RESUMEN
Orthohantaviruses are emerging rodent-borne pathogens that cause Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in humans. They have a wide range of rodent reservoir hosts and are transmitted to humans through aerosolized viral particles generated by the excretions of infected individuals. Since the first description of HPS in Argentina, new hantaviruses have been reported throughout the country, most of which are pathogenic to humans. We present here the first HPS case infected with Alto Paraguay virus reported in Argentina. Until now, Alto Paraguay virus was considered a non-pathogenic orthohantavirus since it was identified in a rodent, Holochilus chacarius. In addition to this, with the goal of identifying potential hantavirus host species in the province of Santa Fe, we finally describe a novel orthohantavirus found in the native rodent Scapteromys aquaticus, which differed from other hantaviruses described in the country so far. Our findings implicate an epidemiological warning regarding these new orthohantaviruses circulating in Central Argentina as well as new rodent species that must be considered as hosts from now on.
Asunto(s)
Reservorios de Enfermedades/virología , Síndrome Pulmonar por Hantavirus/virología , Orthohantavirus/aislamiento & purificación , Sigmodontinae/virología , Adolescente , Animales , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Argentina , Femenino , Orthohantavirus/clasificación , Orthohantavirus/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Filogenia , Sigmodontinae/sangreRESUMEN
The identification of bloodmeal sources in triatomine bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) is important in understanding vector-host associations and in measuring the risk for Chagas' disease transmission. The bloodmeal sources of triatomines infected with Trypanosoma cruzi (Trypanosomatida: Trypanosomatidae) caught in houses in central Brazil (Goiás State and the Federal District) were investigated during 2012-2014. Mitochondrial cytochrome b amplicons were used to identify bloodmeals through high-resolution melting and DNA sequencing. Most bugs were found to have fed on either humans (45.7%) or chickens (43.1%). Human blood was detected in Triatoma sordida (n = 22/50 bugs), Triatoma pseudomaculata (n = 7/11 bugs), Panstrongylus megistus (n = 10/24 bugs), Panstrongylus geniculatus (n = 1/3 bugs) and Rhodnius neglectus (n = 18/28 bugs) (all: Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Sequencing identified Necromys (Rodentia: Cricetidae) mouse blood in P. geniculatus and Tropidurus (Squamata: Tropiduridae) lizard blood in T. pseudomaculata and T. sordida. These findings reveal new vector-host associations. The present results suggest frequent contact between humans and T. cruzi-infected triatomines in central Brazil and indicate that Chagas' disease transmission by native vectors is an ongoing threat.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Chagas/transmisión , Pollos/sangre , Sigmodontinae/sangre , Triatominae/fisiología , Trypanosoma cruzi/fisiología , Animales , Brasil , Gatos , Pollos/parasitología , ADN/química , ADN/metabolismo , Perros , Colorantes Fluorescentes , Congelación , Interacciones Huésped-Parásitos , Calor , Vivienda , Humanos , Lagartos/sangre , Zarigüeyas , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Ovinos , Sigmodontinae/parasitología , Triatominae/parasitologíaRESUMEN
Calomys callosus is a wild rodent found naturally infected with different Trypanosoma cruzi strains. In the work described here, groups of male and female C. callosus were subjected to orchiectomy, ovariectomy and sham operation. One month after surgery, animals were inoculated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 4x10(4) blood trypomastigotes of the "Y" strain of T. cruzi. Parasitemia, triglycerides, nitric oxide (NO) and concanavalin A (ConA)-induced proliferation were evaluated. Parasitemia during the course of infection was significantly higher in infected and sham operated animals as compared to infected orchiectomized animals. The opposite was observed in the ovariectomized and infected group. Orchiectomized and infected animals displayed elevated triglyceride levels, as well as a more vigorous immune response, with higher splenocyte proliferation and elevated concentrations of NO. Ovariectomy resulted in an impaired immune response, as observed by a reduction of splenocyte proliferation and NO concentration. The results suggest a pivotal role for gonadal hormones in the modulation of triglyceride levels and the magnitude of the immune response during the acute phase of T. cruzi infection.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Chagas/inmunología , Enfermedad de Chagas/parasitología , Sigmodontinae , Triglicéridos/sangre , Trypanosoma cruzi/patogenicidad , Animales , Células Cultivadas , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades , Femenino , Interacciones Huésped-Parásitos/inmunología , Inmunidad Celular , Inyecciones Intraperitoneales , Activación de Linfocitos , Masculino , Óxido Nítrico , Orquiectomía/efectos adversos , Orquiectomía/veterinaria , Ovariectomía/efectos adversos , Ovariectomía/veterinaria , Parasitemia/epidemiología , Factores Sexuales , Sigmodontinae/sangre , Sigmodontinae/inmunología , Sigmodontinae/parasitología , Sigmodontinae/cirugía , Trypanosoma cruzi/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Determining Hantavirus infection prevalence in rodents in the C6rdoba department, Colombia. METHODS: Rodents were captured using Sherman live-capture traps (8 x 9 x 23 cm; Sherman Traps, Inc., Tallahassee, FL) in peridomestic areas of Córdoba. Hantavirus IgG antibodies were detected by ELISA using Sin Nombre virus (SNV) recombinant nucleocapsid antigen (CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA). RESULTS: 336 rodents were captured in 11 townships in the Córdoba department (Murinae: 249; Sigmodontinae: 68; Heteromyidae: 17; Echimyidae: 2; 8.5% overall trap success) during 79 nights of trapping between January 2003 and November 2004. Hantavirus antibody seroprevalence was 2.1% (7 out of 336 captures). Prevalence by genus varied between 5.9% (1 out of 17 Heteromys) to 50% (1 out of 2 Proechimys). CONCLUSIONS: SNV-reactive antibody prevalence in rodents in Córdoba, Colombia, indicated that at least one hantavirus is endemic in rodents in northern Colombia and is frequently transmitted to rural residents.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Infecciones por Hantavirus/veterinaria , Orthohantavirus/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Roedores/epidemiología , Sigmodontinae/sangre , Animales , Animales Salvajes/virología , Colombia/epidemiología , Femenino , Infecciones por Hantavirus/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Hantavirus/epidemiología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratas , Enfermedades de los Roedores/virología , Salud Rural , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Sigmodontinae/virología , Salud UrbanaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Chagas disease and leishmaniasis are important public health problems due to their high frequency and broad distribution in Latin America. Understanding of the roles of reservoir animals is crucial for a global assessment of the epidemiology of these diseases. OBJECTIVE: To identify parasites classed as Trypanosomatidae as they occurred in sylvatic animals, and to establish rates of coinfection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sylvatic animals were systematically captured in the rural area of El Carrizal, Merida State, Venezuela, betweenJuly, 1998 and February, 2000. The captures were made in Tomahawk type homemade traps, placed 15 nights per month throughout the study period. Blood was extracted from each captured and anesthetized animal by means of cardiac puncture. The search for trypanosomatids was undertaken by fresh blood examination, Giemsa stained blood smears and by means of blood-agar culture. Occasional xenodiagnoses were made to check diagnostic accuracy. The isolates obtained in culture media were identified by restriction fragment analysis and hybridization with specific probes. RESULTS: Three species of sylvatic animals (n = 215) were captured: Rattus spp. (135), Sigmodon hispidus (73) and Didelphis marsupialis (7). From them, three species of Trypanosomatidae were identified: Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis, Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma lewisi. Trypanosoma. cruzi was identified in D. marsupialis (4/7), S. hispidus (1/73) and Rattus spp. (1/ 135), whereas L. (V.) guyanensis and T. lewisi were identified only in Rattus spp., 1/135 and 12/ 135, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The coexistence of these genetically related hemoflagellates in sylvatic hosts was important for understanding the immunological interactions that may be established in reservoir animals, and the possible implications that this may have for the susceptible host. Finally, the identification of L. (V.) guyanensis in Rattus spp and T. cruzi in S. hispidus constituted the first reports of this relationship in Venezuela.
Asunto(s)
Reservorios de Enfermedades , Salud Pública , Trypanosomatina/metabolismo , Animales , Enfermedad de Chagas/sangre , Enfermedad de Chagas/parasitología , Humanos , Leishmania/genética , Leishmania/metabolismo , Leishmaniasis/sangre , Leishmaniasis/parasitología , Zarigüeyas/sangre , Zarigüeyas/parasitología , Ratas/sangre , Ratas/parasitología , Sigmodontinae/sangre , Sigmodontinae/parasitología , Trypanosoma cruzi/genética , Trypanosoma cruzi/metabolismo , Trypanosoma lewisi/genética , Trypanosoma lewisi/metabolismo , Trypanosomatina/genética , Venezuela , Xenodiagnóstico , ZoonosisRESUMEN
OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia de infección por hantavirus en roedores del Departamento de Córdoba, Colombia. METODOLOGIA: Captura de roedores con trampas tipo Sherman live-capture traps (8x9x23 cm; Sherman Traps, Inc., Tallahassee, FL) en áreas domésticas y peridomésticas en el departamento de Córdoba. Analisis de anticuerpos IgG por ELISA, empleando como antígeno una proteína recombinante de la nucleocapside del Sin Nombre Virus (SNV) (CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA). RESULTADOS: Durante los meses de enero de 2003 a noviembre de 2004, en 79 noches de trampeo fueron capturados 336 roedores en once municipios del departamento de Córdoba (Murinae: 249; Sigmodontinae: 68; Heteromyidae: 17; Echimyidae: 2) (éxito de captura del 8,5 por ciento). La seroprevalencia de anticuerpos contra hantavirus fue del 2,1 por ciento (7 de 336 capturas). Los porcentajes de seropositividad específicos por género oscilaron entre 5,9 por ciento (1 de 17, Heteromys) a 50 por ciento (1 de 2, Proechimys). CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de anticuerpos contra el SNV en roedores de Córdoba, Colombia; indica que al menos un hantavirus es endémico en roedores del norte colombiano y esta frecuentemente trasmitido a residentes rurales.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Femenino , Masculino , Ratones , Ratas , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Infecciones por Hantavirus/veterinaria , Orthohantavirus/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Roedores/epidemiología , Sigmodontinae/sangre , Animales Salvajes/virología , Colombia/epidemiología , Infecciones por Hantavirus/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Hantavirus/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Roedores/virología , Salud Rural , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Sigmodontinae/virología , Salud UrbanaRESUMEN
El virus Pirital es un nuevo arenavirus descubierto en Venezuela, sin embargo no existen evidencias de que pueda ser un virus patógeno para el humano. Sus efectos en el roedor que le sirve de reservorio natural: sigmodón alstoni se analiza en el presente estudio. Un total de 478 roedores: S. alstoni fueron capturados entre junio de 1994 a diciembre de 1995 en el Municipio Papelón, estado Portuguesa. Se recolectaron muestras de sangre y bazo para el aislamineto e identificación de virus en cultivo de células Vero E6. La densidad de la población de roedores S. alstoni mostró un patrón estacional con un máximo éxito de trampeo al final de la estación de sequía (Marzo-Abril). Esta variación temporal no estuvo correlacionada con variaciones en la prevalencia de infección por virus Pirital. El promedio de infección en la especie fue de 33,8 por ciento con un incremento no significativo en la prevalencia de infección entre animales juveniles y adultos. El efecto de la infección por el virus Pirital en el peso y tamaño del cuerpo de los roedores así como en la fertilidad, número de animales por camada, etc. no fue significativamente diferente cuando se compararon los animales infectados con los no infectados