RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked lysosomal disorder due to mutations in the GLA gene resulting in defective enzyme alpha-galactosidase A. FD patients are frequently misdiagnosed, commonly for rheumatic diseases. Determining pathogenicity of a mutation depends of in silico predictions but mostly on available clinical information and interpretation may change in light of evolving knowledge. Similar signs and symptoms in carriers of GLA gene genetic variants of unknown significance or of benign variants may hamper diagnosis. This study reviews rheumatic and immune-mediated manifestations in a cohort of Brazilian FD patients with classic mutations and also in subjects with GLA gene A143T and R118C mutations. Misdiagnoses, time to correct diagnosis or determination of GLA gene status, time to treatment initiation and reasons for treatment prescription in A143T and R118C subjects are reviewed. METHODS: Genotype confirmed classic FD patients (n = 37) and subjects with GLA gene mutations A143T and R118C (n = 19) were referred for assessment. Subjects with R118C and A143T mutations had been previously identified during screening procedures at hemodialysis units. All patients were interviewed and examined by a rheumatologist with previous knowledge of disease and/or mutation status. A structured tool developed by the authors was used to cover all aspects of FD and of common rheumatic conditions. All available laboratory and imaging data were reviewed. RESULTS: Thirty-seven consecutive FD patients were interviewed - 16 male / 21 female (mean age: 43.1 years) and 19 consecutive subjects with GLA gene mutations R118C and A143T were evaluated - 8 male / 11 female (mean age: 39.6 years); 15 [R118C] / 4 [A143T]. Misdiagnosis in FD patients occurred in 11 males (68.8%) and 13 females (61.9%) of which 10 males and 9 females were previously diagnosed with one or more rheumatic conditions, most frequently rheumatic fever or "rheumatism" (unspecified rheumatic disorder). Median time for diagnosis after symptom onset was 16 years (range, 0-52 years). Twenty-two patients were treated with enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) - 13 male and 9 female. Median time to ERT initiation after FD diagnosis was 0.5 years (range, 0-15 years). Rheumatic manifestations occurred in 68.4% of R118C and A143T subjects. Two subjects had been prescribed ERT because of renal disease [R118C] and neuropsychiatric symptoms [A143T]. CONCLUSION: Misdiagnoses occurred in 64.8% of FD patients, most frequently for rheumatic conditions. Median time for correct diagnosis was 16 years. Rheumatic manifestations are also frequent in subjects with GLA gene R118C and A143T mutations. These results reinforce the need to raise awareness and increase knowledge about Fabry disease among physicians, notably rheumatologists, who definitely have a role in identifying patients and determining disease burden. Decision to start treatment should consider expert opinion and follow local guidelines.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Fabry/diagnóstico , alfa-Galactosidasa/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Brasil , Niño , Preescolar , Diagnóstico Tardío/estadística & datos numéricos , Errores Diagnósticos , Terapia de Reemplazo Enzimático/estadística & datos numéricos , Enfermedad de Fabry/complicaciones , Enfermedad de Fabry/genética , Enfermedad de Fabry/terapia , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mutación , Enfermedades Reumáticas/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Reumáticas/etiología , Fiebre Reumática/diagnóstico , Factores de Tiempo , Tiempo de Tratamiento , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a prevalência e os fatores associados à adesão a terapia de reposição enzimática em adolescentes com Fibrose cística. Estudo transversal, descritivo e observacional. Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos e clínicos. Os instrumentos utilizados para avaliar adesão foram: questionário de Morisky-Green e a dispensação de medicação na farmácia e para os fatores associados, entrevista com questionário estruturado. Foram entrevistados 44 adolescentes. Segundo o método de análise de dispensação da farmácia e o questionário de Morisky-Green, encontramos uma adesão de 45,5% e 11,4%, respectivamente. A maior adesão foi observada naqueles com diagnóstico precoce e a menor nos adolescentes mais velhos e nas meninas. Os fatores com a maior prevalência de não adesão foram: não levar as enzimas ao comer fora de casa, tomar enzimas somente nas grandes refeições, função pulmonar normal, com obstrução grave e muito grave. A prevalência de adesão a enzima foi pequena. Informações relacionadas à doença e ao tratamento devem ser aprimoradas, principalmente em adolescentes mais velhos e com comprometimento da função pulmonar, com criação de estratégias e estudos longitudinais para identificar fatores que interferem na adesão.
Abstract This article sets out to evaluate the prevalence and factors associated with adherence to enzyme replacement therapy among adolescents with cystic fibrosis. It is a cross-sectional, descriptive and observational study. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected. The instruments used to assess adherence were: the Morisky-Green questionnaire and medication dispensation at the pharmacy, and interviews with structured questionnaires for the associated factors. Forty-four adolescents were interviewed. According to the method of the pharmacy medication dispensation analysis and the Morisky-Green questionnaire, the adherence of 45.5% and 11.4% was found, respectively. The higher adherence was observed in those with early diagnosis and the lowest in older adolescents and girls. The factors with the highest prevalence of non-adherence were: not taking enzymes when eating out of the home; only taking enzymes with major meals; normal lung function; with severe and very severe obstruction. The prevalence of adhesion to enzymes was low. Information related to the disease and treatment should be improved, especially among older adolescents and with impairment of lung function, with the creation of strategies and longitudinal studies to identify factors that interfere with adherence.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Niño , Adolescente , Adulto Joven , Fibrosis Quística/terapia , Cumplimiento de la Medicación/estadística & datos numéricos , Terapia de Reemplazo Enzimático/estadística & datos numéricos , Estudios Transversales , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Fibrosis Quística/diagnóstico , Diagnóstico PrecozRESUMEN
This article sets out to evaluate the prevalence and factors associated with adherence to enzyme replacement therapy among adolescents with cystic fibrosis. It is a cross-sectional, descriptive and observational study. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected. The instruments used to assess adherence were: the Morisky-Green questionnaire and medication dispensation at the pharmacy, and interviews with structured questionnaires for the associated factors. Forty-four adolescents were interviewed. According to the method of the pharmacy medication dispensation analysis and the Morisky-Green questionnaire, the adherence of 45.5% and 11.4% was found, respectively. The higher adherence was observed in those with early diagnosis and the lowest in older adolescents and girls. The factors with the highest prevalence of non-adherence were: not taking enzymes when eating out of the home; only taking enzymes with major meals; normal lung function; with severe and very severe obstruction. The prevalence of adhesion to enzymes was low. Information related to the disease and treatment should be improved, especially among older adolescents and with impairment of lung function, with the creation of strategies and longitudinal studies to identify factors that interfere with adherence.
O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a prevalência e os fatores associados à adesão a terapia de reposição enzimática em adolescentes com Fibrose cística. Estudo transversal, descritivo e observacional. Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos e clínicos. Os instrumentos utilizados para avaliar adesão foram: questionário de Morisky-Green e a dispensação de medicação na farmácia e para os fatores associados, entrevista com questionário estruturado. Foram entrevistados 44 adolescentes. Segundo o método de análise de dispensação da farmácia e o questionário de Morisky-Green, encontramos uma adesão de 45,5% e 11,4%, respectivamente. A maior adesão foi observada naqueles com diagnóstico precoce e a menor nos adolescentes mais velhos e nas meninas. Os fatores com a maior prevalência de não adesão foram: não levar as enzimas ao comer fora de casa, tomar enzimas somente nas grandes refeições, função pulmonar normal, com obstrução grave e muito grave. A prevalência de adesão a enzima foi pequena. Informações relacionadas à doença e ao tratamento devem ser aprimoradas, principalmente em adolescentes mais velhos e com comprometimento da função pulmonar, com criação de estratégias e estudos longitudinais para identificar fatores que interferem na adesão.
Asunto(s)
Fibrosis Quística/terapia , Terapia de Reemplazo Enzimático/estadística & datos numéricos , Cumplimiento de la Medicación/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Fibrosis Quística/diagnóstico , Diagnóstico Precoz , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
AIMS: Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked inborn error of metabolism caused by alpha-galactosidase A deficiency. The Fabry Registry is an ongoing, global observational database that compiles clinical data from patients with FD. METHODS: Demographic and baseline clinical characteristics of Fabry Registry patients enrolled in Argentina were analysed and compared with patients enrolled in the rest of the world (ROW). Baseline clinical parameters included chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage, urine protein-to-creatinine ratio and left ventricular posterior wall thickness. Only data from untreated patients were included. RESULTS: As of 1 October 2010, 3752 patients were enrolled in the Registry, 70 patients from Argentina and 3682 from the ROW. Argentinean male subjects were younger than Fabry Registry male subjects enrolled in ROW: mean current age 32.5 years vs. 39.0 years for men (p = 0.0257 by t-test). The current age (mean ± standard deviation) of female subjects enrolled in Argentina was not significantly different from that of female subjects enrolled in the ROW: 40.1 ± 17.28 vs. 43.2 ±17.95 years respectively (p = 0.2967). Overall, a smaller percentage of patients from Argentina received ERT compared with patients in the ROW (54% vs. 58% respectively). When evaluated by gender, more men and fewer women in Argentina received ERT compared with ROW (85% vs. 79% for men and 27% vs. 38% for women). A larger proportion of patients in ROW had severe CKD (stage 4 or 5) compared with Argentina (9.8% vs. 0%), most likely because of the older age of the ROW population. CONCLUSIONS: The enrolment of Argentinean patients into the Fabry Registry has steadily increased, as has the inclusion of female and paediatric patients with FD. The medical community in Argentina should be aware of FD in these populations, as awareness will facilitate prompt diagnosis and initiation of treatment, thus leading to improved outcomes.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Fabry/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribución por Edad , Edad de Inicio , Anciano , Argentina/epidemiología , Niño , Preescolar , Terapia de Reemplazo Enzimático/estadística & datos numéricos , Enfermedad de Fabry/tratamiento farmacológico , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Sistema de Registros/estadística & datos numéricos , Distribución por Sexo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Mucopolysaccharidosis I (MPS I) comprises a spectrum of clinical manifestations and is divided into three phenotypes reflecting clinical severity: Hurler, Hurler-Scheie, and Scheie syndromes. There may be important variations in clinical manifestations of this genetic disease in patients residing in different regions of the world. METHODS: Using data from the MPS I Registry (as of September 2009), we evaluated patients from Latin America (n = 118) compared with patients from the rest of the world [ROW (n = 727)]. RESULTS: Phenotype distribution differed among patients in Latin America compared to ROW (Hurler 31 vs. 62%, Hurler-Scheie 36 vs. 21%, Scheie 10 vs. 11%, and unknown 22 vs. 6%). The frequency of certain symptoms, such as cardiac valve abnormalities, sleep impairment, and joint contractures, also differed between Latin America and ROW for some phenotypes. Median age at MPS I diagnosis was earlier in the ROW than Latin America for all phenotypes, and age at first treatment for Hurler and Hurler-Scheie patients was also earlier in the ROW. Hurler patients in Latin America showed a gap of 3.1 years between median ages of diagnosis and first treatment compared to only 0.5 years in the ROW. Treatment allocation in Latin America compared to ROW was as follows: enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) only, 80 vs. 45%; hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) only, 0.9 vs. 27%; both ERT and HSCT, 0 vs. 16%; and neither treatment, 19 vs. 13%. CONCLUSION: These data highlight important differences in MPS I patients between Latin America and ROW in terms of phenotypic distribution, clinical manifestations, and treatment practices.
Asunto(s)
Mucopolisacaridosis I/diagnóstico , Mucopolisacaridosis I/terapia , Adolescente , Adulto , Edad de Inicio , Niño , Preescolar , Comorbilidad , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Terapia de Reemplazo Enzimático/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Geografía , Salud Global/estadística & datos numéricos , Trasplante de Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Iduronidasa/uso terapéutico , Lactante , Recién Nacido , América Latina/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mucopolisacaridosis I/clasificación , Mucopolisacaridosis I/epidemiología , Fenotipo , Sistema de Registros/estadística & datos numéricos , Factores de Tiempo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are rare genetic diseases caused by deficiency of specific lysosomal enzymes that affect catabolism of glycosaminoglycans (GAG). Accumulation of GAG in various organs and tissues in MPS patients results in a series of signs and symptoms, producing a multisystemic condition affecting bones and joints, the respiratory and cardiovascular systems and many other organs and tissues, including in some cases, cognitive performance. So far, eleven enzyme defects that cause seven different types of MPS have been identified. Before introduction of therapies to restore deficient enzyme activity, treatment of MPS focused primarily on prevention and care of complications, still a very important aspect in the management of these patients. In the 80's treatment of MPS with bone marrow transplantation/hematopoietic stem cells transplantation (BMT/HSCT) was proposed and in the 90's, enzyme replacement therapy (ERT),began to be developed and was approved for clinical use in MPS I, II and VI in the first decade of the 21st century. The authors of this paper are convinced that a better future for patients affected by mucopolysaccharidoses depends upon identifying, understanding and appropriately managing the multisystemic manifestations of these diseases. This includes the provision of support measures (which should be part of regular multidisciplinary care of these patients) and of specific therapies. Although inhibition of synthesis of GAG and the recovery of enzyme activity with small molecules also may play a role in the management of MPS, the breakthrough is the currently available intravenous ERT. ERT radically changed the setting for treatment of mucopolysaccharidosis I, II and VI in the last decade., Benefits can even be extended soon to MPS IV A (ERT for this condition is already in clinical development), with prediction for treatment of MPS III A and the cognitive deficit in MPS II by administration of the enzyme directly into the central nervous system (CNS). A large number of Brazilian services, from all regions of the country, already have experience with ERT for MPS I, II and VI. This experience was gained not only by treating patients but also with the participation of some groups in clinical trials involving ERT for these conditions. Summing up the three types of MPS, more than 250 patients have already been treated with ERT in Brazil. The experience of professionals coupled to the data available in international literature, allowed us to elaborate this document, produced with the goal of bringing together and harmonize the information available for the treatment of these severe and progressive diseases, which, fortunately, are now treatable, a situation which bring new perspectives for Brazilian patients, affected by these conditions.