RESUMEN
Taraxacum kok-saghyz (TKS) is a model plant and a potential rubber-producing crop for the study of natural rubber (NR) biosynthesis. The precise analysis of the NR biosynthesis mechanism is an important theoretical basis for improving rubber yield. The small rubber particle protein (SRPP) and rubber elongation factor (REF) are located in the membrane of rubber particles and play crucial roles in rubber biosynthesis. However, the specific functions of the SRPP/REF gene family in the rubber biosynthesis mechanism have not been fully resolved. In this study, we performed a genome-wide identification of the 10 TkSRPP and 2 TkREF genes' family members of Russian dandelion and a comprehensive investigation on the evolution of the ethylene/methyl jasmonate-induced expression of the SRPP/REF gene family in TKS. Based on phylogenetic analysis, 12 TkSRPP/REFs proteins were divided into five subclades. Our study revealed one functional domain and 10 motifs in these proteins. The SRPP/REF protein sequences all contain typical REF structural domains and belong to the same superfamily. Members of this family are most closely related to the orthologous species T. mongolicum and share the same distribution pattern of SRPP/REF genes in T. mongolicum and L. sativa, both of which belong to the family Asteraceae. Collinearity analysis showed that segmental duplication events played a key role in the expansion of the TkSRPP/REFs gene family. The expression levels of most TkSRPP/REF members were significantly increased in different tissues of T. kok-saghyz after induction with ethylene and methyl jasmonate. These results will provide a theoretical basis for the selection of candidate genes for the molecular breeding of T. kok-saghyz and the precise resolution of the mechanism of natural rubber production.
Asunto(s)
Acetatos , Ciclopentanos , Etilenos , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Familia de Multigenes , Oxilipinas , Filogenia , Proteínas de Plantas , Taraxacum , Oxilipinas/farmacología , Ciclopentanos/farmacología , Taraxacum/genética , Taraxacum/metabolismo , Taraxacum/efectos de los fármacos , Etilenos/farmacología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Acetatos/farmacología , Genoma de Planta , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma CompletoRESUMEN
Biodegradable plastics, such as poly(butylene adipate terephthalate) (PBAT) and polylactic acid (PLA), are potential alternatives to conventional polyethylene (PE), both of which are associated with the production of microplastics (MPs). However, the toxicity of these compounds on medicinal plants and their differential effects on plant morphophysiology remain unclear. This study supplemented soils with MPs sized at 200 µm at a rate of 1% w/w and incubated them for 50 days to investigate the impact of MPs on the growth and metabolites of dandelion (Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz.). The results demonstrated that the investigated MPs decreased the growth of dandelion seedlings, induced oxidative stress, and altered the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase). Based on the comprehensive toxicity assessment results, the ecological toxicity was in the following order: PE MPs > PBAT MPs > PLA MPs. Metabolomics analyses revealed metabolic reprogramming in dandelion plants, leading to the enrichment of numerous differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) in the leaves. These pathways include carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, suggesting that dandelions respond to MP stress by enhancing the activity of sugar, organic acid, and amino acid metabolic pathways. In addition, phenolic acids and flavonoids are critical for maintaining the balance in the antioxidant defense system. Our results provide substantial insights into the toxicity of biodegradable MPs to plants and shed light on plant defense and adaptation strategies. Further assessment of the safety of biodegradable MPs in terrestrial ecosystems is essential to provide guidance for environmentally friendly management.
Asunto(s)
Microplásticos , Polietileno , Contaminantes del Suelo , Taraxacum , Taraxacum/efectos de los fármacos , Taraxacum/metabolismo , Polietileno/toxicidad , Microplásticos/toxicidad , Contaminantes del Suelo/toxicidad , Contaminantes del Suelo/metabolismo , Metaboloma/efectos de los fármacos , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Biodegradación Ambiental , Poliésteres/metabolismo , Plásticos Biodegradables/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/metabolismoRESUMEN
Cadmium is the most prevalent heavy metal pollutant in the environment and can be readily combined with micro/nanoplastics (M/NPs) to change their bioavailability. In the present study, we comprehensively investigated the effect of polystyrene (PS) NPs on dandelion plants grown under Cd stress. Cd exposure significantly inhibited the growth of dandelion seedlings, resulting in a decrease in seedling elongation from 26.47% to 28.83%, a reduction in biomass from 29.76% to 54.14%, and an exacerbation of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress. The interaction between PS NPs and Cd resulted in the formation of larger aggregates, with the Cd bioavailability reduced by 12.56%. PS NPs affect ion absorption by regulating reactive oxygen production and increasing superoxide dismutase activity, thereby mitigating the adverse effects of Cd. PSCd aggregates induced significant changes in the metabolic profiles of dandelions, affecting various carbohydrates related to alcohols, organic acids, sugar metabolism, and bioactive components related to flavonoids and phenolic acids. Furthermore, based on a structural equation model, exposure to PSCd activated oxidative stress and nutrient absorption, thereby affecting plant growth and Cd accumulation. Overall, our study provides valuable insights into the effects of PS NPs on Cd bioavailability, accumulation, and plant growth, which are crucial for understanding the food safety of medicinal plants in a coexistence environment.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes , Cadmio , Estrés Oxidativo , Poliestirenos , Plantones , Taraxacum , Cadmio/metabolismo , Cadmio/toxicidad , Poliestirenos/toxicidad , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Plantones/crecimiento & desarrollo , Plantones/metabolismo , Plantones/efectos de los fármacos , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Taraxacum/metabolismo , Taraxacum/efectos de los fármacos , Taraxacum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Nanopartículas/toxicidad , Contaminantes del Suelo/metabolismo , Contaminantes del Suelo/toxicidadRESUMEN
Three pairs of undescribed enantiomeric α-pyrone derivatives (1a/1b-3a/3b) and six undescribed congeners (4-9), were obtained from the fungus Alternaria brassicicola that was isolated from the fresh leaves of Siegesbeckia pubescens Makino (Compositae). The structures of these new compounds were characterized by extensive NMR spectroscopic and HRESIMS data, and their absolute configurations were further elucidated by a modified Mosher's method, chemical conversion, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, and ECD calculations. This is the first report of three pairs of enantiomeric α-pyrone derivatives from the fungus A. brassicicola, and these enantiomers were successfully acquired from scalemic mixtures via chiral HPLC. Compounds 1a/1b-3a/3b and 4-9 were evaluated for the herbicidal activity against Echinochloa crusgalli, Setaria viridis, Portulaca oleracea, and Taraxacum mongolicum. At a concentration of 100 µg/mL, compounds 1a and 1b could significantly inhibit the germination of monocotyledon weed seeds (E. crusgalli and S. viridis) with inhibitory ratios ranging from 68.6 ± 6.4% to 84.2 ± 5.1%, which was equivalent to that of the positive control (glyphosate). The potential structure-herbicidal activity relationship of these compounds was also discussed. To a certain extent, the results of this study will attract great interest for the potential practical application of promising fungal metabolites, α-pyrone derivatives, as ecofriendly herbicides.
Asunto(s)
Alternaria/química , Herbicidas/farmacología , Pironas/farmacología , Asteraceae/química , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Echinochloa/efectos de los fármacos , Herbicidas/química , Herbicidas/aislamiento & purificación , Estructura Molecular , Portulaca/efectos de los fármacos , Pironas/química , Pironas/aislamiento & purificación , Setaria (Planta)/efectos de los fármacos , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Taraxacum/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) yields active substances frequently used in herbal medicinal preparations. Its plantations are exposed to fungal plagues which pose a threat to herbal crops. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long time effects of a fungicide thiuram on dandelion growth and photosynthesis. Additionally, the manganese, iron, copper, zinc, cadmium, and lead uptake and transport were also investigated. Plants were cultivated under greenhouse conditions by the pot method in a universal flowering soil. The elements content in soil and plants were determined by the HR-CS FAAS spectrometer. Thiuram concentrations were established by the HPLC. Those analyses showed that almost 80% of thiuram decomposed within two weeks of its application. The photosynthesis indicators suggested, that plants were in good conditions and the fungicide supplementation facilitated plant growth. The latter could be prompted by thiuram acting as a sulfur rich chemical micro fertilizer. The hypothesis, that thiuram significantly affects heavy metals interactions in dandelion was proved by the one-way analysis of variance. Notable, metals uptake did not completely recover after fungicide decomposition for all investigated elements except iron We suggest to define this chemically induced, time-dependent heavy metals migrations in the soil-plant system as hysteresis of heavy metals uptake.
Asunto(s)
Biodegradación Ambiental , Fungicidas Industriales/farmacología , Metales Pesados/metabolismo , Fotosíntesis , Taraxacum/metabolismo , Tiram/farmacología , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Metales Pesados/análisis , Taraxacum/efectos de los fármacos , Taraxacum/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
In recent years, the use of nanoparticle-based antimicrobials has been increased due to many advantages over conventional agrochemicals. This study investigates the utilization of common medicinal plant dandelion, Taraxacum officinale, for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (TOL-AgNPs). AgNPs were evaluated for antimicrobial activity against two important phytopathogens, Xanthomonas axonopodis and Pseudomonas syringae. The morphology, size, and structure of TOL-AgNPs were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) showed the presence of phytochemicals involved during synthesis of NPs. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) analysis shed light on the size of monodispersed spherical AgNPs ranging between 5 and 30 nm, with an average particle size of about 15 nm. The TOL-AgNPs (at 20 µg/mL concentration) showed significant antibacterial activity with significant growth inhibition of phytopathogens X. axonopodis (22.0 ± 0.84 mm) and P. syringae (19.5 ± 0.66 mm). The synthesized AgNPs had higher antibacterial activity in comparison with commercial AgNPs. Synergistic assays with standard antibiotics revealed that nanoformulations with tetracycline showed better broad-spectrum efficiency to control phytopathogens. They also possessed significant antioxidant potential in terms of ABTS (IC50 = 45.6 µg/mL), DPPH (IC50 = 56.1 µg/mL), and NO (IC50 = 55.2 µg/mL) free radical scavenging activity. The TOL-AgNPs showed high cytotoxic effect against human liver cancer cells (HepG2). Overall, dandelion-mediated AgNPs synthesis can represent a novel approach to develop effective antimicrobial and anticancer drugs with a cheap and eco-friendly nature.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Nanopartículas del Metal/química , Plata/química , Taraxacum/efectos de los fármacos , Antibacterianos/química , Antiinfecciosos/química , Antineoplásicos/química , Antioxidantes/química , Medicina de Hierbas , Humanos , Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión , Tamaño de la Partícula , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier , Difracción de Rayos XRESUMEN
Parental environments can influence offspring traits. However, the magnitude of the impact of parental environments on offspring molecular phenotypes is poorly understood. Here, we test the direct effects and intergenerational effects of jasmonic acid (JA) treatment, which is involved in herbivory-induced defense signaling, on transcriptomes and metabolomes in apomictic common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale). In a full factorial crossed design with parental and offspring JA and control treatments, we performed leaf RNA-seq gene expression analysis, LC-MS metabolomics and total phenolics assays in offspring plants. Expression analysis, leveraged by a de novo assembled transcriptome, revealed an induced response to JA exposure that is consistent with known JA effects. The intergenerational effect of treatment was considerable: 307 of 858 detected JA-responsive transcripts were affected by parental JA treatment. In terms of the numbers of metabolites affected, the magnitude of the chemical response to parental JA exposure was c. 10% of the direct JA treatment response. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses both identified the phosphatidylinositol signaling pathway as a target of intergenerational JA effects. Our results highlight that parental environments can have substantial effects in offspring generations. Transcriptome and metabolome assays provide a basis for zooming in on the potential mechanisms of inherited JA effects.
Asunto(s)
Apomixis/genética , Ciclopentanos/farmacología , Ambiente , Metaboloma/genética , Oxilipinas/farmacología , Taraxacum/genética , Taraxacum/metabolismo , Transcriptoma/genética , Apomixis/efectos de los fármacos , Análisis por Conglomerados , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Ontología de Genes , Metaboloma/efectos de los fármacos , Metabolómica , Fenoles/metabolismo , Hojas de la Planta/efectos de los fármacos , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Taraxacum/efectos de los fármacos , Transcriptoma/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Increase in the consumption of natural rubber (NR) has necessitated the identification of alternative sources of NR. The quality of NR produced by Taraxacum koksaghyz Rodin (TKS) is comparable to that from Hevea brasiliensis (H.brasiliensis), and therefore, TKS is being considered as an alternative source of NR. Here, we sequenced the TKS root transcriptome after wild TKS seedlings were treated with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) for 0, 6, and 24 h. The clean reads generated for each experimental line were assembled into 127,833 unigenes. The Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway prediction suggested that methyl jasmonate regulated secondary metabolism in TKS. Differential expression analysis showed that the expression of HMGCR, FPPS, IDI, GGPPS, and REF/SRPP increased with methyl jasmonate treatment. Interestingly, differential expression analysis of the jasmonate (JA)-related transcription factors (TFs), indicated that certain genes encoding these transcription factors (namely, bHLH, MYB, AP2/EREBP, and WRKY) showed the same expression pattern in the lines treated for 6 h and 24 h. Moreover, HMGCR was up-regulated in the transgenic seedlings overexpressing DREB. We predicted that methyl jasmonate regulated secondary metabolism and affected rubber biosynthesis via the interaction of the JA-related TFs with genes associated with rubber biosynthesis in TKS.
Asunto(s)
Acetatos/farmacología , Ciclopentanos/farmacología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Genes de Plantas , Oxilipinas/farmacología , Goma/metabolismo , Análisis de Secuencia de ARN , Taraxacum/genética , Transcriptoma/genética , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Redes y Vías Metabólicas/efectos de los fármacos , Redes y Vías Metabólicas/genética , Anotación de Secuencia Molecular , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Transducción de Señal/genética , Taraxacum/efectos de los fármacos , Transcriptoma/efectos de los fármacos , Ácido alfa-Linolénico/farmacologíaRESUMEN
CONTEXT: Taraxacum officinale Weber (TO) commonly known as "dandelion", is a tropical Asian medicinal plant which contains taraxasterol (TX) and taraxerol (TA) in its roots, which are reported to be commercially important anticancer compounds. OBJECTIVE: The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the increase in yield of TX and TA through elicitation by addition of abiotic elictors like methyl jasmonate (MJ) and ß-cyclodextrin (CD), to the root callus suspension cultures of TO. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The root callus suspension was maintained on Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium MS + IAA + BA + 2, 4-D (0.5 ppm + 1 ppm + 0.5 ppm). The concentrations of the abiotic elicitors MJ and CD were optimized using central composite design (CCD) and quantification of TA and TX in elicited cultures was done by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. RESULT: It was observed that MJ at a concentration of 0.2 mM showed good increase in content of TX to 0.032% w/w and at concentrations 0.05 mM, 0.1 mM and 0.2 mM showed similar increase in TA content to 0.018% w/w, whereas CD at the concentration of 25 mM showed highest increase in TX content to 0.036% w/w and at the concentrations of 25 mM, 50 mM showed increase in TA content to 0.023% w/w as compared to the plant root (PR) which showed content of TX as 0.0299% w/w and TA as 0.0169% w/w. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: From the present investigation it was concluded that out of the two abiotic elicitors MJ and CD, CD was found to be more effective to increase TA and TX content in Dandelion cell cultures.
Asunto(s)
Acetatos/farmacología , Ciclopentanos/farmacología , Ácido Oleanólico/análogos & derivados , Oxilipinas/farmacología , Esteroles/metabolismo , Taraxacum/efectos de los fármacos , Triterpenos/metabolismo , beta-Ciclodextrinas/farmacología , Medios de Cultivo , Ácido Oleanólico/metabolismo , Raíces de Plantas/química , Plantas Medicinales , Plantones/química , Taraxacum/química , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
In a greenhouse pot experiment, dandelion (Taraxacum platypecidum Diels.) and bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon[Linn.] Pers.), inoculated with and without arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Rhizophagus irregularis, were grown in chromium (Cr)-amended soils (0 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, and 20 mg/kg Cr[VI]) to test whether arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis can improve Cr tolerance in different plant species. The experimental results indicated that the dry weights of both plant species were dramatically increased by AM symbiosis. Mycorrhizal colonization increased plant P concentrations and decreased Cr concentrations and Cr translocation from roots to shoots for dandelion; in contrast, mycorrhizal colonization decreased plant Cr concentrations without improvement of P nutrition in bermudagrass. Chromium speciation analysis revealed that AM symbiosis potentially altered Cr species and bioavailability in the rhizosphere. The study confirmed the protective effects of AMF on host plants under Cr contaminations.
Asunto(s)
Cromo/metabolismo , Cynodon/efectos de los fármacos , Micorrizas/efectos de los fármacos , Micorrizas/fisiología , Contaminantes del Suelo/metabolismo , Taraxacum/efectos de los fármacos , Disponibilidad Biológica , Cromo/análisis , Cynodon/microbiología , Cynodon/fisiología , Raíces de Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Raíces de Plantas/microbiología , Raíces de Plantas/fisiología , Suelo/química , Contaminantes del Suelo/análisis , Simbiosis , Taraxacum/microbiología , Taraxacum/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Taraxacum officinale Weber (dandelion) is a very ubiquitous species, and it can grow in urban environments on metal-polluted sediments deposited in the gutters. This study represents a preliminary step to verify the presence of metals in sediments collected in urban streets in Pisa and to assess the alteration in dandelion metabolites in order to understand its adaptation to polluted environments. The soil and sediments were collected at three urban streets and analyzed for total and extractable Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni, and Zn. The total values of Pb and Zn in street sediments exceeded the limits for residential areas of soils. Zn was the most mobile of the metals analyzed. Floating cultivations trials were set up with dandelion seedlings and street sediments. The metals were analyzed in roots and leaves. Antioxidant power, anthocyanins, polyphenols, non-protein thiols (NP-TH) and chlorophylls were measured in dandelion leaves. The first two parameters (anthocyanins and antioxidant power) were higher in the polluted samples compared to the control; chlorophyll content was lower in the treated samples, whereas NP-TH showed no differences. NP-TH groups determined in roots were associated with the root content of Zn and Pb. These results indicate that dandelion can tolerate plant stress by altering its metabolite content.
Asunto(s)
Metales Pesados/toxicidad , Contaminantes del Suelo/toxicidad , Taraxacum/efectos de los fármacos , Clorofila/metabolismo , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Italia , Metales Pesados/análisis , Hojas de la Planta/efectos de los fármacos , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Contaminantes del Suelo/análisis , Taraxacum/metabolismoRESUMEN
Natural rubber is a high-molecular-mass biopolymer found in the latex of >2,500 plant species, including Hevea brasiliensis, Parthenium argentatum and Taraxacum spp. The active sites of rubber biosynthesis are rubber particles, which comprise a hydrophobic rubber core surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer membrane containing species-dependent lipids and associated proteins. Small rubber particle proteins are the most abundant rubber particle-associated proteins in Taraxacum brevicorniculatum (TbSRPPs) and may promote rubber biosynthesis by stabilizing the rubber particle architecture. We investigated the transcriptional regulation of genes encoding SRPPs and identified a bZIP transcription factor (TbbZIP.1) similar to the Arabidopsis thaliana ABI5-ABF-AREB subfamily, which is thought to include downstream targets of ABA and/or abiotic stress-inducible protein kinases. The TbbZIP.1 gene was predominantly expressed in laticifers and regulates the expression of TbSRPP genes in an ABA-dependent manner. The individual TbSRPP genes showed distinct induction profiles, suggesting diverse roles in rubber biosynthesis and stress adaptation. The potential involvement of TbSRPPs in the adaptation of T. brevicorniculatum plants to environmental stress is discussed based on our current knowledge of the stress-response roles of SRPPs and their homologs, and the protective function of latex and rubber against pathogens. Our data suggest that TbSRPPs contribute to stress tolerance in T. brevicorniculatum and that their effects are mediated by TbbZIP.1.
Asunto(s)
Ácido Abscísico/farmacología , Factores de Transcripción con Cremalleras de Leucina de Carácter Básico/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Taraxacum/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción con Cremalleras de Leucina de Carácter Básico/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Látex/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Taraxacum/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Heritable epigenetic modulation of gene expression is a candidate mechanism to explain parental environmental effects on offspring phenotypes, but current evidence for environment-induced epigenetic changes that persist in offspring generations is scarce. In apomictic dandelions, exposure to various stresses was previously shown to heritably alter DNA methylation patterns. In this study we explore whether these induced changes are accompanied by heritable effects on offspring phenotypes. We observed effects of parental jasmonic acid treatment on offspring specific leaf area and on offspring interaction with a generalist herbivore; and of parental nutrient stress on offspring root-shoot biomass ratio, tissue P-content and leaf morphology. Some of the effects appeared to enhance offspring ability to cope with the same stresses that their parents experienced. Effects differed between apomictic genotypes and were not always consistently observed between different experiments, especially in the case of parental nutrient stress. While this context-dependency of the effects remains to be further clarified, the total set of results provides evidence for the existence of transgenerational effects in apomictic dandelions. Zebularine treatment affected the within-generation response to nutrient stress, pointing at a role of DNA methylation in phenotypic plasticity to nutrient environments. This study shows that stress exposure in apomictic dandelions can cause transgenerational phenotypic effects, in addition to previously demonstrated transgenerational DNA methylation effects.
Asunto(s)
Fenotipo , Estrés Fisiológico , Taraxacum/genética , Evolución Biológica , Biomasa , Citidina/análogos & derivados , Citidina/farmacología , Interacción Gen-Ambiente , Genotipo , Sitios de Carácter Cuantitativo , Taraxacum/efectos de los fármacos , Taraxacum/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
We carried out a comparative study of seed progeny taken from the dandelion (Taraxacum officinale s.l.) coenopopulations exposed for a long time to radioactive or chemical contamination originated from the East-Ural radioactive trace zone (EURT) or Nizhniy Tagil metallurgical combine impact zone (NTMC), respectively. Coenopopulations from EURT, NTMC and background areas significantly differ from each other with respect to the qualitative and quantitative composition of allozyme phenes. An analysis of clonal diversity showed the uniqueness of all coenopopulations in terms of their phenogenetics. P-generation seed viability was found to decrease in a similar manner as all types of the industrial stress increased. Studies of F (1)-generation variability in radio- and metal resistance by family analysis showed that seed progeny from EURT impact zone possessed high viability that, however, was accompanied by development of latent injuries resulting in low resistance to additional man-caused impacts. In F (1)-generation originated from NTMC zone, high seed viability was combined with increased resistance to provocative heavy metal and radiation exposure. No significant differences in responses to 'habitual' and 'new' factors, i.e. pre-adaptation effect, were found in samples from the contaminated areas.
Asunto(s)
Germinación/efectos de los fármacos , Metales Pesados/toxicidad , Semillas/efectos de la radiación , Contaminantes Radiactivos del Suelo/toxicidad , Taraxacum/efectos de la radiación , Adaptación Fisiológica/efectos de los fármacos , Isoenzimas/metabolismo , Semillas/efectos de los fármacos , Taraxacum/efectos de los fármacos , Taraxacum/enzimologíaRESUMEN
Taraxacum brevicorniculatum is known to produce high quality rubber. The biosynthesis of rubber is dependent on isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) precursors derived from the mevalonate (MVA) pathway. The cDNA sequences of seven MVA pathway genes from latex of T. brevicorniculatum were isolated, including three cDNA sequences encoding for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductases (TbHMGR1-3). Expression analyses indicate an important role of TbHMGR1 as well as for the HMG-CoA synthase (TbHMGS), the diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase and the mevalonate kinase in the provision of precursors for rubber biosynthesis. The amino acid sequences of the TbHMGRs show the typical motifs described for plant HMGRs such as two transmembrane domains and a catalytic domain containing two HMG-CoA and two NADP(H) binding sites. The functionality of the HMGRs was demonstrated by complementation assay using an IPP auxotroph mutant of Escherichia coli. Furthermore, the transient expression of the catalytic domains of TbHMGR1 and TbHMGR2 in Nicotiana benthamiana resulted in a strong accumulation of sterol precursors, one of the major groups of pathway end-products.
Asunto(s)
Vías Biosintéticas/genética , Genes de Plantas/genética , Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Reductasas/genética , Ácido Mevalónico/metabolismo , Taraxacum/enzimología , Taraxacum/genética , Secuencias de Aminoácidos , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Vías Biosintéticas/efectos de los fármacos , Dominio Catalítico , Clonación Molecular , ADN Complementario/genética , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Prueba de Complementación Genética , Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Reductasas/química , Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Reductasas/metabolismo , Lovastatina/farmacología , Modelos Moleculares , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Especificidad de Órganos/efectos de los fármacos , Especificidad de Órganos/genética , Fenotipo , Filogenia , Raíces de Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Raíces de Plantas/enzimología , Raíces de Plantas/genética , Raíces de Plantas/crecimiento & desarrollo , ARN Mensajero/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Alineación de Secuencia , Esteroles/metabolismo , Taraxacum/efectos de los fármacos , Taraxacum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Nicotiana/efectos de los fármacos , Nicotiana/metabolismoRESUMEN
A comparative research of dandelion seed progeny from the coenopopulations growing for a long time in a gradient of radioactive (zone of the East-Ural radioactive trace--EURT) or chemical (zone exposure Nizhny Tagil Metallurgical Plant--NTMP) pollution was carried out. It was revealed that the viability of seeds declined similarly in gradient of the man-caused stress regardless of its nature. Dandelion coenopopulations from the EURT zone, NTMP and the background area significantly differed in the qualitative and quantitative allozyme specifications. The analysis of clonal diversity revealed phenogenetic uniqueness of all coenopopulations. Study of F1-generation metal and radio resistance showed that the seed progeny from the impact EURT zone possessed a high viability but had hidden damage that led to a low resistance to additional man-caused influences. High viability of the seeds in the F1-generation from the NTMP zone combined with increased resistance to the provocative effects of radiation and heavy metals. Significant differences in responses to the "habitual" and "n ew" factors of influence, i.e. effect of pre-adaptation in samples from EURT and NTMP zones were not found.
Asunto(s)
Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Metales Pesados/toxicidad , Liberación de Radiactividad Peligrosa , Contaminantes Radiactivos del Suelo/toxicidad , Taraxacum/efectos de los fármacos , Taraxacum/efectos de la radiación , Adaptación Fisiológica/efectos de los fármacos , Adaptación Fisiológica/efectos de la radiación , Metales Pesados/análisis , Monitoreo de Radiación/métodos , Trazadores Radiactivos , Semillas/efectos de los fármacos , Semillas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Semillas/efectos de la radiación , Siberia , Contaminantes Radiactivos del Suelo/análisis , Taraxacum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
*DNA methylation can cause heritable phenotypic modifications in the absence of changes in DNA sequence. Environmental stresses can trigger methylation changes and this may have evolutionary consequences, even in the absence of sequence variation. However, it remains largely unknown to what extent environmentally induced methylation changes are transmitted to offspring, and whether observed methylation variation is truly independent or a downstream consequence of genetic variation between individuals. *Genetically identical apomictic dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) plants were exposed to different ecological stresses, and apomictic offspring were raised in a common unstressed environment. We used methylation-sensitive amplified fragment length polymorphism markers to screen genome-wide methylation alterations triggered by stress treatments and to assess the heritability of induced changes. *Various stresses, most notably chemical induction of herbivore and pathogen defenses, triggered considerable methylation variation throughout the genome. Many modifications were faithfully transmitted to offspring. Stresses caused some epigenetic divergence between treatment and controls, but also increased epigenetic variation among plants within treatments. *These results show the following. First, stress-induced methylation changes are common and are mostly heritable. Second, sequence-independent, autonomous methylation variation is readily generated. This highlights the potential of epigenetic inheritance to play an independent role in evolutionary processes, which is superimposed on the system of genetic inheritance.
Asunto(s)
Metilación de ADN/genética , Patrón de Herencia/genética , Reproducción Asexuada/genética , Estrés Fisiológico/genética , Taraxacum/genética , Taraxacum/fisiología , Análisis del Polimorfismo de Longitud de Fragmentos Amplificados , Ciclopentanos/farmacología , Metilación de ADN/efectos de los fármacos , Epigénesis Genética/efectos de los fármacos , Marcadores Genéticos , Variación Genética/efectos de los fármacos , Genotipo , Patrón de Herencia/efectos de los fármacos , Oxilipinas/farmacología , Reproducción Asexuada/efectos de los fármacos , Ácido Salicílico/farmacología , Cloruro de Sodio/farmacología , Estrés Fisiológico/efectos de los fármacos , Taraxacum/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
The changes of the antioxidant (AOA) and antiradical activities (ARA) and the total contents of phenolics, anthocyanins, flavonols, and hydroxybenzoic acid in roots and different aerial sections of Echinacea purpurea, nettle, and dandelion, after treatment with ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, a polyamine inhibitor (O-phosphoethanolamine, KF), and a phenol biosynthesis stimulator (carboxymethyl chitin glucan, CCHG) were analyzed spectrophotometrically; hydroxycinnamic acids content was analyzed by RP-HPLC with UV detection. Both regulators increased the AOA measured as inhibition of peroxidation (IP) in all herb sections, with the exception of Echinacea stems after treatment with KF. In root tissues IP was dramatically elevated mainly after CCHG application: 8.5-fold in Echinacea, 4.14-fold in nettle, and 2.08-fold in dandelion. ARA decrease of Echinacea leaves treated with regulators was in direct relation only with cichoric acid and caftaric acid contents. Both regulators uphold the formation of cinnamic acid conjugates, the most expressive being that of cichoric acid after treatment with CCHG in Echinacea roots from 2.71 to 20.92 mg g(-1). There was a strong relationship between increase of the total phenolics in all sections of Echinacea, as well as in the studied sections of dandelion, and the anthocyanin content.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/análisis , Echinacea/química , Fenoles/análisis , Poliaminas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Taraxacum/química , Quitina/análogos & derivados , Quitina/farmacología , Echinacea/efectos de los fármacos , Etanolaminas/farmacología , Glucanos/farmacología , Inhibidores de la Ornitina Descarboxilasa , Taraxacum/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Nep1 is an extracellular fungal protein that causes necrosis when applied to many dicotyledonous plants, including invasive weed species. Using transmission electron microscopy, it was determined that application of Nep1 (1.0 micro g mL(-)(1), 0.1% [v/v] Silwet-L77) to Arabidopsis and two invasive weed species, spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) and dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), caused a reduction in the thickness of the cuticle and a breakdown of chloroplasts 1 to 4 h after treatment. Membrane breakdown was most severe in cells closest to the surface of application. Differential display was used to isolate cDNA clones from the three species showing differential expression in response to Nep1 treatment. Differential gene expression was observed for a putative serpin (CmSER-1) and a calmodulin-like (CmCAL-1) protein from spotted knapweed, and a putative protein phosphatase 2C (ToPP2C-1) and cytochrome P-450 (ToCYP-1) protein from dandelion. In addition, differential expression was observed for genes coding for a putative protein kinase (AtPK-1), a homolog (AtWI-12) of wound-induced WI12, a homolog (AtLEA-1) of late embryogenesis abundant LEA-5, a WRKY-18 DNA-binding protein (AtWRKY-18), and a phospholipase D (AtPLD-1) from Arabidopsis. Genes showing elevated mRNA levels in Nep1-treated (5 micro g mL(-)(1), 0.1% [v/v] Silwet-L77) leaves 15 min after Nep1 treatment included CmSER-1 and CmCAL-1 for spotted knapweed, ToCYP-1 and CmCAL-1 for dandelion, and AtPK-1, AtWRKY-18, AtWI-12, and AtLEA-1 for Arabidopsis. Levels of mRNA for AtPLD-1 (Arabidopsis) and ToPP2C-1 (dandelion) decreased rapidly in Silwet-L77-treated plants between 15 min and 4 h of treatment, but were maintained or decreased more slowly over time in Nep1-treated (5 micro g mL(-)(1), 0.1% [v/v] Silwet-L77) leaves. In general, increases in mRNA band intensities were in the range of two to five times, with only ToCYP-1 in dandelion exceeding an increase of 10 times. The identified genes have been shown to be involved or are related to gene families that are involved in plant stress responses, including wounding, drought, senescence, and disease resistance.