RESUMEN

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is global health concern escalating rapidly in both clinical settings and environment. The effluent from pharmaceuticals and hospitals may contain diverse antibiotics, exerting selective pressure to develop AMR. To study the aquatic prevalence of drug-resistant staphylococci, sampling was done from river Yamuna (3 sites) and wastewater (7 sites) near pharmaceutical industries in Delhi-NCR, India. 59.25% (224/378) were considered presumptive staphylococci while, methicillin resistance was noted in 25% (56/224) isolates. Further, 23 methicillin-resistant coagulase negative staphylococci (MR-CoNS) of 8 different species were identified via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was noted in 60.87% (14/23) isolates. PCR based detection of antibiotic resistance genes revealed the number of isolates containing mecA (7/23), blaZ (6/23), msrA (10/23), aac(6')aph (2") (2/23), aph(3')-IIIa (2/23), ant(4')-Ia (1/23), dfrG (4/23), dfrA(drfS1) (3/23), tetK (1/23) and tetM (1/23). The current research highlights the concerning prevalence of MDR-CoNS in aquatic environment in Delhi.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos , Coagulasa , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple , ARN Ribosómico 16S , Staphylococcus , Aguas Residuales , India/epidemiología , Aguas Residuales/microbiología , Staphylococcus/genética , Staphylococcus/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus/aislamiento & purificación , Staphylococcus/clasificación , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple/genética , Coagulasa/metabolismo , Coagulasa/genética , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Prevalencia , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana

RESUMEN

Mastitis remains a paramount economic threat to dairy livestock, with antibiotic resistance severely compromising treatment efficacy. This study provides an in-depth investigation into the multidrug resistance (MDR) mechanisms in bacterial isolates from bovine mastitis, emphasizing the roles of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), biofilm formation, and active efflux systems. A total of 162 Staphylococci, eight Escherichia coli, and seven Klebsiella spp. isolates were obtained from 215 milk samples of clinical and subclinical mastitis cases. Antibiotic susceptibility testing identified Twenty Staphylococci (12.35 %), six E. coli (75 %) and seven Klebsiella (100 %) identified as MDR displaying significant resistance to ß-lactams and tetracyclines The Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index of these isolates ranged from 0.375 to 1.0, highlighting extensive resistance. Notably, 29 of the 33 MDR isolates produced biofilms on Congo red agar, while all exhibited biofilm formation in the Microtitre Plate assay. Critical ARGs (blaZ, blaTEM, blaCTX-M, tetM, tetA, tetB, tetC, strA/B, aadA) and efflux pump genes (acrB, acrE, acrF, emrB, norB) regulating active efflux were identified. This pioneering study elucidates the synergistic contribution of ARGs, biofilm production, and efflux pump activity to MDR in bovine mastitis pathogens. To our knowledge, this comprehensive study is the first of its kind, offering novel insights into the complex resistance mechanisms. The findings underscore the imperative need for advanced antibiotic stewardship and strategic interventions in dairy farming to curb the rise of antibiotic-resistant infections, thereby protecting both animal and public health.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos , Biopelículas , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple , Klebsiella , Mastitis Bovina , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Leche , Staphylococcus , Biopelículas/efectos de los fármacos , Biopelículas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Bovinos , Animales , Mastitis Bovina/microbiología , Femenino , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple/genética , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Klebsiella/genética , Klebsiella/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus/genética , Leche/microbiología , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Genes Bacterianos/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo

RESUMEN

Staphylococcus xylosus has emerged as a bovine mastitis pathogen with increasing drug resistance, resulting in substantial economic impacts. This study utilized iTRAQ analysis to investigate the mechanisms driving resistance evolution in S. xylosus under ceftiofur sodium stress. Findings revealed notable variations in the expression of 143 proteins, particularly glycolysis-related proteins (TpiA, Eno, GlpD, Ldh) and peptidoglycan (PG) hydrolase Atl. Following the induction of ceftiofur sodium resistance in S. xylosus, the emergence of resistant strains displaying characteristics of small colony variants (SCVs) was observed. The transcript levels of TpiA, Eno, GlpD and Ldh were up-regulated, TCA cycle proteins (ICDH, MDH) and Atl were down-regulated, lactate content was increased, and NADH concentration was decreased in SCV compared to the wild strain. That indicates a potential role of carbon metabolism, specifically PG hydrolysis, glycolysis, and the TCA cycle, in the development of resistance to ceftiofur sodium in S. xylosus.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos , Carbono , Cefalosporinas , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Staphylococcus , Cefalosporinas/farmacología , Cefalosporinas/metabolismo , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Staphylococcus/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus/genética , Staphylococcus/metabolismo , Carbono/metabolismo , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Animales , Bovinos , Glucólisis/efectos de los fármacos , Ciclo del Ácido Cítrico , Mastitis Bovina/microbiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/microbiología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Femenino

RESUMEN

Staphylococci are responsible for a wide range of infections in animals. The most common species infecting animals include Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus intermedius. Recent increases in antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance in animals highlight the need to understand the potential role of commercial livestock as a reservoir of staphylococci and antibiotic resistance genes. Nasal swabs were collected from 143 apparently healthy pigs and 21 pig farm workers, and 45 environmental swabs of feed and water troughs, from two commercial pig farms in the Western Cape, South Africa. Staphylococci were isolated, identified using mass-spectrometry, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing and Illumina whole genome sequencing were performed. One hundred and eighty-five (185) Staphylococcus spp. isolates were obtained, with Mammalicoccus sciuri (n = 57; 31%) being the most common, followed by S. hyicus (n = 40; 22%) and S. aureus (n = 29; 16%). S. epidermidis was predominantly identified in the farm workers (n = 18; 86%). Tetracycline resistance was observed across all species, with rates ranging from 67 to 100%. Majority of M. sciuri isolates (n = 40; 70%) were methicillin resistant, with 78% (n = 31) harbouring mecA. M. sciuri isolates had genes/elements which were associated with SCCmec_type_III (3A) and SCCmec_type_VIII(4A) and were mostly observed in ST61 strains. ST239 strains were associated with SCCmec_type_III(3A). High rates of tetracycline resistance were identified among staphylococci in the pig farms in Western Cape, South Africa. This highlights the need for policy makers to regulate the use of this antibiotic in pig farming.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos , Granjas , Infecciones Estafilocócicas , Staphylococcus , Animales , Sudáfrica/epidemiología , Porcinos/microbiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/microbiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/epidemiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/veterinaria , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/tratamiento farmacológico , Staphylococcus/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus/genética , Staphylococcus/aislamiento & purificación , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Humanos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/genética , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiología

RESUMEN

Therapeutic management of mastitis faces significant challenges due to multidrug resistance. In the present study, multi-drug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus spp, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli were isolated from bovine clinical mastitis cases and the phenotypic and genotypic multidrug resistance profiling was carried out. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were biosynthesized using Ocimum sanctum leaf extracts and characterized via UV Vis absorption, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction studies, Energy dispersive spectroscopy and Electron Microscopy. The determined minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of the AgNPs against the recovered MDR isolates were 62.5 µg/ml and 125 µg/ml respectively. At a concentration of 50 µg/ml, the AgNPs demonstrated biofilm inhibitory activities of 80.35 % for MDR E. coli, 71.29 % for S. aureus and 60.18 % for MDR K. pneumoniae. Post-treatment observations revealed notable differences in biofilm formation across bacterial isolates. Furthermore, AgNP treatment led to significant downregulation of expression of the efflux pump genes acrB, acrE, acrF, and emrB in Gram-negative isolates and norB in Staphylococci isolates. This research underscores the potential for the development of an eco-friendly antimicrobial alternative in the form of green synthesized silver nanoparticles to combat drug resistance offering potential antibiofilm and efflux pump inhibitory activities.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos , Biopelículas , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Mastitis Bovina , Nanopartículas del Metal , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Ocimum sanctum , Extractos Vegetales , Plata , Animales , Biopelículas/efectos de los fármacos , Bovinos , Plata/farmacología , Plata/química , Plata/metabolismo , Mastitis Bovina/microbiología , Mastitis Bovina/tratamiento farmacológico , Nanopartículas del Metal/química , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Femenino , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/química , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple/efectos de los fármacos , Ocimum sanctum/química , Klebsiella pneumoniae/efectos de los fármacos , Klebsiella pneumoniae/genética , Hojas de la Planta/microbiología , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Escherichia coli/genética , Tecnología Química Verde , Staphylococcus/efectos de los fármacos

RESUMEN

The aim of the research was to examine the antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of angelica, immortelle, laurel, hyssop, and sage plant dust essential oils (EOs) against isolated strains of Staphylococcus spp. from cheeses, in vitro and in the model of white cheese. MALDI-TOF MS analysis confirmed two Staphylococcus aureus strains and two coagulase-negative, identified as S. saprophyticus and S. warneri. All isolates produce biofilm, where the strains of S. aureus showed slightly better adherence. The main component of angelica EO was ß-phellandrene (48.19 %), while α-pinene (20.33 %) were dominant in immortelle EO, in hyssop EO cis-pinocamphone (37.25 %), in laurel EO 1,8-cineole (43.15 %) and in sage EO epirosmanol (26.25 %). The sage EO exhibited the strongest antistaphylococcal activity against all isolates. Synergism was also detected in combination of sage with hyssop or laurel EO. Better antibiofilm activity was confirmed for sage EO compared to hyssop EO. The mixture of sage/laurel EOs reduced the total number of staphylococci in the cheese after 4 days. Results indicate that in vitro applied EOs showed significant antistaphylococcal and antibiofilm activity, while the oil mixture reduced the initial total number of staphylococci.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos , Biopelículas , Queso , Aceites Volátiles , Staphylococcus , Queso/microbiología , Biopelículas/efectos de los fármacos , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Staphylococcus/efectos de los fármacos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Aceites de Plantas/farmacología

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Several diagnostic environments in Uganda lack real-time, robust and high-throughput technologies for comprehensive typing of microbes, which is a setback to infectious disease surveillance. This study combined various wet laboratory diagnostics to understand the epidemiology of pathogenic staphylococci isolated from animals in Uganda and the implications for global health security priorities. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted employing records and pathogenic staphylococci (from animals) archived at the Central Diagnostic Laboratory (CDL), Makerere University, Uganda, between January 2012 and December 2019. The bacteria were speciated by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and tested for virulence factors [beta lactamases, lecithinase, deoxyribonuclease (DNase), haemolysins] and resistance to ten antimicrobials of clinical and veterinary relevance. Tetracycline and methicillin resistance genes were also tested. RESULTS: The prevalent diseases were mastitis in cattle and skin infections in dogs. Of the 111 staphylococci tested by MALDI-TOF MS, 79 (71.2%) were Staphylococcus aureus, 27 (24.3%) were Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and 5 (4.5%) were Staphylococcus schleiferi. All these strains expressed haemolysins. The prevalence of strains with lecithinase, penicillinase, cephalosporinase and DNase was 35.9% (14/39), 89.7% (35/39), 0.0% (0/39) and 87.2% (34/39), respectively. Staphylococci were primarily resistant to early penicillins (over 80%), tetracycline (57.7%), and chloramphenicol (46.2%). Minimal resistance was noted with cloxacillin (0.0%), ciprofloxacin (9.6%), and cefoxitin (3.8%). The prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) was 78.8% for general staphylococci, 82.2% for S. aureus, 73.1% for S. pseudintermedius, and 60.0% for S. schleiferi. Multidrug resistant staphylococci were significantly more prevalent in the cattle isolates than in the dog isolates (P < 0.05). The prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) tested by resistance to cefoxitin and mecA carriage was 3.8%. These four strains were all isolated from dog skin infections. The tetK gene was the most predominant (35.4%), followed by tetM (25.0%). CONCLUSION: In resource-constrained settings, the approach of integrated diagnostics promises sustainable disease surveillance and the addressing of current capacity gaps. The emergence of MRS (zoonotic bacteria) in companion animals creates a likelihood of reduced treatment options for related human infections, a threat to global health.

Asunto(s)

Infecciones Estafilocócicas , Staphylococcus , Animales , Uganda/epidemiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/microbiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/veterinaria , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/epidemiología , Bovinos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Staphylococcus/genética , Staphylococcus/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus/aislamiento & purificación , Staphylococcus/clasificación , Perros , Espectrometría de Masa por Láser de Matriz Asistida de Ionización Desorción/métodos , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Factores de Virulencia/genética , Femenino , Enfermedades de los Perros/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/diagnóstico , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana

RESUMEN

Staphylococcus argenteus is a novel species within the Staphylococcus aureus complex and can cause serious bloodstream infections (BSIs) in humans, which have been mainly reported in adults, especially the elderly. In this study, we analyzed the molecular characterization of a strain of S. argenteus (22WJ8192) isolated from the peripheral vein blood sample of a seven-month-old female infant in Eastern China. The 22WJ8192 belonged to sequence type (ST)2250 and harbored six antibiotic-resistance genes and 53 virulence genes and was resistant to penicillin. Additionally, we conducted a comparative analysis of the molecular characteristics of S. argenteus sourced from various origins within the dataset, predominantly from the National Center for Biotechnology Information Collection (NCBI) genome database. Antibiotic-resistance genes blaR1, blaI_of_Z, blaZ, fosB-Saur, tet(L), aph(3")-IIIa, mecA, and dfrG were more prevalent among the strains of human origin. Virulence genes lukF-PV, sak, sdrE, scn, sdrC, and sdrD were more prevalent among strains of human origin. The presence of antibiotic-resistance genes blaR1, blaI_of_Z, blaZ, fosB-Saur, and aph(3")-IIIa in strain 22WJ8192 was also more common among strains of human origin in the dataset. Conversely, the antibiotic-resistance genes tet(L), mecA, and dfrG, typically found in strains of human origin, were not detected in 22WJ8192. Additionally, virulence genes lukF-PV, sak, sdrE, scn, sdrC, and sdrD present in 22WJ8192 exhibited a higher prevalence among strains of human origin in the dataset. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the potential of S. argenteus ST2250 to induce severe bloodstream infections in infants, shedding light on the molecular characteristics of this strain.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos , Infecciones Estafilocócicas , Staphylococcus , Factores de Virulencia , Humanos , China/epidemiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/microbiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/epidemiología , Femenino , Staphylococcus/genética , Staphylococcus/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus/aislamiento & purificación , Staphylococcus/clasificación , Staphylococcus/patogenicidad , Lactante , Factores de Virulencia/genética , Virulencia/genética , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/genética , Hospitales , Bacteriemia/microbiología , Bacteriemia/epidemiología

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Marmosets (Callithrix sp.), including black-tuffed marmosets (C. penicillata), are neotropical primates that can be highly adapted to urban environments, especially parks and forested areas near cities. Staphylococcus spp. are part of the microbiota of many different hosts and lead to opportunistic severe infection. Isolates from wild animals can be resistant to antimicrobial drugs. However, there are a few studies that evaluated Staphylococcus spp. in neotropical primates. The goal of this study was to evaluate Staphylococcus spp. isolated from free-ranging black-tuffed marmosets. METHODS: Marmosets were captured in six urban parks. After sedation, skin and rectal swabs and feces were sampled. Staphylococcus spp. isolates were identified by MALDI-ToF and their antimicrobial susceptibility was determined. RESULTS: Over 30% of captured individuals were positive for Staphylococcus spp., and S. aureus was the most isolated species followed by Mammaliicoccus (Staphylococcus) sciuri. With the exception of the marmoset subjected to necropsy, none of the other had lesions, which supports that notion that Staphylococcus spp. are members of the microbiota, but also opportunistic pathogens. Most isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested; however, one isolate of S. epidermidis was resistant to multiple antimicrobials (penicillin, cefoxitin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, and erythromycin). We considered S. aureus as the main staphylococci to colonize black-tuffed marmosets. CONCLUSIONS: Black-tuffed marmosets can be colonized by several Staphylococcus species, most frequently by S. aureus, and the majority of isolates were sensible to the antimicrobials tested. One S. epidermidis isolate was considered multidrug resistant.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos , Callithrix , Enfermedades de los Monos , Infecciones Estafilocócicas , Staphylococcus , Animales , Callithrix/microbiología , Staphylococcus/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades de los Monos/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Monos/epidemiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/veterinaria , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/microbiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/epidemiología , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Femenino , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Masculino , Microbiota/efectos de los fármacos , Ciudades , Brasil/epidemiología , Heces/microbiología

RESUMEN

Background: Food safety and food-borne infections are major subjects of global interest. Dairy products are considered as important source for these infections. Aim: The present study was conducted to identify the occurrence and to genotype isolates of Staphylococcus spp. recovered from milk samples in Al-Diwaniyah City, Iraq. Methods: The current study included the collection of 50 milk samples purchased from local stores in the current city. These samples were subjected to bacterial cultivation and biochemical tests. Later, the growth was used to extract the genomic DNA that was exposed to PCR and partial gene sequencing both targeted the 16S rRNA gene at a specific genetic piece. Results: The PCR results demonstrated the amplification of the genetic fragment of five genetic clusters for each of Staphylococcus aureus (SAD11, SAD12, SAD13, SAD14, and SAD15), Staphylococcus epidermidis (SED1, SED2, SED3, SED4, and SED5), and Staphylococcus intermedius (SID1, SID2, SID3, SID4, and SID5). The PCR products were sent out to sequencing and reported that the current isolates were similar in their genetic content with global isolates at 95.34% to 97.59%, 96.21% to 97.57%, and 96.09% to 97.88%, respectively, of identity. Conclusion: The present findings show high genetic variations among isolates of S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. intermedius recovered from milk samples, and these genotypes are found in different infection settings related to humans and animals, which may pose high risks to humans and animals.

Asunto(s)

Leche , Staphylococcus , Leche/microbiología , Staphylococcus/genética , Staphylococcus/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Virulencia/genética , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/genética , Irak , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Bovinos , ARN Ribosómico 16S/análisis , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Genotipo , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/veterinaria , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/microbiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/epidemiología , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/veterinaria

RESUMEN

Many of the reproductive tract infections in the bitches are caused by bacteria that can normally be present on the vaginal mucosa. These bacteria also might have an important role as the cause responsible for pregnancy loss and fetal deaths. The choice of antibiotic therapy for the pregnant animal is narrow and represents a severe problem in veterinary practice, especially due to increased antimicrobial resistance. Due to incorrect antimicrobials use in breeding kennels, the aim of the present study was to assess the occurrence of the bacterial flora isolated from the pregnant bitches and their antibiotic sensitivity. The study was carried out at the private Veterinary clinic in Novi Sad, Serbia. The vaginal swabs were taken from 60 bitches diagnosed with pregnancy and were sent to be laboratory tested. Based on the results, the most common isolated pathogens were Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (20%) and beta-hemolytic streptococci (18.33%). Furthermore, significant resistance to antibiotics from beta-lactams group was detected. It is of particular importance that antimicrobial treatment be evidence based in order to reduce the overuse of antimicrobials due to increased concern regarding antimicrobial resistance.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos , Enfermedades de los Perros , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Staphylococcus , Vagina , Animales , Femenino , Perros , Embarazo , Vagina/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/tratamiento farmacológico , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Staphylococcus/efectos de los fármacos , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/veterinaria , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/microbiología , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Streptococcus/efectos de los fármacos , Streptococcus/aislamiento & purificación , Serbia/epidemiología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana

RESUMEN

There is a significant issue concerning the dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria within companion animals. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common problem in veterinary medicine for which empirical antibiotics are utilized. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance of different uropathogens associated with UTIs in canine and feline cases. A total of 146 dogs and 162 cats suffered from lower urinary tract disorders were subjected to ultrasonographic and microbiological examination. Cystitis, urinary sediment, and cystic calculi are the most common ultrasonographic abnormalities associated with bacterial UTIs. Bacterial UTIs were obtained in 36.98 % and 25.92 % of cases in dogs and cats, respectively. A low rate of mixed infection was detected in canine cases (3.7 %). E. coli was the most prevalent pathogen isolated from 46.4 % and 66.7 % of canine and feline isolates, respectively followed by Proteus spp. in canine isolates (16.1 %) and Klebsiella spp. in feline isolates (14.3 %). Staphylococcus spp. was isolated from canine cases only with the detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) strains at 3.6 %. The majority of the isolated strains were resistant to various antibiotic classes, particularly ß-lactams. All gram-negative bacteria were susceptible to amikacin, whereas gram-positive strains exhibited 100 % sensitivity to nitrofurantoin and linezolid. Different bacterial species displayed low resistance to carbapenems and fluoroquinolones. Multi-drug resistance was reported in canine and feline strains at 64.3 % and 54.8 %, respectively. These findings prove the crucial necessity to restrict antibiotic consumption depending on urine culture and antibiotic sensitivity tests.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos , Enfermedades de los Gatos , Enfermedades de los Perros , Escherichia coli , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Ultrasonografía , Infecciones Urinarias , Animales , Perros , Gatos , Enfermedades de los Gatos/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Gatos/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de los Perros/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones Urinarias/microbiología , Infecciones Urinarias/veterinaria , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Escherichia coli/aislamiento & purificación , Femenino , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Staphylococcus/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus/aislamiento & purificación , Masculino , Proteus/efectos de los fármacos , Proteus/aislamiento & purificación , Klebsiella/efectos de los fármacos , Klebsiella/aislamiento & purificación , Cistitis/microbiología , Cistitis/veterinaria

RESUMEN

Reliable detection of mecA and mecC-mediated beta-lactam resistance using automated antimicrobial susceptibility test systems is critical for patient care. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of the new cefoxitin screen test (oxsf02n) on the Vitek 2 card (Vitek 2) and BD Phoenix PMC-100 Gram-Positive AST Panel (Phoenix) against the reference method for the detection of mecA (and mecC)-mediated beta-lactam resistance. Two hundred fifty clinical fresh and stock Staphylococcus spp. isolates were included. There were 120 mecA-positive, 10 mecC-positive, and 120 mecA and mecC-negative isolates. Cefoxitin screen and oxacillin tests were performed on Vitek 2 and Phoenix and by their respective reference methods (disk diffusion for the cefoxitin screen test and broth microdilution for oxacillin) for all isolates. PCR testing was also performed to confirm the presence of mecA and/or mecC genes. Results from each system were compared to the reference methods. Statistical hypotheses were evaluated both for Vitek 2 compared to the reference methods and Vitek 2 compared to the Phoenix. Compared to the reference method, the Vitek 2 cefoxitin screen test had 100% sensitivity/98% specificity and the Phoenix cefoxitin screen test had 84% sensitivity/100% specificity for the detection of mecA (and mecC)-mediated beta-lactam resistance. When the oxacillin test was combined with the cefoxitin screen for Vitek 2, the sensitivity and specificity were unchanged. However, when the oxacillin and cefoxitin screen tests were combined for the Phoenix, the sensitivity increased to 100% and the specificity remained unchanged (100%). When considering cefoxitin alone, the Vitek 2 screen test showed a higher sensitivity than the Phoenix for the detection of mecA and mecC-mediated beta-lactam resistance. However, currently, both systems use a combination of the cefoxitin and oxacillin tests to interpret the final result, and both reached a high level of performance when cefoxitin and oxacillin results were combined.IMPORTANCEThis research marks the inaugural evaluation of the revamped cefoxitin screen test version in Vitek 2, juxtaposing it against reference methods and a primary competitor BD Phoenix.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos , Cefoxitina , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Cefoxitina/farmacología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/métodos , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Humanos , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Oxacilina/farmacología , Staphylococcus/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus/genética , Resistencia betalactámica , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/microbiología , Proteínas de Unión a las Penicilinas/genética

RESUMEN

The reduction of antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) time-to-result is a central need, especially in sepsis treatment. The current automated rapid ASTs are still too expensive for many laboratories. We aimed to evaluate three pre-treatment methods for a same-day inoculation on both automated AST platforms available in our laboratory. We tested 100 Enterobacterales or staphylococci positive bottles. We obtained good results with the different methods and instruments. In particular, Vitek-2 showed good performances with Enterobacterales AST when inoculated with bacterial pellet (96.6% categorical agreement - CA-, 93.3% essential agreement - EA). Also short-term incubation colonies for staphylococci AST had acceptable CA (94.2%), even if with 77.5% EA. MicroScan system for staphylococci AST with both short-term incubation and direct blood inoculation reached >95% CA, but 92.5% and 83.6% EA, respectively. On the other hand, Enterobacterales AST showed optimal performances only with bacterial pellet inoculation (97.6% CA). In fact, direct blood inoculation showed not acceptable parameters for several molecules. Both systems allow a 24-h reduction in time-to-result, by using the same instruments of routine activity after rapid and cheap pre-treatments.

Asunto(s)

Cultivo de Sangre , Enterobacteriaceae , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Staphylococcus , Humanos , Staphylococcus/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus/aislamiento & purificación , Cultivo de Sangre/métodos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/métodos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/instrumentación , Enterobacteriaceae/efectos de los fármacos , Enterobacteriaceae/aislamiento & purificación , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Análisis Costo-Beneficio , Factores de Tiempo , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/microbiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Enterobacteriaceae/microbiología , Infecciones por Enterobacteriaceae/diagnóstico

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: In 2015, Staphylococcus argenteus was reported for the first time as a novel species of the Staphylococcus aureus complex. While S. argenteus has been found in many countries, its presence in Indonesia has not been reported yet. Our aim is to confirm S. argenteus presence in Indonesia, describe its characteristics and analyze its genomic diversity. METHODS: The S. aureus isolates used in this study were collected from patients with skin and soft tissue infections in Indonesia, between July 2009 to February 2010. Randomly selected isolates were recultured from -80 C° stocks and analyzed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization - time of flight (MALDI-TOF). Isolates identified as S. argenteus, S. roterodami, or S. schweitzeri and S. aureus with a low score in the MALDI-TOF analysis were analyzed by a real-time PCR targeting the nucA gene able to identify true S. argenteus. Isolates identified as S. argenteus were further characterized by whole genome sequencing. Vitek®2 (bioMérieux) was used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. RESULTS: Fifteen isolates were identified as S. argenteus, with the majority belonging to ST2250. Two pairs of isolates proved to be identical by core genome multilocus sequence typing analysis. Most isolates were susceptible to all antibiotics tested, except for seven isolates (46.7 %) that were resistant to benzylpenicillin, and one isolate was resistant to tetracycline (6.7 %). The presence of resistance genes blaZ and tet(45) correlated with these findings. Notably, the sey enterotoxin gene was prevalent in 80 % of the isolates. Other virulence factor genes were less prevalent. Plasmid replicon types in S. argenteus were also known to S. aureus. CONCLUSION: Our study reveals the occurrence of S. argenteus in Indonesia. The diversity within Indonesian S. argenteus matches the global diversity of S. argenteus. Identical isolates between patients indicate potential transmission events. A lower prevalence of a broad panel of virulence factors suggests that S. argenteus is less virulent than S. aureus.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Espectrometría de Masa por Láser de Matriz Asistida de Ionización Desorción , Infecciones Estafilocócicas , Staphylococcus , Secuenciación Completa del Genoma , Indonesia/epidemiología , Humanos , Staphylococcus/genética , Staphylococcus/aislamiento & purificación , Staphylococcus/clasificación , Staphylococcus/efectos de los fármacos , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/microbiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/epidemiología , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Tipificación de Secuencias Multilocus , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Infecciones de los Tejidos Blandos/microbiología , Infecciones de los Tejidos Blandos/epidemiología , Genoma Bacteriano/genética , Anciano , Variación Genética , Adolescente , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa

RESUMEN

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is an opportunistic pathogen in dogs, and infection in humans is increasingly found, often linked to contact with dogs. We conducted a retrospective genotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing study of 406 S. pseudintermedius isolates cultured from animals (dogs, cats and an otter) and humans across Scotland, from 2007 to 2020. Seventy-five sequence types (STs) were identified, among the 130 isolates genotyped, with 59 seen only once. We observed the emergence of two methicillin resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) clones in Scotland: ST726, a novel locally-evolving clone, and ST551, first reported in 2015 in Poland, possibly linked to animal importation to Scotland from Central Europe. While ST71 was the most frequent S. pseudintermedius strain detected, other lineages that have been replacing ST71 in other countries, in addition to ST551, were detected. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was detected in 96.4% of MRSP and 8.4% of MSSP. A single MRSP isolate was resistant to mupirocin. Continuous surveillance for the emergence and dissemination of novel MDR MRSP in animals and humans and changes in antimicrobial susceptibility in S. pseudintermedius is warranted to minimise the threat to animal and human health.

Asunto(s)

Resistencia a la Meticilina , Mascotas , Infecciones Estafilocócicas , Staphylococcus , Secuenciación Completa del Genoma , Animales , Escocia , Staphylococcus/genética , Staphylococcus/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus/aislamiento & purificación , Perros/microbiología , Gatos/microbiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/microbiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/veterinaria , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/epidemiología , Humanos , Resistencia a la Meticilina/genética , Mascotas/microbiología , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Estudios Retrospectivos , Enfermedades de los Perros/microbiología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple/genética , Enfermedades de los Gatos/microbiología

RESUMEN

Bovine mastitis (BM) represents a significant challenge in the dairy industry. Limitations of conventional treatments have prompted the exploration of alternative approaches, such as photodynamic inactivation (PDI). In this study, we developed a PDI protocol to eliminate BM-associated pathogens using porphyrin-doped conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPN). The PDI-CPN protocol was evaluated in four mastitis isolates of Staphylococcus and in a hyper-biofilm-forming reference strain. The results in planktonic cultures demonstrated that PDI-CPN exhibited a bactericidal profile upon relatively low light doses (∼9.6 J/cm2). Furthermore, following a seven-hour incubation period, no evidence of cellular reactivation was observed, indicating a highly efficient post-photodynamic inactivation effect. The successful elimination of bacterial suspensions encouraged us to test the PDI-CPN protocol on mature biofilms. Treatment using moderate light dose (∼64.8 J/cm2) reduced biofilm biomass and metabolic activity by up to 74% and 88%, respectively. The impact of PDI-CPN therapy on biofilms was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which revealed nearly complete removal of the extracellular matrix and cocci. Moreover, ex vivo studies conducted on bovine udder skin demonstrated the efficacy of the therapy in eliminating bacteria from these scaffolds and its potential as a prophylactic method. Notably, the histological analysis of skin revealed no signs of cellular degeneration, suggesting that the protocol is safe and effective for BM treatment. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of PDI-CPN in treating and preventing BM pathogens. It also provides insights into the effects of PDI-CPN on bacterial growth, metabolism, and survival over extended periods, aiding the development of effective control strategies and the optimization of future treatments.

Asunto(s)

Biopelículas , Luz , Mastitis Bovina , Nanopartículas , Polímeros , Animales , Bovinos , Nanopartículas/química , Mastitis Bovina/microbiología , Mastitis Bovina/tratamiento farmacológico , Biopelículas/efectos de los fármacos , Biopelículas/efectos de la radiación , Femenino , Polímeros/química , Polímeros/farmacología , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes/farmacología , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes/química , Porfirinas/química , Porfirinas/farmacología , Staphylococcus/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus/efectos de la radiación , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/química , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Fotoquimioterapia

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Oral cavity is an ecological niche for colonization of staphylococci, which are a major bacterial species causing community-acquired infections in humans. In this study, prevalence, and characteristics of staphylococci in oral cavity and skin of healthy individuals were investigated in northern Japan. METHODS: Saliva from oral cavity and swab from skin surface of hand were collected and cultured on selective media. Species of the isolates were identified genetically, and ST was determined for S. aureus and S. argenteus. Genes associated with antimicrobial resistance were detected by PCR. RESULTS: Among 166 participants, a total of 75 S. aureus isolates were obtained from 61 individuals (37 %), and recovered more frequently in oral cavity (n = 48) than skin (n = 27). Among 23 STs identified in S. aureus isolates, ST8 (CC8), ST15 (CC15), and ST188 (CC1) were the most common (10 isolates each), with STs of CC1 being dominant (17 isolates). Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was isolated in the skin of two individuals and belonged to ST1 and ST6. Resistance to erythromycin and gentamicin associated with erm(A) and aac(6')-Ie-aph(2")-Ia, respectively, was more commonly found in ST5 and ST8 isolates. One S. argenteus isolate (ST2250, mecA-negative) was recovered from oral cavity of a participant (0.6 %). A total of 186 isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were recovered from 102 participants and identified into 14 species, with S. warneri being the most common (n = 52), followed by S. capitis (n = 42), S. saprophyticus (n = 20) and S. haemolyticus (n = 19). mecA was detected in S. saprophyticus, S. haemolyticus, and S. caprae, while arginine-catabolic mobile element (ACME) in only S. capitis and S. epidermidis. CONCLUSION: S. aureus was more prevalent in oral cavity than skin surface, belonging to three major STs, with CC1 being a dominant lineage. The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance was distinct depending on CoNS species.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Boca , Piel , Infecciones Estafilocócicas , Staphylococcus , Japón/epidemiología , Staphylococcus/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus/genética , Staphylococcus/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/epidemiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/microbiología , Boca/microbiología , Piel/microbiología , Saliva/microbiología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/genética , Técnicas de Tipificación Bacteriana , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Prevalencia , Humanos , Preescolar , Niño , Adolescente , Adulto Joven , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species are an emerging cause of intramammary infection, posing a significant economic and public health threat. The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species in bovine milk and dairy farms in Northwestern Ethiopia and to provide information about their antibiotic susceptibility and virulence gene profiles. METHODS: The cross-sectional study was conducted from February to August 2022. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species were isolated from 290 milk samples. Species isolation and identification were performed by plate culturing and biochemical tests and the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of each isolate was determined by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test. The single-plex PCR was used to detect the presence of virulent genes. The STATA software version 16 was used for data analysis. The prevalence, proportion of antimicrobial resistance and the number of virulent genes detected from coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species were analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species were isolated in 28.6%, (95% CI: 23.5-34.2) of the samples. Of these, the S. epidermidis, S. sciuri, S. warneri, S. haemolyticus, S. simulans, S. chromogens, S. cohnii, and S. captis species were isolated at the rates of 11, 5.2, 3.4, 3.1, 3.1, 1, 1, and 0.7% respectively. All the isolates showed a high percentage (100%) of resistance to Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, and Cefotetan and 37.5% of resistance to Oxacillin. The majority (54.2%) of coagulase-negative isolates also showed multidrug resistance. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species carried the icaD, pvl, mecA, hlb, sec, and hla virulent genes at the rates of 26.5%, 22.1%, 21.7%, 9.6%, 9.6% and 8.4% respectively. CONCLUSION: The present study revealed that the majority of the isolates (54.2%) were found multidrug-resistant and carriage of one or more virulent and enterotoxin genes responsible for intramammary and food poisoning infections. Thus, urgent disease control and prevention measures are warranted to reduce the deleterious impact of coagulase-negative species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in Ethiopia to detect coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species with their associated virulent and food poisoning genes from bovine milk.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos , Coagulasa , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Leche , Staphylococcus , Animales , Leche/microbiología , Bovinos , Staphylococcus/genética , Staphylococcus/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus/aislamiento & purificación , Staphylococcus/enzimología , Etiopía , Coagulasa/genética , Coagulasa/metabolismo , Estudios Transversales , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/microbiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/veterinaria , Virulencia/genética , Factores de Virulencia/genética , Femenino , Genes Bacterianos/genética , Mastitis Bovina/microbiología

RESUMEN

A family of pyrazinone metabolites (1-11) were characterized from Staphylococcus xylosus ATCC 29971. Six of them were hydroxylated or methoxylated, which were proposed to be produced by the rare noncatalytic oxa-Michael addition reaction with a water or methanol molecule. It was confirmed that isopropyl alcohol can also be the Michael donor of the reaction. 1-7 and the synthetic precursor 2a showed significant inhibition of breast cancer cell migration.

Asunto(s)

Pirazinas , Staphylococcus , Humanos , Movimiento Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Estructura Molecular , Pirazinas/química , Pirazinas/farmacología , Staphylococcus/efectos de los fármacos