuda entre doadores e herdeiros e suas implicações na satisfação familiar. Os resultados sugerem que a herança constitui um processo normativo da vida familiar na velhice, envolvendo a reorganização da gestão dos bens familiares e a sua transmissão (passagem do testemunho financeiro).
This study aims to deepen the knowledge about the process of material inheritance transmission in later life families, by studying the profiles of transmission of material legacy (what is transmitted, to whom, when and how?), the dynamics of support between donors and heirs and their influence on family satisfaction. Main results suggest that material inheritance is a normative process in later life families, involving the reorganization of the management of families material property and its transmission (passing on financial testimony).
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Relaciones Familiares , TestamentosRESUMEN
Trata-se de investigação realizada com descendentes de pomeranos que vivem em Santa Maria do Jetibá, um município serrano da região central do Estado do Espírito Santo, no Brasil. Buscou-se identificar e discutir de que forma se inter-relacionam práticas e costumes adotados na rotina diária, características da constituição das famílias, e forma de lidar com a herança da terra em relação aos descendentes. Foram entrevistados individualmente oito homens e oito mulheres, com idades variando de 18 a 81 anos, e que constituem oito casais. Quatro desses casais se formaram há mais de 50 anos, em meados do século XX e os outros quatro se casaram no início do século XXI. Os resultados revelaram algumas ocorrências muito similares a despeito do grande intervalo de tempo, compreendido entre o momento dos casamentos dos integrantes dos dois conjuntos de participantes, mas mostraram também maior flexibilidade de papéis dentro das famílias, assim como nas normas de organização da ocupação da terra herdada pelos filhos, tendo sido incluídas aí também as filhas.(AU)
This investigation took place with descendants of Pomeranians living in Santa Maria do Jetibá, a central Espírito Santo state highland county, in Brazil. It was attempted to identify and discuss the way daily routine practices and customs interrelate, characteristics of family constitution, and ways to deal with land inheritance with respect to descendants. Couples of Pomeranian descent who constituted marriage in two moments apart were interviewed. Eight men and eight women were interviewed, with ages varying from 18 to 81 years, who constitute eight couples. Four of these couples were formed more than 50 years ago, in mid 20th century, and the other four got married in early 21st century. The results reveal some very similar occurrences despite the long time interval between the marriages of the in the integrants of the two sets of participants, but also showed more role flexibility, within the families as well as on the organization rules for inherited land occupation by the children, having the daughters also being included in the division.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Familia , Trabajo , Matrimonio , TestamentosRESUMEN
Trata-se de investigação realizada com descendentes de pomeranos que vivem em Santa Maria do Jetibá, um município serrano da região central do Estado do Espírito Santo, no Brasil. Buscou-se identificar e discutir de que forma se inter-relacionam práticas e costumes adotados na rotina diária, características da constituição das famílias, e forma de lidar com a herança da terra em relação aos descendentes. Foram entrevistados individualmente oito homens e oito mulheres, com idades variando de 18 a 81 anos, e que constituem oito casais. Quatro desses casais se formaram há mais de 50 anos, em meados do século XX e os outros quatro se casaram no início do século XXI. Os resultados revelaram algumas ocorrências muito similares a despeito do grande intervalo de tempo, compreendido entre o momento dos casamentos dos integrantes dos dois conjuntos de participantes, mas mostraram também maior flexibilidade de papéis dentro das famílias, assim como nas normas de organização da ocupação da terra herdada pelos filhos, tendo sido incluídas aí também as filhas.
This investigation took place with descendants of Pomeranians living in Santa Maria do Jetibá, a central Espírito Santo state highland county, in Brazil. It was attempted to identify and discuss the way daily routine practices and customs interrelate, characteristics of family constitution, and ways to deal with land inheritance with respect to descendants. Couples of Pomeranian descent who constituted marriage in two moments apart were interviewed. Eight men and eight women were interviewed, with ages varying from 18 to 81 years, who constitute eight couples. Four of these couples were formed more than 50 years ago, in mid 20th century, and the other four got married in early 21st century. The results reveal some very similar occurrences despite the long time interval between the marriages of the in the integrants of the two sets of participants, but also showed more role flexibility, within the families as well as on the organization rules for inherited land occupation by the children, having the daughters also being included in the division.
Asunto(s)
Familia , Matrimonio , Trabajo , Brasil , TestamentosRESUMEN
Differential investment in offspring by parental and progeny gender has been discussed and periodically analyzed for the past 80 years as an evolutionary adaptive strategy. Parental investment theory suggests that parents in poor condition have offspring in poor condition. Conversely, parents in good condition give rise to offspring in good condition. As formalized in the Trivers-Willard hypothesis (TWH), investment in daughters will be greater under poor conditions while sons receive greater parental investment under good conditions. Condition is ultimately equated to offspring reproductive fitness, with parents apparently using a strategy to maximize their genetic contribution to future generations. Analyses of sex ratio have been used to support parental investment theory and in many instances, though not all, results provide support for TWH. In the present investigation, economic strategies were analyzed in the context of offspring sex ratio and survival to reproductive age in a Zapotec-speaking community in the Valley of Oaxaca, southern Mexico. Growth status of children, adult stature, and agricultural resources were analyzed as proxies for parental and progeny condition in present and prior generations. Traditional marriage practice in Mesoamerican peasant communities is patrilocal postnuptial residence with investments largely favoring sons. The alternative, practiced by â¼25% of parents, is matrilocal postnuptial residence which is an investment favoring daughters. Results indicated that sex ratio of offspring survival to reproductive age was related to economic strategy and differed significantly between the patrilocal and matrilocal strategies. Variance in sex ratio was affected by condition of parents and significant differences in survival to reproductive age were strongly associated with economic strategy. While the results strongly support TWH, further studies in traditional anthropological populations are needed.