RESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this research is to evaluate the relative cost-effectiveness of functional and anatomical strategies for diagnosing stable coronary artery disease (CAD), using exercise (Ex)-ECG, stress echocardiogram (ECHO), single-photon emission CT (SPECT), coronary CT angiography (CTA) or stress cardiacmagnetic resonance (C-MRI). SETTING: Decision-analytical model, comparing strategies of sequential tests for evaluating patients with possible stable angina in low, intermediate and high pretest probability of CAD, from the perspective of a developing nation's public healthcare system. PARTICIPANTS: Hypothetical cohort of patients with pretest probability of CAD between 20% and 70%. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome is cost per correct diagnosis of CAD. Proportion of false-positive or false-negative tests and number of unnecessary tests performed were also evaluated. RESULTS: Strategies using Ex-ECG as initial test were the least costly alternatives but generated more frequent false-positive initial tests and false-negative final diagnosis. Strategies based on CTA or ECHO as initial test were the most attractive and resulted in similar cost-effectiveness ratios (I$ 286 and I$ 305 per correct diagnosis, respectively). A strategy based on C-MRI was highly effective for diagnosing stable CAD, but its high cost resulted in unfavourable incremental cost-effectiveness (ICER) in moderate-risk and high-risk scenarios. Non-invasive strategies based on SPECT have been dominated. CONCLUSIONS: An anatomical diagnostic strategy based on CTA is a cost-effective option for CAD diagnosis. Functional strategies performed equally well when based on ECHO. C-MRI yielded acceptable ICER only at low pretest probability, and SPECT was not cost-effective in our analysis.
Asunto(s)
Técnicas de Imagen Cardíaca/economía , Dolor en el Pecho/diagnóstico , Dolor en el Pecho/economía , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/diagnóstico , Prueba de Esfuerzo/economía , Costos de la Atención en Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Pruebas de Función Cardíaca/economía , Salud Pública , Brasil/epidemiología , Dolor en el Pecho/epidemiología , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/economía , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/epidemiología , Análisis Costo-Beneficio , Técnicas de Apoyo para la Decisión , Investigación sobre Servicios de Salud , Humanos , Evaluación de Procesos y Resultados en Atención de Salud , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Salud Pública/economía , Reproducibilidad de los ResultadosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Cost-effectiveness is an increasingly important factor in the choice of a test or therapy. OBJECTIVE: To assess the cost-effectiveness of various methods routinely used for the diagnosis of stable coronary disease in Portugal. METHODS: Seven diagnostic strategies were assessed. The cost-effectiveness of each strategy was defined as the cost per correct diagnosis (inclusion or exclusion of obstructive coronary artery disease) in a symptomatic patient. The cost and effectiveness of each method were assessed using Bayesian inference and decision-making tree analyses, with the pretest likelihood of disease ranging from 10% to 90%. RESULTS: The cost-effectiveness of diagnostic strategies was strongly dependent on the pretest likelihood of disease. In patients with a pretest likelihood of disease of ≤50%, the diagnostic algorithms, which include cardiac computed tomography angiography, were the most cost-effective. In these patients, depending on the pretest likelihood of disease and the willingness to pay for an additional correct diagnosis, computed tomography angiography may be used as a frontline test or reserved for patients with positive/inconclusive ergometric test results or a calcium score of >0. In patients with a pretest likelihood of disease of ≥ 60%, up-front invasive coronary angiography appears to be the most cost-effective strategy. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnostic algorithms that include cardiac computed tomography angiography are the most cost-effective in symptomatic patients with suspected stable coronary artery disease and a pretest likelihood of disease of ≤50%. In high-risk patients (pretest likelihood of disease ≥ 60%), up-front invasive coronary angiography appears to be the most cost-effective strategy. In all pretest likelihoods of disease, strategies based on ischemia appear to be more expensive and less effective compared with those based on anatomical tests.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/diagnóstico , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/economía , Teorema de Bayes , Técnicas de Imagen Cardíaca/economía , Técnicas de Imagen Cardíaca/estadística & datos numéricos , Análisis Costo-Beneficio , Árboles de Decisión , Prueba de Esfuerzo/economía , Prueba de Esfuerzo/estadística & datos numéricos , Reacciones Falso Negativas , Reacciones Falso Positivas , Humanos , Portugal , Valores de Referencia , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
Fundamento: O custo-efetividade é um fator de crescente importância na escolha de um exame ou terapêutica. Objetivo: Avaliar o custo-efetividade de vários métodos habitualmente empregados no diagnóstico de doença coronária estável em Portugal. Métodos: Foram avaliadas sete estratégias diagnósticas. O custo-efetividade de cada estratégia foi definido como o custo por cada diagnóstico correto (inclusão ou exclusão de doença arterial coronária obstrutiva) num doente sintomático. Os custos e a eficácia de cada método foram avaliados por meio de inferência bayesiana e análise de árvores de decisão, fazendo variar a probabilidade pré-teste entre 10 e 90%. Resultados: O custo-efetividade das várias estratégias diagnósticas é fortemente dependente da probabilidade pré-teste. Em doentes com probabilidade pré-teste ≤ 50%, os algoritmos diagnósticos, que incluem a angiotomografia computadorizada cardíaca são os mais custo-efetivos. Nesses doentes, dependendo da probabilidade pré-teste e da disponibilidade para pagar por diagnóstico correto adicional, a angiotomografia computadorizada pode ser usada como teste de primeira linha ou ser reservada a doentes com teste ergométrico positivo/inconclusivo ou escore de cálcio > 0. Em doentes com probabilidade pré-teste ≥ 60%, o envio direto para angiografia coronária invasiva parece ser a estratégia mais custo-efetiva. Conclusão: Os algoritmos diagnósticos, que incluem a angiotomografia computadorizada cardíaca, são os mais custo-efetivos em doentes sintomáticos com suspeita de doença arterial coronária estável e probabilidade pré-teste ≤ 50%. Em doentes de risco mais elevado (probabilidade pré-teste ≥ 60%), o envio ...
Background: Cost-effectiveness is an increasingly important factor in the choice of a test or therapy. Objective: To assess the cost-effectiveness of various methods routinely used for the diagnosis of stable coronary disease in Portugal. Methods: Seven diagnostic strategies were assessed. The cost-effectiveness of each strategy was defined as the cost per correct diagnosis (inclusion or exclusion of obstructive coronary artery disease) in a symptomatic patient. The cost and effectiveness of each method were assessed using Bayesian inference and decision-making tree analyses, with the pretest likelihood of disease ranging from 10% to 90%. Results: The cost-effectiveness of diagnostic strategies was strongly dependent on the pretest likelihood of disease. In patients with a pretest likelihood of disease of ≤50%, the diagnostic algorithms, which include cardiac computed tomography angiography, were the most cost-effective. In these patients, depending on the pretest likelihood of disease and the willingness to pay for an additional correct diagnosis, computed tomography angiography may be used as a frontline test or reserved for patients with positive/inconclusive ergometric test results or a calcium score of >0. In patients with a pretest likelihood of disease of ≥ 60%, up-front invasive coronary angiography appears to be the most cost-effective strategy. Conclusions: Diagnostic algorithms that include cardiac computed tomography angiography are the most cost-effective in symptomatic patients with suspected stable coronary artery disease and a pretest likelihood of disease of ≤50%. In high-risk patients (pretest likelihood of disease ≥ 60%), up-front invasive coronary angiography appears to be the most cost-effective strategy. In all pretest likelihoods of disease, strategies based on ischemia appear to be more expensive and less effective compared with those based on anatomical tests. .