RESUMEN
Nitrite and nitrate represent the final products of nitric oxide (NO) oxidation pathways, and their hematic concentrations are frequently assessed as an index of systemic NO production. However, their intake with food can influence their levels. Nitrite and nitrate could have a role by producing NO, because nitrite can release NO after reaction with deoxyhemoglobin and dietary nitrate can be reduced substantially to nitrite by commensal bacteria in the oral cavity. Different methods have been applied for nitrite/nitrate detection, with the most commonly used being the spectrophotometric assay based on the Griess reagent. However, a reference methodology for these determinations is still missing and many possible interferences have been reported. This chapter assesses how different experimental conditions can influence the results when detecting nitrite and nitrate in human plasma by the Griess assay and provides a simple method characterized by high reproducibility and minimized interferences by plasma constituents.
Asunto(s)
Etilenodiaminas , Nitratos/sangre , Nitritos/sangre , Sulfanilamidas , Colorimetría/métodos , Colorimetría/normas , Etilenodiaminas/normas , Depuradores de Radicales Libres/análisis , Depuradores de Radicales Libres/sangre , Depuradores de Radicales Libres/normas , Humanos , Nitratos/análisis , Nitratos/normas , Óxido Nítrico/análisis , Óxido Nítrico/sangre , Óxido Nítrico/normas , Nitritos/análisis , Nitritos/normas , Estándares de Referencia , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Sulfanilamidas/normasRESUMEN
The modes of action of fasciolicides are described. Closantel and other salicylanilides interfere with energy metabolism by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation in the fluke. Other fasciolicides are believed to have a metabolic action-halogenated phenols (via uncoupling) and clorsulon (via inhibition of glycolysis)-but direct evidence is lacking. Benzimidazoles (in particular, triclabendazole) bind to fluke tubulin and disrupt microtubule-based processes. Diamphenethide inhibits protein synthesis in the fluke. Other potential drug actions may contribute to overall drug efficacy. In particular, a number of fasciolicides-salicylanilides, phenols, diamphenethide-induce a rapid paralysis of the fluke, so their action may have a neuromuscular basis, although the actions remain ill-defined. Resistance to salicylanilides and triclabendazole has been detected in the field, although drug resistance does not appear to be a major problem yet. Strategies to minimize the development of resistance include the use of synergistic drug combinations, together with the design of integrated management programmes and the search for alternatives to drugs, in particular, vaccines.
Asunto(s)
Antihelmínticos/normas , Fasciola hepatica/efectos de los fármacos , Fascioliasis/veterinaria , Animales , Antihelmínticos/farmacología , Antihelmínticos/uso terapéutico , Bencimidazoles/farmacología , Bencimidazoles/normas , Bencimidazoles/uso terapéutico , Diamfenetida/farmacología , Diamfenetida/normas , Diamfenetida/uso terapéutico , Resistencia a Medicamentos , Fasciola hepatica/patogenicidad , Fascioliasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Microscopía Electrónica/veterinaria , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo/veterinaria , Nitroxinilo/farmacología , Nitroxinilo/normas , Nitroxinilo/uso terapéutico , Salicilanilidas/farmacología , Salicilanilidas/normas , Salicilanilidas/uso terapéutico , Sulfanilamidas/farmacología , Sulfanilamidas/normas , Sulfanilamidas/uso terapéutico , TriclabendazolRESUMEN
Esta Norma tiene por objeto la determinación de nitritos en agua potable por el método espectofotométrico sulfanilamida, es aplicable para aguas en general.