RESUMEN
Intercepting moving targets is a fundamental skill in human behavior, influencing various domains such as sports, gaming, and other activities. In these contexts, precise visual processing and motor control are crucial for adapting and navigating effectively. Nevertheless, there are still some gaps in our understanding of how these elements interact while intercepting a moving target. This study explored the dynamic interplay among eye movements, pupil size, and interceptive hand movements, with visual and motion uncertainty factors. We developed a simple visuomotor task in which participants used a joystick to interact with a computer-controlled dot that moved along two-dimensional trajectories. This virtual system provided the flexibility to manipulate the target's speed and directional uncertainty during chase trials. We then conducted a geometric analysis based on optimal angles for each behavior, enabling us to distinguish between simple tracking and predictive trajectories that anticipate future positions of the moving target. Our results revealed the adoption of a strong interception strategy as participants approached the target. Notably, the onset and amount of optimal interception strategy depended on task parameters, such as the target's speed and frequency of directional changes. Furthermore, eye-tracking data showed that participants continually adjusted their gaze speed and position, continuously adapting to the target's movements. Finally, in successful trials, pupillary responses predicted the amount of optimal interception strategy while exhibiting an inverse relationship in trials without collisions. These findings reveal key interactions among visuomotor parameters that are crucial for solving complex interception tasks.
Asunto(s)
Movimientos Oculares , Desempeño Psicomotor , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Desempeño Psicomotor/fisiología , Adulto , Movimientos Oculares/fisiología , Adulto Joven , Pupila/fisiología , Percepción de Movimiento/fisiología , Tecnología de Seguimiento Ocular , Mano/fisiología , Movimiento/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Our interest was to evaluate changes in fixation duration as a function of time-on-task (TOT) during a random saccade task. We employed a large, publicly available dataset. The frequency histogram of fixation durations was multimodal and modelled as a Gaussian mixture. For this specific task, we found five fixation types. The "ideal" response would be a single accurate saccade after each target movement, with a typical saccade latency of 200-250 msec, followed by a long fixation (> 800 msec) until the next target jump. We found fixations like this, but they comprised only 10% of all fixations and were the first fixation after target movement only 23.4% of the time. More frequently (57.4% of the time), the first fixation after target movement was short (117.7 msec mean) and was commonly followed by a corrective saccade. Across the entire 100 sec of the task, median total fixation duration decreased. This decrease was approximated with a power law fit with R2 = 0.94. A detailed examination of the frequency of each of our five fixation types over time on task (TOT) revealed that the three shortest duration fixation types became more and more frequent with TOT whereas the two longest fixations became less and less frequent. In all cases, the changes over TOT followed power law relationships, with R2 values between 0.73 and 0.93. We concluded that, over the 100 second duration of our task, long fixations are common in the first 15 to 22 seconds but become less common after that. Short fixations are relatively uncommon in the first 15 to 22 seconds but become more and more common as the task progressed. Apparently. the ability to produce an ideal response, although somewhat likely in the first 22 seconds, rapidly declines. This might be related to a noted decline in saccade accuracy over time.
Asunto(s)
Tecnología de Seguimiento Ocular , Fijación Ocular , Movimientos Sacádicos , Humanos , Movimientos Sacádicos/fisiología , Fijación Ocular/fisiología , Masculino , Factores de Tiempo , Femenino , Tiempo de Reacción/fisiología , AdultoRESUMEN
As a sport conducted in dynamically changing natural environments, orienteering places high demands on athletes' cognitive processing abilities and visual search efficiency. However, previous studies on orienteering have been primarily limited by the use of fixed stimulus materials on computer screens, which are unable to fully simulate authentic sports scenarios. To better understand the sports expertise of orienteering athletes in terms of their real scene image recognition performance and visual search characteristics, this study recruited 40 orienteering athletes, both experts and novices, as participants. By utilizing eye-tracking technology and setting observation points in real-world scenarios to conduct image recognition task tests, the ecological validity of the experiment was further enhanced. The results showed that the experts demonstrated a high level of accuracy and a short response time, with visual search characteristics including few saccade counts, low fixation frequency, concentrated fixation points, simple and clear fixation paths, and higher visual search efficiency. This study further reveals that long-term specialized training will lead to the formation of a unique cognitive structure related to the specific knowledge and long-term memory required by expert orienteering athletes, thereby promoting the development of expert advantage.
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Atletas , Deportes , Humanos , Masculino , Atletas/psicología , Adulto , Adulto Joven , Deportes/psicología , Tiempo de Reacción/fisiología , Femenino , Rendimiento Atlético/fisiología , Rendimiento Atlético/psicología , Reconocimiento Visual de Modelos/fisiología , Percepción Visual/fisiología , Fijación Ocular/fisiología , Tecnología de Seguimiento OcularRESUMEN
According to the Relational Developmental Systems perspective, the development of individual differences in spatial thinking (e.g., mental rotation, spatial reorientation, and spatial language) are attributed to various psychological (e.g., children's cognitive strategies), biological (e.g., structure and function of hippocampus), and cultural systems (e.g., caregiver spatial language input). Yet, measuring the development of individual differences in spatial thinking in young children, as well as the psychological, biological, and cultural systems that influence the development of these abilities, presents unique challenges. The current paper outlines ways to harness available technology including eye-tracking, eye-blink conditioning, MRI, Zoom, and LENA technology, to study the development of individual differences in young children's spatial thinking. The technologies discussed offer ways to examine children's spatial thinking development from different levels of analyses (i.e., psychological, biological, cultural), thereby allowing us to advance the study of developmental theory. We conclude with a discussion of the use of artificial intelligence.
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Desarrollo Infantil , Individualidad , Percepción Espacial , Pensamiento , Humanos , Desarrollo Infantil/fisiología , Preescolar , Tecnología de Seguimiento Ocular , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Niño , Inteligencia Artificial , LactanteRESUMEN
In technology education, there has been a paradigmatic shift towards student-centered approaches such as learning by doing, constructionism, and experiential learning. Educational robotics allows students to experiment with building and interacting with their creations while also fostering collaborative work. However, understanding the student's response to these approaches is crucial to adapting them during the teaching-learning process. In this sense, neuroscientific tools such as Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Eye-tracker could be useful, allowing the investigation of relevant states experienced by students. Although they have already been used in educational research, their practical relevance in the teaching-learning process has not been extensively investigated. In this perspective article expressing our position, we bring four examples of learning experiences in a robotics class with children, in which we illustrate the usefulness of these tools.
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Robótica , Espectroscopía Infrarroja Corta , Humanos , Espectroscopía Infrarroja Corta/métodos , Niño , Aprendizaje , Tecnología de Seguimiento Ocular , Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas/métodosRESUMEN
The direct-lexical-control hypothesis stipulates that some aspect of a word's processing determines the duration of the fixation on that word and/or the next. Although the direct lexical control is incorporated into most current models of eye-movement control in reading, the precise implementation varies and the assumptions of the hypothesis may not be feasible given that lexical processing must occur rapidly enough to influence fixation durations. Conclusive empirical evidence supporting this hypothesis is therefore lacking. In this article, we report the results of an eye-tracking experiment using the boundary paradigm in which native speakers of Chinese read sentences in which target words were either high- or low-frequency and preceded by a valid or invalid preview. Eye movements were co-registered with electroencephalography, allowing standard analyses of eye-movement measures, divergence point analyses of fixation-duration distributions, and fixated-related potentials on the target words. These analyses collectively provide strong behavioral and neural evidence of early lexical processing and thus strong support for the direct-lexical-control hypothesis. We discuss the implications of the findings for our understanding of how the hypothesis might be implemented, the neural systems that support skilled reading, and the nature of eye-movement control in the reading of Chinese versus alphabetic scripts.
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Electroencefalografía , Movimientos Oculares , Tecnología de Seguimiento Ocular , Lectura , Humanos , Movimientos Oculares/fisiología , Femenino , Masculino , Fijación Ocular/fisiología , Adulto Joven , Adulto , Lenguaje , Potenciales Evocados/fisiología , China , Pueblos del Este de AsiaRESUMEN
The shared control authority between drivers and the steering system may lead to human-machine conflicts, threatening both traffic safety and driving experience of collaborative driving systems. Previous evaluation methods relied on subjective judgment and had a singular set of evaluation criteria, making it challenging to obtain a comprehensive and objective assessment. Therefore, we propose a two-phase novel method that integrates eye-tracking data, electromyography signals and vehicle dynamic features to evaluate human-machine conflicts. Firstly, through driving simulation experiments, the correlations between subjective driving experience and objective indices are analyzed. Strongly correlated indices are screened as the effective criteria. In the second phase, the indices are integrated through sparse principal component analysis (SPCA) to formulate a comprehensive objective measure. Subjective driving experience collected from post-drive questionnaires was applied to examine its effectiveness. The results show that the error between the two sets of data is less than 7%, proving the effectives of the proposed method. This study provides a low-cost, high-efficiency method for evaluating human-machine conflicts, which contributes to the development of safer and more harmonious human-machine collaborative driving.
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Conducción de Automóvil , Electromiografía , Sistemas Hombre-Máquina , Humanos , Conducción de Automóvil/psicología , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Análisis de Componente Principal , Tecnología de Seguimiento Ocular , Simulación por Computador , Adulto Joven , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
A rapidly growing body of work suggests that visual working memory (VWM) is fundamentally action oriented. Consistent with this, we recently showed that attention is more strongly biased by VWM representations of objects when we plan to act on those objects in the future. Using EEG and eye tracking, here, we investigated neurophysiological correlates of the interactions between VWM and action. Participants (n = 36) memorized a shape for a subsequent VWM test. At test, a probe was presented along with a secondary object. In the action condition, participants gripped the actual probe if it matched the memorized shape, whereas in the control condition, they gripped the secondary object. Crucially, during the VWM delay, participants engaged in a visual selection task, in which they located a target as fast as possible. The memorized shape could either encircle the target (congruent trials) or a distractor (incongruent trials). Replicating previous findings, we found that eye gaze was biased toward the VWM-matching shape and, importantly, more so when the shape was directly associated with an action plan. Moreover, the ERP results revealed that during the selection task, future action-relevant VWM-matching shapes elicited (1) a stronger Ppc (posterior positivity contralateral), signaling greater attentional saliency; (2) an earlier PD (distractor positivity) component, suggesting faster suppression; (3) a larger inverse (i.e., positive) sustained posterior contralateral negativity in incongruent trials, consistent with stronger suppression of action-associated distractors; and (4) an enhanced response-locked positivity over left motor regions, possibly indicating enhanced inhibition of the response associated with the memorized item during the interim task. Overall, these results suggest that action planning renders objects in VWM more attentionally salient, supporting the notion of selection-for-action in working memory.
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Atención , Electroencefalografía , Potenciales Evocados , Memoria a Corto Plazo , Humanos , Memoria a Corto Plazo/fisiología , Atención/fisiología , Femenino , Masculino , Adulto Joven , Adulto , Potenciales Evocados/fisiología , Tecnología de Seguimiento Ocular , Desempeño Psicomotor/fisiología , Reconocimiento Visual de Modelos/fisiologíaRESUMEN
With the diversification of Internet uses, online content type has become richer. Alongside organic results, search engine results pages now provide tools to improve information searching and learning. The People also ask (PAA) box is intended to reduce users' cognitive costs by offering easily accessible information. Nevertheless, there has been scant research on how users actually process it, compared with more traditional content type (i.e., organic results and online documents). The present eye-tracking study explored this question by considering the search context (complex lookup task vs. exploratory task) and users' prior domain knowledge (high vs. low). Main results show that users fixated the PAA box and online documents more to achieve exploratory goals, and fixated organic results more to achieve lookup goals. Users with low knowledge process PAA content at an early stage in their search contrary to their counterparts with high knowledge. Given these results, information system developers should diversify PAA content according to search context and users' prior domain knowledge.
Asunto(s)
Tecnología de Seguimiento Ocular , Conducta en la Búsqueda de Información , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Adulto Joven , Internet , Motor de Búsqueda , Conocimiento , Conducta ExploratoriaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Eye tracking technology not only reveals the acquisition of visual information at fixation but also has the potential to unveil underlying cognitive processes involved in learning to use a multifunction prosthetic hand. It also reveals gaze behaviours observed during standardized tasks and self-chosen tasks. The aim of the study was to explore the use of eye tracking to track learning progress of multifunction hands at two different time points in prosthetic rehabilitation. METHODS: Three amputees received control training of a multifunction hand with new control strategy. Detailed description of control training was collected first. They wore Tobii Pro2 eye-tracking glasses and performed a set of standardized tasks (required to switch to different grips for each task) after one day of training and at one-year-follow-up (missing data for Subject 3 at the follow up due to socket problem). They also performed a self-chosen task (free to use any grip for any object) and were instructed to perform the task in a way how they would normally do at home. The gaze-overlaid videos were analysed using the Tobii Pro Lab and the following metrics were extracted: fixation duration, saccade amplitude, eye-hand latency, fixation count and time to first fixation. RESULTS: During control training, the subjects learned 3 to 4 grips. Some grips were easier, and others were more difficult because they forgot or were confused with the switching strategies. At the one-year-follow-up, a decrease in performance time, fixation duration, eye-hand latency, and fixation count was observed in Subject 1 and 2, indicating an improvement in the ability to control the multifunction hand and a reduction of cognitive load. An increase in saccade amplitude was observed in both subjects, suggesting a decrease in difficulty to control the prosthetic hand. During the standardized tasks, the first fixation of all three subjects were on the multifunction hand in all objects. During the self-chosen tasks, the first fixations were mostly on the objects first. CONCLUSION: The qualitative data from control training and the quantitative eye tracking data from clinical standardized tasks provided a rich exploration of cognitive processing in learning to control a multifunction hand. Many prosthesis users prefer multifunction hands and with this study we have demonstrated that a targeted prosthetic training protocol with reliable assessment methods will help to lay the foundation for measuring functional benefits of multifunction hands.
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Miembros Artificiales , Tecnología de Seguimiento Ocular , Mano , Aprendizaje , Humanos , Masculino , Mano/fisiología , Adulto , Amputados/rehabilitación , Persona de Mediana Edad , Femenino , Fijación Ocular/fisiología , Desempeño Psicomotor/fisiologíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The condition of trauma patients and the urgent need for timely resuscitation present unique challenges to trauma teams. These difficulties are exacerbated for military trauma teams in combat environments. Consequently, there is a need for continued improvement of nontechnical skills (NTS) training for trauma teams. However, current approaches to NTS assessment rely on subjective ratings, which can introduce bias. Accordingly, objective methods of NTS evaluation are needed. Eye-tracking (ET) methods have been applied to studying communication, situation awareness, and leadership in many health care settings, and could be applied to studying physicians' NTS during trauma situations. In this study, we aimed to assess the relationship between trauma team leaders' objective gaze patterns and subjective expert NTS ratings during patient care simulations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After Institutional Review Board approval, 9 trauma teams from first-year post-graduate general surgery and emergency medicine residents were recruited to participate in 1 of 2 trauma simulations (a difficult airway case and a multi-patient trauma). Each scenario lasted approximately 15 minutes. All team leaders wore a mobile ET system to evaluate gaze metrics-time to first fixation (TTFF), average fixation duration (AFD), and total percentage of the scenario (TPS) focused on Areas of Interest (AOI), which included patient, care team, diagnostic equipment, and patient care equipment. Trained faculty raters completed the Non-Technical Skills for Surgeons (NOTSS) assessment tool and the Trauma Non-Technical Skills (T-NOTECHS) scale. One-way analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis, and appropriate post-hoc pairwise comparison tests were run to assess differences between ET metrics across AOI groups. Spearman's Rho tests were used to assess correlations between ET and subjective NTS ratings. RESULTS: Compared to other NTS domains, trauma teams scored relatively poorly on communication across both T-NOTECHS (3.29$ \pm $0.61, maximum = 5) and NOTSS (2.87$ \pm $0.66, maximum = 4). We found significant differences in trauma team leaders' TTFF between teammates and the patient (Team: 1.56 vs Patient: 29.82 seconds, P < .001). TTFF on the diagnostic equipment was negatively correlated (P < .05) to multiple measures of subjective NTS assessments. There were no significant differences in AFD between AOIs, and AFD on teammates was positively correlated (P < .05) to communication and teamwork. There were significant differences in TPS across most AOI pairs (P < .05), and the average TPS fixated was highest on the patient (32%). Finally, there were several significant correlations between additional ET and NTS metrics. CONCLUSIONS: This study utilized a mixed methods approach to assess trauma team leaders' NTS in simulated acute care trauma simulations. Our results provide several objective insights into trauma team leaders' NTS behaviors during patient care simulations. Such objective insights provide a more comprehensive understanding of NTS behaviors and can be leveraged to guide NTS training of trauma physicians in the future. More studies are needed to apply these methods to capture NTS from a larger sample of teams in both simulated and real trauma environments.
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Competencia Clínica , Tecnología de Seguimiento Ocular , Humanos , Competencia Clínica/estadística & datos numéricos , Competencia Clínica/normas , Tecnología de Seguimiento Ocular/estadística & datos numéricos , Simulación de Paciente , Grupo de Atención al Paciente/normas , Grupo de Atención al Paciente/estadística & datos numéricos , Grupo de Atención al Paciente/organización & administración , Adulto , Liderazgo , Heridas y Lesiones , Masculino , Entrenamiento Simulado/métodos , Entrenamiento Simulado/normas , Entrenamiento Simulado/estadística & datos numéricos , FemeninoRESUMEN
This study evaluates an innovative control approach to assistive robotics by integrating brain-computer interface (BCI) technology and eye tracking into a shared control system for a mobile augmented reality user interface. Aimed at enhancing the autonomy of individuals with physical disabilities, particularly those with impaired motor function due to conditions such as stroke, the system utilizes BCI to interpret user intentions from electroencephalography signals and eye tracking to identify the object of focus, thus refining control commands. This integration seeks to create a more intuitive and responsive assistive robot control strategy. The real-world usability was evaluated, demonstrating significant potential to improve autonomy for individuals with severe motor impairments. The control system was compared with an eye-tracking-based alternative to identify areas needing improvement. Although BCI achieved an acceptable success rate of 0.83 in the final phase, eye tracking was more effective with a perfect success rate and consistently lower completion times (p<0.001). The user experience responses favored eye tracking in 11 out of 26 questions, with no significant differences in the remaining questions, and subjective fatigue was higher with BCI use (p=0.04). While BCI performance lagged behind eye tracking, the user evaluation supports the validity of our control strategy, showing that it could be deployed in real-world conditions and suggesting a pathway for further advancements.
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Realidad Aumentada , Interfaces Cerebro-Computador , Electroencefalografía , Tecnología de Seguimiento Ocular , Robótica , Interfaz Usuario-Computador , Humanos , Robótica/métodos , Robótica/instrumentación , Electroencefalografía/métodos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Movimientos Oculares/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Virtual speeches are a very popular way for remote multi-user communication, but it has the disadvantage of the lack of eye contact. This paper proposes the evaluation of an online audience attention based on gaze tracking. Our research only uses webcams to capture the audience's head posture, gaze time, and other features, providing a low-cost method for attention monitoring with reference values across multiple domains. Meantime, we also propose a set of indexes which can be used to evaluate the audience's degree of attention, making up for the fact that the speaker cannot gauge the audience's concentration through eye contact during online speeches. We selected 96 students for a 20 min group simulation session and used Spearman's correlation coefficient to analyze the correlation between our evaluation indicators and concentration. The result showed that each evaluation index has a significant correlation with the degree of attention (p = 0.01), and all the students in the focused group met the thresholds set by each of our evaluation indicators, while the students in the non-focused group failed to reach the standard. During the simulation, eye movement data and EEG signals were measured synchronously for the second group of students. The EEG results of the students were consistent with the systematic evaluation. The performance of the measured EEG signals confirmed the accuracy of the systematic evaluation.
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Atención , Movimientos Oculares , Habla , Humanos , Atención/fisiología , Habla/fisiología , Movimientos Oculares/fisiología , Electroencefalografía/métodos , Masculino , Tecnología de Seguimiento Ocular , Femenino , Interfaz Usuario-ComputadorRESUMEN
Most studies of developing visual attention are conducted using screen-based tasks in which infants move their eyes to select where to look. However, real-world visual exploration entails active movements of both eyes and head to bring relevant areas in view. Thus, relatively little is known about how infants coordinate their eyes and heads to structure their visual experiences. Infants were tested every 3 months from 9 to 24 months while they played with their caregiver and three toys while sitting in a highchair at a table. Infants wore a head-mounted eye tracker that measured eye movement toward each of the visual targets (caregiver's face and toys) and how targets were oriented within the head-centered field of view (FOV). With age, infants increasingly aligned novel toys in the center of their head-centered FOV at the expense of their caregiver's face. Both faces and toys were better centered in view during longer looking events, suggesting that infants of all ages aligned their eyes and head to sustain attention. The bias in infants' head-centered FOV could not be accounted for by manual action: Held toys were more poorly centered compared with non-held toys. We discuss developmental factors-attentional, motoric, cognitive, and social-that may explain why infants increasingly adopted biased viewpoints with age.
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Atención , Desarrollo Infantil , Movimientos Oculares , Tecnología de Seguimiento Ocular , Percepción Visual , Humanos , Atención/fisiología , Lactante , Masculino , Femenino , Desarrollo Infantil/fisiología , Percepción Visual/fisiología , Movimientos Oculares/fisiología , Preescolar , Movimientos de la Cabeza/fisiología , Cabeza/fisiologíaRESUMEN
The majority of a football referee's time is spent assessing open-play situations, yet little is known about how referees search for information during this uninterrupted play. The aim of the current study was to examine the exploratory gaze behaviour of elite and sub-elite football referees in open-play game situations. Four elite (i.e. national) and eight sub-elite (i.e. regional) referees officiated an in-situ football match while wearing a mobile eye-tracker to assess their gaze behaviour. Both referential head and eye movements (i.e. moving gaze away from and then back to the ball) were measured. Results showed gaze behaviour was characterised overall by more referential head than eye movements (~75 vs 25%), which were of longer duration (~950 vs 460 ms). Moreover, elite referees employed faster referential movements (~640 vs 730 ms), spending less time with their gaze away from the ball (carrier) than the sub-elite referees. Crucially, both the referential head and eye movements were coordinated relative to key events in the match, in this case passes, showing that referees anticipate the passes to ensure that the referential movements did not occur during passes, rather before or after. The results further our understanding of the coordinative gaze behaviours that underpin expertise in officiating.
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Movimientos Oculares , Movimientos de la Cabeza , Fútbol , Humanos , Fútbol/fisiología , Fútbol/psicología , Movimientos Oculares/fisiología , Movimientos de la Cabeza/fisiología , Adulto , Masculino , Tecnología de Seguimiento Ocular , Fijación Ocular/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Tests to detect mild cognitive impairment (MCI) should have high sensitivity and accuracy. Previously, we reported on a cognitive composition test (CCT) that we developed to detect MCI. In this study, we compared gaze behavior parameters, namely, gaze fixation duration and gaze-shift frequency, during the CCT in participants with MCI and healthy controls (HC) to determine whether these parameters would accurately detect MCI in older adults. Participants performed CCT-A, -B, and -C tasks with varying difficulty levels while wearing eye-tracking devices. Performance time, gaze fixation duration, and gaze-shift frequency were analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to assess the identification accuracy. The MCI group was significantly slower in completing the CCT-C task and had a higher gaze-shift frequency into both the sample object space and workspace than the HC group. Gaze fixation duration in the sample object space increased in the MCI group as the CCT became difficult. Our findings indicated that combining the CCT with performance time and gaze pattern improved the accuracy of distinguishing between individuals with and without MCI and that patients with MCI have abnormal gaze behavior during cognitive tasks. Therefore, evaluation of gaze parameters may improve the accuracy of identifying patients with MCI.
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Disfunción Cognitiva , Fijación Ocular , Humanos , Disfunción Cognitiva/diagnóstico , Disfunción Cognitiva/fisiopatología , Femenino , Masculino , Anciano , Fijación Ocular/fisiología , Tecnología de Seguimiento Ocular , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas , Curva ROC , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Anciano de 80 o más AñosRESUMEN
Human facial features (eyes, nose, and mouth) allow us to communicate with others. Observing faces triggers physiological responses, including pupil dilation. Still, the relative influence of social and motion content of a visual stimulus on pupillary reactivity has never been elucidated. A total of 30 adults aged 18-33 years old were recorded with an eye tracker. We analysed the event-related pupil dilation in response to stimuli distributed along a gradient of social salience (non-social to social, going from objects to avatars to real faces) and dynamism (static to micro- to macro-motion). Pupil dilation was larger in response to social (faces and avatars) compared to non-social stimuli (objects), with surprisingly a larger response for avatars. Pupil dilation was also larger in response to macro-motion compared to static. After quantifying each stimulus' real quantity of motion, we found that the higher the quantity of motion, the larger the pupil dilated. However, the slope of this relationship was not higher for social stimuli. Overall, pupil dilation was more sensitive to the real quantity of motion than to the social component of motion, highlighting the relevance of ecological stimulations. Physiological response to faces results from specific contributions of both motion and social processing.
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Reconocimiento Facial , Percepción de Movimiento , Pupila , Humanos , Pupila/fisiología , Adulto Joven , Adulto , Masculino , Femenino , Adolescente , Percepción de Movimiento/fisiología , Reconocimiento Facial/fisiología , Percepción Social , Estimulación Luminosa/métodos , Cara/fisiología , Tecnología de Seguimiento OcularRESUMEN
The "embodied" position on language comprehension proposes that metaphor or metonymy understanding can be represented in a distributed network based on previous sensorimotor experience. The current study attempted to investigate how children understood metaphor and metonymy in the context of daily diet that provided rich sensory experience for children. We implemented an eye-tracking experiment where a 2â¯×â¯2â¯×â¯2 mixed design was employed. Thirty Chinese pupils aged from 6 to 12 were instructed to appreciate Chinese menus denoting metaphorical or metonymic expressions. Results of eye-tracking indicated that the dish images captioned with metaphorical names held the greatest attention of pupils, particularly for the juniors. Moreover, the inclusion of Chinese pinyin in the menu served as a distractor that reduced pupils' attention to other menu elements. This study adds to the state of the art on the embodied account of language by inspecting how the under-explored children perceived metaphorical and metonymic expressions. The context of everyday diet, abundant in sensory, provides a more vivid scenario for this topic. It also offers a practical insight into how to design menus to invoke particular sensory experience for children who are undergoing both physical and mental development.
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Comprensión , Tecnología de Seguimiento Ocular , Metáfora , Humanos , Femenino , Masculino , Niño , Comprensión/fisiología , Factores de Edad , Atención/fisiología , LenguajeRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Developmental language disorder (DLD) and autism sometimes appear as overlapping conditions in behavioral tests. There is much literature on the visual scanning pattern (VSP) of faces in autistic children, but this is scarce regarding those with DLD. The purpose of this study was to compare the VSP of faces in young children with DLD, those with autism, and typically developing peers, assessing the effect of three variables. METHOD: Two eye-tracking experiments were designed to assess the effect of the emotion and the poser's gender (Experiment 1) and the poser's age (Experiment 2) on the VSP of participants (Experiment 1: N = 59, age range: 32-74 months; Experiment 2: N = 58, age range: 32-74 months). We operationalized the VSP in terms of attentional orientation, visual preference, and depth of processing of each sort of face. We developed two paired preference tasks in which pairs of images of faces showing different emotions were displayed simultaneously to compete for children's attention. RESULTS: Data analysis revealed two VSP markers common to both disorders: (a) superficial processing of faces and (b) late orientation to angry and child faces. Moreover, one specific marker for each condition was also found: typical preference for child faces in children with DLD versus diminished preference for them in autistic children. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the similarities found between children with DLD and those with autism, difficulties of children with DLD in attention to faces have been systematically underestimated. Thus, more effort must be made to identify and respond to the needs of this population. Clinical practice may benefit from the potential of eye-tracking methodology and the analysis of the VSP to assess attention to faces in both conditions. This would also contribute to the improvement of early differential diagnosis in the long run.
Asunto(s)
Atención , Trastorno Autístico , Tecnología de Seguimiento Ocular , Trastornos del Desarrollo del Lenguaje , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Atención/fisiología , Preescolar , Trastornos del Desarrollo del Lenguaje/psicología , Trastornos del Desarrollo del Lenguaje/fisiopatología , Trastorno Autístico/psicología , Trastorno Autístico/fisiopatología , Niño , Expresión Facial , Emociones , Reconocimiento Facial/fisiología , Estimulación Luminosa/métodosRESUMEN
Developmental dyslexia is characterized by difficulties in learning to read, affecting cognition and causing failure at school. Interventions for children with developmental dyslexia have focused on improving linguistic capabilities (phonics, orthographic and morphological instructions), but developmental dyslexia is accompanied by a wide variety of sensorimotor impairments. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of a proprioceptive intervention on reading performance and eye movement in children with developmental dyslexia. Nineteen children diagnosed with developmental dyslexia were randomly assigned to a regular Speech Therapy (ST) or to a Proprioceptive and Speech Intervention (PSI), in which they received both the usual speech therapy and a proprioceptive intervention aimed to correct their sensorimotor impairments (prism glasses, oral neurostimulation, insoles and breathing instructions). Silent reading performance and eye movements were measured pre- and post-intervention (after nine months). In the PSI group, reading performance improved and eye movements were smoother and faster, reaching values similar to those of children with typical reading performance. The recognition of written words also improved, indicating better lexical access. These results show that PSI might constitute a valuable tool for reading improvement children with developmental dyslexia.