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Hectolitre weight (HW) is the principal quantitative parameter used by receiving units as an indicator of the quality of wheat grain (Triticum aestivum L.). The moisture content and the equipment used can be considered important sources of variation to assess a batch, requiring correct sizing of the sample used to measure the HW. This research identified the variability between the equipment used to evaluate HW with or without correcting the grain moisture content, and to estimate the ideal number of samples for the commercial classification of wheat batches. The experiment was carried out in a randomised block design with four replications. Seven batches of wheat grain from different cultivars and/or production sites were used to measure the HW using three types of equipment (Equipment 'A', Equipment 'B' and Equipment 'C'), with and without correcting the grain moisture content to 13%. Higher values for HW were determined with Equipment 'A' (77.15) compared to Equipment 'B' (75.08) and Equipment 'C' (74.69), classifying the wheat according to type. The moisture content affected the HW, but did not change the final classification of the wheat in terms of type. The ideal number of samples for HW ranged from 1 to 18 at the lowest level of precision (HW=mean±1 kg hl-¹) and from 67 to 1820 samples for the highest precision (HW=mean±0.1 kg hl-¹). Equipment 'B' requires a smaller number of samples (possibly as few as one) for the same level of precision (HW=mean±1 kg hl-¹), whereas Equipment 'A' requires a greater number of samples for the majority of batches. Correctly classifying wheat by HW therefore depends on a larger number of samples.

A massa de hectolitro (MH) é o principal parâmetro quantitativo usado nas unidades de recebimento como indicador de qualidade dos grãos de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.). O teor de umidade e o equipamento utilizado podem ser considerados fontes de variação importantes na classificação de um lote, necessitando correto dimensionamento amostral para mensuração da MH. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi identificar a variabilidade entre equipamentos para avaliação da MH com correção ou não do teor de umidade da massa de grãos e estimar o número ideal de amostras para classificação comercial de lotes de trigo. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Sete lotes de grãos de trigo, oriundos de diferentes cultivares e/ou locais de produção, foram usados para mensuração da MH em três equipamentos (Equipamento "A", Equipamento "B" e Equipamento "C"), com e sem correção da umidade dos grãos para 13%. Maiores valores da MH foram determinados no Equipamento "A" (77,15) comparado ao Equipamento "B" (75,08) e Equipamento "C" (74,69), com classificação distinta do trigo quanto ao tipo. O teor de umidade afetou a MH, mas não alterou a classificação final do trigo quanto ao tipo. O número ideal de amostras para MH variou de uma a 18 amostras para o menor nível de precisão (MH = média ± 1 kg hl-¹) e, de 67 a 1820 amostras para a maior precisão (MH = média ± 0,1 kg hl-¹). O Equipamento "B" requer menor número de amostras (podendo chegar a uma) para um mesmo nível de precisão (MH = média ± 1 kg hl-¹), enquanto o Equipamento "A" necessita maior número de amostras para a maioria dos lotes. Assim, a correta classificação do trigo pela MH depende de maior número de amostras.

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El recurso más finito de un científico hoy es el tiempo. Un minuto sin una vacuna específica, un tratamiento adecuado o un protocolo seguro significa miles de muertes. A partir de esta necesidad, la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo caracterizar las funcionalidades del Observatorio Métrico de Coronavirus desarrollado por la Universidad de Pinar del Río Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca como herramienta para el monitoreo, la compilación, el análisis y la visualización de la información procedente de artículos científicos arbitrados y de patentes de invención registradas en bases de datos internacionales sobre Coronavirus. Para su desarrollo se utilizaron diferentes métodos y procedimientos que permitieron, de conjunto con la tecnología aplicada y los indicadores métricos definidos, disponer de una plataforma dinámica que reduce significativamente los tiempos de búsqueda e interpretación de la información relevante sobre el dominio científico y tecnológico Coronavirus, lo que supone ser también un aporte oportuno y valioso que contribuye a la búsqueda de soluciones ante esta letal pandemia. Este Observatorio es un espacio de transformación de la información en conocimiento para la acción investigativa y la toma de decisiones. Es un resultado científico que contribuye al encadenamiento de la Academia con el sector investigativo y productivo de la Biotecnología en el país, conducido por los intereses y prioridades del Gobierno al servicio de toda la sociedad cubana(AU)

The finest resource for a scientist today is time. One minute without a specific vaccine, proper treatment, or a safe protocol means thousands of deaths. Based on this need, this research aims to show the functionalities of the Coronavirus Metric Observatory developed by the Pinar del Río University Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca as a tool that allows the monitoring, compilation, analysis and visualization of information from peer-reviewed scientific papers and invention patents registered in international databases on Coronavirus. For its development, different methods and procedures were used that, together with the applied technology and the defined metric indicators, made it possible to have a dynamic platform that significantly reduces the search and interpretation times for relevant information on the scientific and technological domain Coronavirus. Having a dynamic platform that significantly reduces the time for analysis and interpretation of relevant information is also a timely and valuable contribution that contributes to the search for solutions to this deadly pandemic. This Observatory is a space for transforming information into knowledge for action. It is a scientific result that contributes to linking the Academy with the research and productive sector of Biotechnology in the country, driven by the interests and priorities of the Government at the service of all Cuban society(AU)

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Introducción: Las redes sociales son el mejor exponente de la llamada Web 2.0. donde personas o entidades se relacionan a través de plataformas, mediante las que pueden comunicarse de forma rápida y simultánea, así como compartir recursos de información y documentación de cualquier tipo. En el momento actual investigadores e instituciones hacen uso de todo tipo de redes para establecer vínculos. Objetivos: Caracterizar los objetivos y elementos que definen las redes académicas, las ventajas y desventajas que presentan y el modo de uso, entre otros aspectos. Material y Método: Se efectuó una extensa búsqueda bibliográfica sobre esta temática que abarcó Sitios Web, libros y revistas, durante los últimos cinco años. Los documentos obtenidos fueron clasificados y evaluados de acuerdo a su pertinencia y calidad. Desarrollo: Se comienza por caracterizar los objetivos y particularidades de la Web 2.0 y algunas formas de obtener información científico técnica para posteriormente introducir las peculiaridades de las Redes Sociales y las Redes Sociales Académicas realizando una particular distinción con las Redes Académicas de investigación que existen en nuestra área, se presentan y discuten las técnicas que se utilizan actualmente para evaluar la calidad de la producción científica de los investigadores. Conclusiones: considerando la novedad y utilidad que representan estas herramientas se considera que este informe puede resultar de interés para investigadores y público en general por el lenguaje asequible conque ha sido redactado(AU)

Introduction: Social networks are the best exponent of the so-called Web 2.0, where people or entities related through platforms can communicate quickly and simultaneously, to share information and documentation resources of any kind. Currently researchers and institutions use networks to establish links. Objective: Characterize the objectives and elements of academic networks, the advantages and disadvantage they present and the way of use, among other aspects. Method: We made an extensive literature search on this subject that included Web sites, books and magazines during the past five years. The documents obtained were classified and evaluated according to their relevance and quality. Development: The objectives and particularities of Web 2.0 are stated, as well as some ways of obtaining scientific and technical information to later introduce the peculiarities of Social Networks and Academic Social Networks, making a particular distinction with the Academic Research Networks that exist in our area. Techniques currently used to assess the quality of the scientific output of researchers are presented and discussed. Conclusions: Considering the novelty and usefulness of these tools, it is considered that this report may be of interest to researchers and the general public due to the affordable language with which it has been written(AU)

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Introducción: El método Delphi ha sido aplicado en varias investigaciones del campo de las ciencias médicas cubanas. Con frecuencia, este método sigue el enfoque clásico de la búsqueda de consenso, aunque existen numerosas variantes en el campo de la prospectiva. Objetivo: Caracterizar el uso del método Delphi, en busca de un patrón que facilite la identificación de posibles tendencias de desarrollo en el ámbito de las ciencias médicas. Métodos: Se utilizaron técnicas cienciométricas para procesar una matriz de datos obtenida de Scopus. La lógica de búsqueda se apoyó en la aparición de los términos más frecuentes "Delphi method", "Delphi study", o "Delphi technique" en los títulos, resúmenes y palabras claves. Las variables objeto de estudio fueron la productividad científica, la distribución por ramas del conocimiento, el impacto por índice de citas, las tendencias investigativas y las redes de colaboración. Resultados: De 10341 documentos, 5282 fueron relacionados con las ciencias médicas (33,26 por ciento), y 29 son de autores cubanos. El crecimiento diacrónico fue exponencial y el número de citas se concentró en un número reducido de documentos. Predominó el Delphi clásico enfocado hacia el consenso, en detrimento de otras variantes más flexibles descritas en la literatura. Las redes de colaboración indicaron la existencia de 15 colegios invisibles por clústeres de co-autoría. Conclusiones: El uso del método Delphi en investigaciones médicas cubanas no es una eventualidad local, sino que responde a una tendencia mundial acrecentada durante los últimos años(AU)

Introduction: The Delphi method has been applied to several investigations in the field of Cuban medical sciences. Frequently, this method follows the classical approach of seeking consensus, although there are numerous variants in the field of prospective. Objective: To characterize the use of the Delphi method, in search of a pattern that facilitates identifying possible development trends in the field of medical sciences. Methods: We used scientometric techniques to process a data matrix obtained from Scopus. The search logic is based on the appearance of the most frequent terms Delphi method, Delphi study, or Delphi technique in titles, abstracts and keywords. The variables studied are scientific productivity, distribution by branches of knowledge, impact by citation index, research trends, and collaboration networks. Results: From 10 341 documents, 5282 are related to medical sciences (33.26 percent), and 29 are by Cuban authors. The diachronic growth is exponential and the number of citations is concentrated in a reduced number of documents. The classic Delphi focused on consensus predominates over other more flexible variants described in the literature which are decreasing. Collaboration networks indicate the existence of 15 invisible colleges by clusters of co-authorship. Conclusions: The use of the Delphi method in Cuban medical research is not a local event, but responds to a global trend that has increased during the last years(AU)

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La Carta Número 304-DETS-IETSI-ESSALUD-2016 y el Informe Número 135-SDEPFyOT-DETS-IETSI-ESALUD-2016 que sustenta la modificación del producto farmacéutico FACTOR VIIA o EPTACOG ALFA (Activado) 2.4 mg/vial + diluyente - AM en el Petitorio Farmacológico de ESSALUD. SE RESUELVE: MODIFICAR: La especificación técnica del producto farmacéutico FACTOR VIIA o EPTACOG ALFA (Activado) 2.4 mg/vial + diluyente - AM en el Petitorio Farmacológico de ESSALU según consta en tabla de la Resolución. DISPONER: que la Dirección de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias del Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación haga de conocimiento a todos los órganos desconcentrados, órganos prestadores nacionales, establecimientos de salud y demás órganos que correspondan, la presente Resolución. DISPONER: que la Dirección de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias del Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación coordine con la Gerencia Central de Tecnologías de Información y Comunicaciones, la publicación de la inclusión de los referidos medicamentos en el Petitorio Farmacológico en la pagina WEB de ESSALUD.

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Resolución de Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Invstigación Número 30 -IETSI-ESSALUD-2016. Vista: La carta Número 272-DETS-IETSI-ESSALUD-2016, el Informe Número 110-S Modificar en el Petitorio Farmacológico de ESSALUD, el siguiente producto farmacéutico: Codigo: 011050115 - Denominación Según DCI: Lipidos - Especificaciones Tecnicas: 20% x 250 mL a 500 mL (apto para mezclas con lípidos incorporados) - Unidad de Manejo: cm³ - Restricción de Uso: 1,7. Disponer que la Dirección de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias del Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnología en Salud e Investigación haga de conocimiento a todos los órganos desconcentrados, órganos prestadores nacionales, establecimientos de salud y demás órganos que correspondan, la presente Resolución. Disponer que la Dirección de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias del Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnología en Salud e Investigación coordine con la Gerencia Central de Tecnologías de Información y Comunicaciones, la publicación de lo dispuesto en la presente resolución, en la página Web de ESSALUD.

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OBJECTIVE: To examine whether the Hounsfield Unit value predicts calcium oxalate monohydrate stones in patients who are undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy. METHOD: 119 patients who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy were prospectively evaluated between February 2012 and August 2014. Using thin cuts, the highest single-energy computed tomography attenuation value within a pixel was measured for each stone. Data regarding age and gender were assessed before surgery. The extracted stones were analyzed using infrared spectrophotometry. RESULTS: By receiver operating characteristics analysis, a cutoff value of 1548 Hounsfield Unit and an age of 42.5 years were used to determine the likelihood of a stone being composed of calcium oxalate monohydrate. A higher Hounsfield Unit value and increased age augmented the chances of a stone being composed of calcium oxalate monohydrate. In general, females had a greater likelihood of harboring calcium oxalate monohydrate stones than males. CONCLUSION: The maximum Hounsfield Unit value, as determined by unenhanced single-energy computed tomography in association with gender, predicts the presence of calcium oxalate monohydrate stones in patients who are undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

OBJETIVO: verificar se as medidas de atenuação de raios-X em Unidades Hounsfied (HU) preveem os cálculos de oxalato de cálcio mono-hidratado (OCM) em pacientes tratados através de nefrolitotripsia percutânea. MÉTODO: 119 pacientes submetidos a tratamento por nefrolitotripsia percutânea foram avaliados prospectivamente entre fevereiro de 2012 e Agosto de 2014. Utilizando cortes tomográficos finos, o maior valor de atenuação de raios-X para um pixel utilizando tomografia convencional sem contraste foi determinado para cada cálculo. Dados laboratoriais foram avaliados antes da cirurgia. Os cálculos extraídos foram analisados utilizando-se espectrofotometria no infravermelho. RESULTADOS: Através de análise por curva ROC (receicer operating characteristic) um valor de corte de 1548 HU e uma idade de 42,5 anos foram utilizadas para determinar a probabilidade de um cálculo ser composto de OCM. Valores superiores de atenuação de raios-X e de idade aumentaram as chances de um cálculo ser composto de OCM. Em geral, as mulheres apresentaram uma maior probabilidade de ter cálculos de OCM do que os homens. CONCLUSÃO: O valor da medida de atenuação máxima em Unidades Hounsfield de um cálculo, como o determinado pela tomografia computadorizada convencional sem contraste, em associação com o gênero preveem a presença de cálculos de OCM em pacientes submetidos a tratamento por nefrolitotripsia percutânea.

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Este trabajo tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis métrico de la producción científica cubana con mayor visibilidad internacional sobre la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Para esto se realizó una búsqueda en la base de datos Scopus y se utilizaron diferentes programas como EndNote, MicroSoft Excel, Bibexcel, UCINET y NetDraw. Se obtuvieron 100 registros que fueron firmados por un total de 433 autores; de ellos, 213 cubanos. Se observó un crecimiento significativo de la producción científica durante la última década, aunque se aprecia un ligero debilitamiento en los últimos años. Los 98 artículos de revistas recuperados se publican en 49 revistas de 10 países con impacto diverso. El 73 % de los artículos se citó al menos una vez. Las instituciones líderes, tanto por la productividad como por las citas recibidas, son el Centro Internacional de Restauración Neurológica, la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana y el Centro de Neurociencias de Cuba. Los indicadores de colaboración nacional e internacional son positivos, aunque deben aumentarse los contactos con las instituciones líderes a nivel mundial. Los investigadores cubanos han estudiado la enfermedad de Alzheimer relacionada con la genética, la demencia, la memoria y la cognición(AU)

The objective of this work is to make a metric analysis of the Cuban scientific production with greater international visibility on Alzheimer's disease. In view of this, a search was made in the Scopus database and many programs like EndNote, Microsoft Excel, Bibexcel, UCINET, NetDraw were used. A hundred records were obtained, as signed by a total of 433 authors, 213 of which are Cubans. A relevant growth of scientific production over the last decade was observed, although a slight weakening in recent years was seen. The 98 journal articles recovered are published in 49 journals from ten countries with diverse impact. The 73 percent of the articles were cited at least once. The leading institutions, considering both productivity and citations received, are the International Center for Neurological Restoration, the University of Medical Sciences of Havana, and the Cuban Neuroscience Center. The national and international cooperation indicators are positive, although contacts should increase with leading intuitions worldwide. Cuban researchers have studied Alzheimer's disease in regard of genetics, dementia, memory and cognition(AU)

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The aim of this study was to find external morphological characters that differentiate sexes in the Colillanopouter, an Spanish local breed. To this end, 37 individuals were studied (16 males and 21 females) from the samebreeder, of which twenty metric variables were obtained. Significant differences (p<0.05) for most of the variables found, thus confirming a marked sexual dimorphism, with the males being significantly bigger than females. By Principal Component Analysis it was deduced that the variables “live weight” and “height” were the more discriminative ones. Which is to say that whereas before 22 values were needed to characterise each individual, now only 2 were necessary. Size was determined by two variables and explained near 90% of the total variance observed.

El objetivo de este estudio fue hallar los caracteres morfológicos externos que diferencian los sexos en el PalomoBuchón Colillano, una raza autóctona española. Para este fin fueron estudiados 37 reproductores (16 machos y 21 hembras) de un mismo criador, de los que se obtuvieron veintidós variables métricas. Se encontraron diferencias significativas (p<0,05) para la mayoría de las variables estudiadas, lo que confirmó un claro dimorfismo sexual, siendo los machos claramente mayores que las hembras. Del análisis de componentes principales fue deducido igualmente quelas variables “peso vivo” y “altura” fueron las más discriminantes, o sea, que donde antes se necesitaban 22 valores para caracterizar a cada individuo, ahora bastan esas dos, explicando el tamaño casi un 90 % de la varianza total observada.

O objetivo deste estudo foi encontrar os caracteres morfológicos externos que diferenciam os sexos na PombaBuchón Colillano, uma raça autóctone espanhola. Para este fim foram estudados 37 reprodutores (16 machos e 21 fêmeas) de um mesmo criador, dos que se obtiveram vinte e dois variáveis métricos. Foram encontradas diferençassignificativas (p<0,05) para a maioria das variáveis estudadas, o que confirmou um claro dimorfismo sexual, sendo os machos claramente maiores que as fêmeas. Da análise de componentes principais foi deduzido igualmente que as variáveis “peso vivo” e “altura” foram as mais discriminantes, ou seja, que onde antes se necessitavam 22 valores para caracterizar a cada individuo, agora bastam essas duas, explicando o tamanho quase 90 % da variação totalobservada. O objetivo deste estudo foi encontrar os caracteres morfológicos externos que diferenciam os sexos naPomba Buchón Colillano, uma raça autóctone espanhola. Para este fim foram estudados 37 reprodutores (16 machos e 21 fêmeas) de um mesmo criador, dos que se obtiveram vinte e dois variáveis métricos. Foram encontradas diferençassignificativas (p<0,05) para a maioria das variáveis estudadas, o que confirmou um claro dimorfismo sexual, sendo os machos claramente maiores que as fêmeas. Da análise de componentes principais foi deduzido igualmente que as variáveis “peso vivo” e “altura” foram as mais discriminantes, ou seja, que onde antes se necessitavam 22 valores paracaracterizar a cada individuo, agora bastam essas duas, explicando o tamanho quase 90 % da variação total observada.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine the intrarater and interrater reliability of cirtometry (measurements of the circumference of the chest and abdomen taken during respiratory movements) as well as its correlation with pulmonary volumes measured by respiratory inductive plethysmography. METHODS: A total of 40 healthy individuals were evaluated. The mean age was 28 years. The measurements were taken in the supine position at three different time points: at rest, at maximal inspiration, and at maximal expiration. Two trained investigators, each of whom was blinded as to the results obtained by the other, performed the measurements. The Friedman test was used to determine intrarater reliability, and the Wilcoxon test, together with the intraclass correlation coefficient, were used to determine interrater reliability. The correlation between the cirtometry measurements and the plethysmography results was obtained using Spearman's correlation coefficient. The level of significance was set at 0.05 for all tests. RESULTS: Intrarater reliability was satisfactory. Regarding interrater reliability, statistically significant differences (2.8 cm at the most) were found in all sets of measurements. However, through the analysis of the intraclass correlation coefficient, the investigators were found to be responsible only for a small portion of the variability (1.2-5.08%) found among the measurements. When the cirtometry measurements were compared to the volumes measured by respiratory inductive plethysmography, low correlations (range, r = 0.170-0.343) were found. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that, although cirtometry is a reliable measurement, it does not accurately measure pulmonary volumes.

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OBJETIVO: Avaliar a confiabilidade intra-examinador e inter-examinadores da cirtometria (conjunto de medidas das circunferências de tórax e abdômen durante os movimentos respiratórios) e sua correlação com volumes pulmonares medidos por meio da pletismografia respiratória por indutância. MÉTODOS: Quarenta indivíduos saudáveis, com média de idade de 28 anos, foram avaliados. As medidas foram realizadas em decúbito dorsal em três momentos: em repouso, em inspiração máxima e em expiração máxima. Dois examinadores treinados, os quais foram cegados, realizaram as medidas. Utilizou-se o teste de Friedman para avaliar a confiabilidade intra-examinador e foram utilizados o teste de Wilcoxon e o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse para avaliar a confiabilidade inter-examinadores. A correlação entre os resultados da cirtometria e da pletismografia foi obtida por meio do coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. Para todos os testes, considerou-se um nível de significância estatística de 0,05. RESULTADOS: Os resultados mostraram confiabilidade intra-examinador adequada. Em relação à confiabilidade inter-examinadores, foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas (de no máximo 2,8 cm) em todas os conjuntos de medidas.No entanto, por meio da análise do coeficiente de correlação intraclasse, observou-se que os examinadores foram responsáveis apenas por pequena parte da variabilidade (1,2-5,08 por cento) observada entre as medidas. Quando as medidas da cirtometria foram comparadas aos volumes pulmonares medidos por meio da pletismografia respiratória por indutância, encontraram-se correlações de baixa magnitude (variação de r = 0,170-0,343). CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que a cirtometria constitui uma medida precisa, mas não acurada, para aferir volumes pulmonares.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To determine the intrarater and interrater reliability of cirtometry (measurements of the circumference of the chest and abdomen taken during respiratory movements) as well as its correlation with pulmonary volumes measured by respiratory inductive plethysmography. METHODS: A total of 40 healthy individuals were evaluated. The mean age was 28 years. The measurements were taken in the supine position at three different time points: at rest, at maximal inspiration, and at maximal expiration. Two trained investigators, each of whom was blinded as to the results obtained by the other, performed the measurements. The Friedman test was used to determine intrarater reliability, and the Wilcoxon test, together with the intraclass correlation coefficient, were used to determine interrater reliability. The correlation between the cirtometry measurements and the plethysmography results was obtained using Spearman's correlation coefficient. The level of significance was set at 0.05 for all tests. RESULTS: Intrarater reliability was satisfactory. Regarding interrater reliability, statistically significant differences (2.8 cm at the most) were found in all sets of measurements. However, through the analysis of the intraclass correlation coefficient, the investigators were found to be responsible only for a small portion of the variability (1.2-5.08 percent) found among the measurements. When the cirtometry measurements were compared to the volumes measured by respiratory inductive plethysmography, low correlations (range, r = 0.170-0.343) were found. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that, although cirtometry is a reliable measurement, it does not accurately measure pulmonary volumes.

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The absence of population-specific standards for sex, age and stature estimation for rural Guatemala is problematic for the forensic analysis of skeletal remains recovered from clandestine graves attributed to the recent armed conflict in that country. In order to increase the reliability of the forensic analyses being undertaken in Guatemala, standards for metric determination of sex were developed. Data was collected on several bones; the results for the humerus are presented here. A sample of 118 complete humeri (68 male and 50 female) was studied; maximum length, maximum diameter of the head, circumference at midshaft, maximum diameter at midshaft, minimum diameter at midshaft and epicondylar breadth were measured and subjected to discriminant function analysis. The classification accuracies for the univariate functions range from 76.8% for the maximum diameter at midshaft to 95.5% for the maximum diameter of the head. The classification accuracy for the stepwise procedure was 98.2%.

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El estudio toma como elemento fundamental a los alimentos crudos, a partir de ellos, se determinan los factores de corrección, se establecen las equivalencias al sistema internacional de medidas, el peso medio de los productores, en unidades de medidas caseras y típicas utilizadas en las diferentes etapas del proceso de comercialización y preparados de los alimentos

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BACKGROUND: Surgeons commonly estimate dimensions without the help of measuring instruments, a practice with importance to the right therapeutic choice, scientific purposes and legal matters. METHODS: 40 senior surgeons were asked to estimate measures of lines in cards (visual evaluation) and to draw lines with a chosen measure (motor evaluation). RESULTS: Visual evaluation is overestimated, and motor evaluation is underestimated.CONCLUSION: Measures evaluation without the help of instruments is prone to error.

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