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The species Cuniculus paca is highly subject to predation, whether natural or anthropogenic, and the ability of species to withstand different levels of depredation depends directly on their reproductive dynamics. However, there is little literature on the developmental biology of this species, and so the aim of this paper was to describe the fetal development of the urinary tract of C. paca through morphological analysis. Twelve specimens with estimated gestational ages of between 75 and 157 days were used, divided into 3 groups. We found the urinary tract in pelvic-abdominal topography with macroscopic differentiation between the organs already present in the first ages studied; in addition, the microscopic structural pattern changed little between the groups. This evidence reinforces the precocial development of these individuals. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: With the results obtained for development of urinary tract in Cuniculus paca reinforces the precocial development of these individuals. The urinary tract had pelvic-abdominal topography with macroscopic differentiation between the organs already present in the first ages studied. The microscopic structural pattern changed little between the groups. At all analyzed fetal ages, the cortical region of kidney was characterized by the presence of glomeruli arranged throughout the region, formed by capillary plexuses surrounded by a glomerular capsule. In addition, the cortical region also presented convoluted tubules with cubic epithelial tissue cells and a brush border. The presence of a developed macula densa was observed next to the glomeruli, suggesting the initial formation of the fetal juxtaglomerular apparatus.

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Euphractus sexcinctus is a wild mammal native to the Americas; they have great diversity and are not in danger of extinction like other armadillo species. Despite the diversity, the morphology of several biological systems of this species has not been fully described. This study details the gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary system in Euphractus sexcinctus, a six-banded armadillo, compared with other mammalian study models. Six animals were dissected in the study. In the anatomical analysis, the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra were dissected and photographed; then, fragments were submitted to histological routine for staining with haematoxylin-eosin, toluidine blue and Masson's trichrome for visualization under light microscopy. The six-banded armadillo ureter is histologically composed of four concentric layers. The urinary bladder is presented with three tissue layers. The pattern of constitution and distribution of urinary system structures was compatible with that of most domestic like Canis familiaris and wild animals like Bradypus torquatus, with adaptations for the arid and semi-arid habitat. The description of the morphology of Euphractus sexcinctus presents great relevance both for its conservation and for its use as a model for clinical research.

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A urolitíase obstrutiva é frequente na ovinocultura e possui etiologia multifatorial, porém o manejo nutricional inadequado é considerado o mais relevante para sua ocorrência. Os objetivos deste estudo foram verificar a influência de duas dietas com diferentes proporções e concentrações de cálcio (Ca) e fósforo (P) no desenvolvimento da urolitíase obstrutiva, e descrever os achados clínicos e anatomopatológicos do sistema urinário de ovinos. Utilizaram-se 30 cordeiros, machos, mestiços das raças Santa Inês e Ile de France, que foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em dois grupos: Grupo 1 (G1, n=15) - Ca:P de 1,9:1 e 0,42% de P; Grupo 2 (G2, n=15) - Ca:P de 1,5:1 e 0,65% de P. As dietas foram fornecidas por 90 dias consecutivos com feno de Coast-cross, farelo de soja, trigo e milho, e água ad libitum. Após o diagnóstico da doença, os cordeiros foram submetidos ao tratamento clínico e cirúrgico, quando necessário. A urolitíase foi detectada em 36,7% (11/30) dos cordeiros, sendo 26,7% assintomáticos e 10% (3/30) apresentaram obstrução uretral. Um cordeiro foi desobstruído após amputação do processo uretral e sondagem uretral; outro foi a óbito por ruptura vesical e uroperitôneo; outro foi sacrificado após uretrostomia perineal e cistostomia sem sucesso. Em ambos os grupos, as alterações histopatológicas renais mais frequentes foram congestão vascular, dilatação e degeneração tubular. A presença de proteínas na luz tubular foi mais pronunciada no G2. As dietas fornecidas, ricas em concentrado, embora com relação Ca:P adequadas, provocaram a calculogênese, o que comprovou que o excesso de minerais e pouca quantidade de volumoso podem causar a enfermidade no rebanho.

Obstructive urolithiasis is common in farmed sheep and has a multifactorial etiology, but inadequate nutritional management is considered the most relevant condition for its occurrence. The objectives of this study were to verify the influence of two diets with different concentrations of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) on the development of obstructive urolithiasis, and to describe the clinical and anatomopathological findings of the urinary system in sheep. Thirty male crossbred Santa Inês and Ile de France lambs were randomly distributed into two groups: Group 1 (G1, n = 15) - Ca: 1.9:1 P and 0.42% P; Group 2 (G2, n = 15) - Ca: P 1.5:1 and 0.65% P. The diets consisting of Coast-cross hay, soybean meal, wheat, and corn were provided for 90 consecutive days with water ad libitum. After the diagnosis of the disease, the lambs were subjected to clinical and surgical treatment, when necessary. Urolithiasis was detected in 36.7% (11/30) of lambs, 26.7% were asymptomatic and 10% (3/30) had urethral obstruction. A lamb was unobstructed after amputation of the urethral process and urethral catheterization, one died of bladder and uroperitoneum rupture, and another was sacrificed after the failure of perineal urethrostomy and cystostomy. The most frequent renal histopathological changes were vascular congestion, dilation, and tubular degeneration. Proteins in the tubular lumen were more pronounced in G2. The diets were rich in concentrate and had adequate Ca:P ratios, but caused calculogenesis, showing that excess minerals and a small amount of roughage can cause disease in the herd.

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Trans-obturator tape (TOT) and tension free vaginal tape (TVT) procedures are efficient treatment options, which reduce the surgical complications and provide adequate support to urethra in case of increased abdominal pressure to prevent stress urinary incontinence (SUI). The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect and efficacy of 3D printed female anatomical model on the training of TOT and TVT procedures. A 3D printed female anatomical model was produced for MedTRain3DModSim, Erasmus+ European Union project led by Turkey with the participation of Greece, Italy, Czech Republic and South Korea. Face and content validities of the model evaluated by the participants and the experts respectively. During two learning & teaching & training activities and a multiplier event of the project between 2016 and 2018; 41 medical students, 30 residents and 19 specialists of urology and gynecology were educated and performed TOT and TVT procedures with this model under the mentorship of 3 experts. All participants were assessed and scored for their achievement on both procedures with model according to 7 parameters by the experts. There was no statistical difference between the students and residents for each parameter. All the parameters of the students and specialists were statistically different. 3D anatomical models produced from real data and mimicking different types of tissues are suitable for basic anatomy education of students and residents, hands on training for junior surgeons before cadaveric courses in hybrid education system, surgical planning of the surgeons and informing the patients before the operation.

Los procedimientos de cinta transobturadora (TOT) y cinta vaginal sin tensión (TVT) son opciones de tratamiento eficientes, que reducen las complicaciones quirúrgicas y proporcionan un soporte adecuado a la uretra en caso de aumento de la presión abdominal para prevenir la incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo (IUE). El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto y la eficacia del modelo anatómico femenino impreso en 3D en el entrenamiento de los procedimientos TOT y TVT. Se produjo un modelo anatómico femenino impreso en 3D para MedTRain3DModSim, proyecto Erasmus + de la Unión Europea dirigido por Turquía con la participación de Grecia, Italia, la República Checa y Corea del Sur. Validez facial y de contenido del modelo fueron evaluados por los participantes y los expertos respectivamente. Durante dos actividades de aprendizaje, enseñanza y capacitación y un evento multiplicador del proyecto entre 2016 y 2018; 41 estudiantes de medicina, 30 residentes y 19 especialistas en urología y ginecología fueron capacitados y realizaron procedimientos TOT y TVT de este modelo bajo la tutoría de 3 expertos. Todos los participantes fueron evaluados y calificados por los expertos, por su logro en ambos procedimientos con el modelo de acuerdo con 7 parámetros. No hubo diferencia estadística entre los estudiantes y los residentes para cada parámetro. Todos los parámetros de los estudiantes y especialistas fueron estadísticamente diferentes. Los modelos anatómicos en 3D producidos a partir de datos reales e imitando diferentes tipos de tejidos son adecuados para la educación básica de anatomía de estudiantes y residentes. Además de ofrecer una capacitación práctica para los cirujanos antes de los cursos cadavéricos en el sistema educativo, y una planificación quirúrgica de los cirujanos e información para los pacientes antes de la cirugía.

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Purpose: To describe the anatomy of the swine urinary system using computed tomography and to discuss the role of this animal as an experimental model for urological procedures. Methods: Three male Landrace pigs underwent computed tomography and the anatomy of the urinary system and renal circulation was analyzed and described. Results: In all animals, 2 kidneys, 2 ureters and one bladder were identified. Each kidney presented a single renal artery vascularization, with a mean diameter on the right of 4.45 and 5.31 mm on the left (p < 0.0001) and single renal vein drainage, with a mean diameter on the right of 5.78 and 5.82 mm on the left (p = 0.0336). The average renal length was 9.85 cm on the right and 10.30 cm on the left (p < 0.0001). The average renal volume was 113.70 cm3 on the right and 109.70 cm3 on the left (p 0.0001). The average length of the ureter was 19.78 cm on the right and 22.08 cm on the left (p < 0.0001). The average bladder volume was 423.70 cm3. Conclusions: The data obtained show similarities with human anatomy, suggesting the viability of the swine model for planning preclinical trials, basic research, refinement in experimental surgery and surgical training for urological procedures.(AU)

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Sapajus apella é um primata do Novo Mundo de porte médio e com distribuição geográfica desde a América do Sul até a Argentina. São bons modelos para estudo e nos últimos anos vêm sendo amplamente utilizados para este fim. A destruição progressiva do habitat natural desses animais os tem levado a migrarem para outras regiões, tornando-os, assim, mais susceptíveis à caça predatória. A necessidade de preservação das espécies silvestres desperta interesse por um maior conhecimento anatômico e clínico para estes animais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo examinar e descrever os aspectos morfológicos, quanto a anatomia macroscópica e microscópica dos órgãos do sistema urinário de fêmeas da espécie Sapajus apella visando estender o conhecimento anatômico para esta espécie. Foram utilizadas quatro fêmeas, oriundas do Centro Nacional de Primatas de Ananindeua/PA. istema urinário de S. apella apresenta características similares a outros primatas tanto humanos quanto não humanos e aos animais domésticos. Os rins apresentaram aspectos macroscópicos semelhantes aos rins de humanos, mas com a mesma classificação de outros primatas não humanos e alguns animais domésticos. A bexiga assemelhou-se aos animais domésticos e aos primatas de maneira geral, humano e não humano. O mesmo ocorreu quando analisamos estes órgãos histologicamente.(AU)

Sapajus apella is a primate of the New World of midsize and with geographical distribution from South America to Argentina. Good models for the study and in recent years have been widely used for this purpose. The progressive destruction of the natural habitat of these animals has led to migrate to other regions, thus making them more susceptible to hunting predator. The need for the preservation of wild species arouses interest by a greater anatomic and clinical knowledge of these animals. The present study was aimed to examine and describe the morphological aspects, as far as the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the organs of the urinary system of female Sapajus apella aiming to extend the anatomical knowledge for this species. Four females were used, from the National Center of Primates in Ananindeua - PA. The urinary system of S. apella has similar characteristics to other primates both human and non-human and domestic animals. The kidneys showed macroscopic aspects similar to the kidneys of humans, but with the same classification of other non-human primates and some domestic animals. The bladder was similar to domestic animals and primates in general, human and non-human. The same occurred when we analyze these components histologically.(AU)

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Sapajus apella é um primata do Novo Mundo de porte médio e com distribuição geográfica desde a América do Sul até a Argentina. São bons modelos para estudo e nos últimos anos vêm sendo amplamente utilizados para este fim. A destruição progressiva do habitat natural desses animais os tem levado a migrarem para outras regiões, tornando-os, assim, mais susceptíveis à caça predatória. A necessidade de preservação das espécies silvestres desperta interesse por um maior conhecimento anatômico e clínico para estes animais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo examinar e descrever os aspectos morfológicos, quanto a anatomia macroscópica e microscópica dos órgãos do sistema urinário de fêmeas da espécie Sapajus apella visando estender o conhecimento anatômico para esta espécie. Foram utilizadas quatro fêmeas, oriundas do Centro Nacional de Primatas de Ananindeua/PA. istema urinário de S. apella apresenta características similares a outros primatas tanto humanos quanto não humanos e aos animais domésticos. Os rins apresentaram aspectos macroscópicos semelhantes aos rins de humanos, mas com a mesma classificação de outros primatas não humanos e alguns animais domésticos. A bexiga assemelhou-se aos animais domésticos e aos primatas de maneira geral, humano e não humano. O mesmo ocorreu quando analisamos estes órgãos histologicamente.

Sapajus apella is a primate of the New World of midsize and with geographical distribution from South America to Argentina. Good models for the study and in recent years have been widely used for this purpose. The progressive destruction of the natural habitat of these animals has led to migrate to other regions, thus making them more susceptible to hunting predator. The need for the preservation of wild species arouses interest by a greater anatomic and clinical knowledge of these animals. The present study was aimed to examine and describe the morphological aspects, as far as the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the organs of the urinary system of female Sapajus apella aiming to extend the anatomical knowledge for this species. Four females were used, from the National Center of Primates in Ananindeua - PA. The urinary system of S. apella has similar characteristics to other primates both human and non-human and domestic animals. The kidneys showed macroscopic aspects similar to the kidneys of humans, but with the same classification of other non-human primates and some domestic animals. The bladder was similar to domestic animals and primates in general, human and non-human. The same occurred when we analyze these components histologically.

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A acidificação urinária com cloreto de amônio (CA) é um método preventivo eficiente em urolitíase obstrutiva em ovinos. Os objetivos deste estudo com ovinos confinados, que receberam dieta concentrada com elevado teor proteico, foram: verificar o efeito da dieta sobre a formação de urólitos e o desenvolvimento da doença; analisar as características macroscópicas e histopatológicas do sistema urinário; relacionar os achados clínicos, laboratoriais e necroscópicos com a presença de urólitos. Utilizaram-se 60 ovinos machos: grupo CA (n=40), 400 mg/kg CA/dia, tratados via oral, por 42 dias consecutivos; grupo-controle (n=20), não tratado. Determinaram-se sete momentos de colheita de amostras com intervalos de sete dias, no total de 56 dias de confinamento. Encontraram-se microcálculos na pelve renal em cinco animais de ambos os grupos. As lesões renais microscópicas mais relevantes foram congestão vascular e necrose tubular. Concluiu-se que a dieta rica em concentrado provocou lesão renal em ambos os grupos, embora sem alterar a função renal, o que foi comprovado em testes pela ureia e creatinina séricas. O cloreto de amônio fornecido ao grupo CA não impediu a calculogênese, mas reduziu sua prevalência em relação ao grupo-controle. Os ovinos do grupo-controle tiveram maior comprometimento renal, pela alta incidência de cristalúria e pela necrose tubular, induzidas pelo consumo da dieta rica em grãos(AU)

The urinary acidification with ammonium chloride (AC) is an efficient preventive method for urolithiasis in sheep. The objectives of this study with feedlot sheep receiving concentrated diet with high protein content were (1) to verify the effect of diet on urolith formation and development of the disease, (2) to analyze the macroscopic and histopathological characteristics of the urinary system, and (3) to relate the clinical, laboratory and necropsy findings with the presence of uroliths. Sixty male sheep were used: AC group (n=40), 400mg/kg AC/day, orally treated for 42 consecutive days, and control group (n=20), untreated. Seven times were determined for sampling with a seven-day interval, totaling 56 days of feedlot. Small uroliths were found in the renal pelvis of five sheep in both groups. The most relevant microscopic renal lesions were vascular congestion and tubular necrosis. It was concluded that the highly concentrated diet caused renal injury in both groups, without changing the renal function, what was proven by laboratory tests of urea and creatinine. Ammonium chloride provided to the CA group did not prevent urolith formation, but reduced its prevalence in comparison with the control group. Sheep of the control group had increased kidney damage, which resulted in higher incidence of crystalluria and tubular necrosis induced by the consumption of a diet rich in grains(AU)

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A acidificação urinária com cloreto de amônio (CA) é um método preventivo eficiente em urolitíase obstrutiva em ovinos. Os objetivos deste estudo com ovinos confinados, que receberam dieta concentrada com elevado teor proteico, foram: verificar o efeito da dieta sobre a formação de urólitos e o desenvolvimento da doença; analisar as características macroscópicas e histopatológicas do sistema urinário; relacionar os achados clínicos, laboratoriais e necroscópicos com a presença de urólitos. Utilizaram-se 60 ovinos machos: grupo CA (n=40), 400 mg/kg CA/dia, tratados via oral, por 42 dias consecutivos; grupo-controle (n=20), não tratado. Determinaram-se sete momentos de colheita de amostras com intervalos de sete dias, no total de 56 dias de confinamento. Encontraram-se microcálculos na pelve renal em cinco animais de ambos os grupos. As lesões renais microscópicas mais relevantes foram congestão vascular e necrose tubular. Concluiu-se que a dieta rica em concentrado provocou lesão renal em ambos os grupos, embora sem alterar a função renal, o que foi comprovado em testes pela ureia e creatinina séricas. O cloreto de amônio fornecido ao grupo CA não impediu a calculogênese, mas reduziu sua prevalência em relação ao grupo-controle. Os ovinos do grupo-controle tiveram maior comprometimento renal, pela alta incidência de cristalúria e pela necrose tubular, induzidas pelo consumo da dieta rica em grãos.

The urinary acidification with ammonium chloride (AC) is an efficient preventive method for urolithiasis in sheep. The objectives of this study with feedlot sheep receiving concentrated diet with high protein content were (1) to verify the effect of diet on urolith formation and development of the disease, (2) to analyze the macroscopic and histopathological characteristics of the urinary system, and (3) to relate the clinical, laboratory and necropsy findings with the presence of uroliths. Sixty male sheep were used: AC group (n=40), 400mg/kg AC/day, orally treated for 42 consecutive days, and control group (n=20), untreated. Seven times were determined for sampling with a seven-day interval, totaling 56 days of feedlot. Small uroliths were found in the renal pelvis of five sheep in both groups. The most relevant microscopic renal lesions were vascular congestion and tubular necrosis. It was concluded that the highly concentrated diet caused renal injury in both groups, without changing the renal function, what was proven by laboratory tests of urea and creatinine. Ammonium chloride provided to the CA group did not prevent urolith formation, but reduced its prevalence in comparison with the control group. Sheep of the control group had increased kidney damage, which resulted in higher incidence of crystalluria and tubular necrosis induced by the consumption of a diet rich in grains.

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Dentre as doenças que acometemos gatos domésticos, as doenças do trato urinário inferior dos felinos (DTUIFs) compreendem diversas desordens que,como sinal clínico, apresentam: hematúria,disúria, polaquiúria, periúria e presença ou não de obstrução completa ou parcial (Souza, 2003; Kaufmann,2009; Giovaninni, 2010).

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Dentre as doenças que acometemos gatos domésticos, as doenças do trato urinário inferior dos felinos (DTUIFs) compreendem diversas desordens que,como sinal clínico, apresentam: hematúria,disúria, polaquiúria, periúria e presença ou não de obstrução completa ou parcial (Souza, 2003; Kaufmann,2009; Giovaninni, 2010).

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Joaquín Maria Albarrán (1860-1912) is broadly known as a brilliant mind and a pioneer of modern urology, in spite of his short life. Born in Cuba and being early an orphan, he was sent to Barcelona to study Medicine. Graduate at the age of seventeen, he continued his studies in Paris, where he was trained in surgery and urology, and spent the rest of his life having an extraordinary career as urology surgeon, chief of the Urology Department in Necker Hospital and professor at Paris Faculty of Medicine. Since his first studies, he had been passionate with anatomy, histology, pathology and microbiology and embodied in his books, today considered as classics, a great amount of the special knowledge he had for these fields and the most accurate descriptions of the operative techniques for the urinary tract system.

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Congenital upper urinary tract abnormalities imply a variable clinical spectrum of morphofunctional changes ranging from asymptomatic conditions to renal failure and incompatibility with life. Computed tomography, which has overcome excretory urography imaging, has been playing a key role in the diagnosis of congenital anomalies, serving as a better guidance in the therapeutic and surgical decision-making process, besides acting as an essential tool in the identification of associated complications and aiding in the performance of minimally invasive surgery techniques.

As anomalias congênitas do trato urinário superior implicam modificações morfofuncionais com espectro clínico variável, desde manifestações assintomáticas até falência renal e incompatibilidade com a vida. A tomografia computadorizada, além de ter superado o método de imagem da urografia excretora, tem desempenhado papel fundamental no diagnóstico das anomalias congênitas, orientando melhor nas decisões terapêuticas clínicas e cirúrgicas, além de atuar como ferramenta essencial na identificação de complicações associadas e no melhor desempenho de técnicas operatórias menos invasivas.

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cistite idiopática felina (CIF) é uma doença frequente em gatos domésticos, constituindo uma das principais causas de doença do trato urinário inferior dos felinos (DTUIF). O diagnóstico é realizado por exclusão de outras causas e o manejo terapêutico pode ser muito variável, sendo que os animais podem, muitas vezes, apresentar recidivas ou cronicidade da doença. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho revisa os diversos aspectos da CIF, como fisiopatologia, diagnóstico e tratamento, explorando novas perspectivas apontadas pela literatura.(AU)

Feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) is a common disease of domestic cats, being one of the main causes of feline low urinary tract disease (FLUTD). Its diagnosis is made by excluding other causes and therapeutic management can be variable, given that, cats can often present recurrence or chronicity of the disease. Thus, this paper evaluates different aspects of the FIC, as pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment, exploring new perspectives presented in literature.(AU)

La cistitis idiopática felina (CIF) es una enfermedad común en gatos domésticos, siendo una de las principales causas de enfermedad del tracto urinario inferior de los felinos (ETUIF). El diagnóstico se hace por exclusión de otras causas y el manejo terapéutico puede ser muy variable y los animales pueden presentar resurgencia o cronicidad de la enfermedad. Así, este artículo revisa los diferentes aspectos de la CIF, como fisiopatología, diagnóstico y tratamiento, explotando nuevas perspectivas apuntadas por la literatura.(AU)

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The aim of this study was to determine the effect of subinhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of ciprofloxacin, amikacin and colistin on biofilm formation, motility, curli fimbriae formation by planktonic and biofilm cells of E. coli strains isolated from the urine of patients with various urinary system infections. Quantification of biofilm formation was carried out using a microtiter plate assay and a spectrophotometric method. Bacterial enumeration was used to assess the viability of bacteria in the biofilm. Curli expression was determined by using YESCA agar supplemented with congo red. Using motility agar the ability to move was examined. All the antibiotics used at sub-MICs reduced biofilm formation in vitro, decreased the survival of bacteria, but had no effect on the motility of planktonic as well as biofilm cells. The inhibitory effect of sub-MICs of antimicrobial agents on curli fimbriae formation was dependent on the form in which the bacteria occurred, incubation time and antibiotic used. Our results clearly show that all the three antibiotics tested reduce biofilm production, interfere with curli expression but do not influence motility. This study suggests that ciprofloxacin, amikacin and colistin may be useful in the treatment of biofilm-associated infections caused by E. coli strains.(AU)

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