RESUMEN
Due to the complex role of sexual excitation in risky sexual behaviors, this study aimed to disentangle this phenomenon by jointly analyzing the combined role of three forms of sexual excitation: genital and subjective, and individual´s propensity. Therefore, we examined the relationship between the components of the Dual Control Model, that is, propensity for sexual excitation/inhibition, in addition to genital and subjective arousal, and sexual assertiveness and intention to engage in casual sexual encounters in which sexual risk was implicitly or explicitly present. The sample consisted of 99 heterosexual young adults (55 men and 45 women) with ages ranging from 18 to 32 years. Participants performed an experiment in the laboratory, which involved them watching a sexual clip and then being presented with two erotic excerpts (stories) depicting casual sexual encounters in which there was an existence of implicit and explicit sexual risks. In men, the propensity for sexual inhibition was the most determining variable in preventing them from sexual risk-taking. In women, intention to engage in risky sexual behaviors was better determined by their propensity for sexual excitation and sexual assertiveness in negotiating the use of contraceptive methods. This research highlights the relevance of excitation and inhibition as a trait, in addition to subjective arousal and sexual assertiveness in intention to engage in risky sexual behaviors.
Asunto(s)
Asertividad , Conductas de Riesgo para la Salud , Intención , Asunción de Riesgos , Sexo Inseguro/psicología , Adolescente , Adulto , Nivel de Alerta/fisiología , Conducta Anticonceptiva/psicología , Toma de Decisiones , Femenino , Conductas de Riesgo para la Salud/fisiología , Heterosexualidad/fisiología , Heterosexualidad/psicología , Humanos , Inhibición Psicológica , Masculino , Sexo Inseguro/fisiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Despite significant declines over the past 2 decades, the United States continues to experience birth rates among teenagers that are significantly higher than other high-income nations. Use of emergency contraception (EC) within 120 hours after unprotected or underprotected intercourse can reduce the risk of pregnancy. Emergency contraceptive methods include oral medications labeled and dedicated for use as EC by the US Food and Drug Administration (ulipristal and levonorgestrel), the "off-label" use of combined oral contraceptives, and insertion of a copper intrauterine device. Indications for the use of EC include intercourse without use of contraception; condom breakage or slippage; missed or late doses of contraceptives, including the oral contraceptive pill, contraceptive patch, contraceptive ring, and injectable contraception; vomiting after use of oral contraceptives; and sexual assault. Our aim in this updated policy statement is to (1) educate pediatricians and other physicians on available emergency contraceptive methods; (2) provide current data on the safety, efficacy, and use of EC in teenagers; and (3) encourage routine counseling and advance EC prescription as 1 public health strategy to reduce teenaged pregnancy.
Asunto(s)
Anticoncepción Postcoital/métodos , Rol del Médico , Relaciones Médico-Paciente , Sexo Inseguro/efectos de los fármacos , Adolescente , Femenino , Antagonistas de Hormonas/administración & dosificación , Humanos , Masculino , Pediatras/psicología , Rol del Médico/psicología , Conducta Sexual/efectos de los fármacos , Conducta Sexual/fisiología , Conducta Sexual/psicología , Sexo Inseguro/fisiología , Sexo Inseguro/psicologíaRESUMEN
Neuroadaptations caused by chronic methamphetamine (MA) use are likely major contributors to high relapse rate following treatment. Thus, focusing intervention efforts at pre-empting addiction in vulnerable populations, thereby preventing MA-use-induced neurological changes that make recovery so challenging, may prove more effective than targeting chronic users. One approach is studying casual/recreational users, not diagnosed with substance use disorder. This group may be at high risk for addiction due to their experience with MA. On the other hand, they may be resilient against addiction since they were able to maintain casual use over the years and not become addicted. Understanding their neuro-cognitive characteristics during decision-making and risk-taking would help solve this dilemma and, may help identify intervention strategies. Unfortunately, research on neuro-cognitive characteristics of casual MA users is currently lacking. In this work we begin to address this deficit. This study was part of a larger investigation of neural correlates of risky sexual decision-making in men who have sex with men. While undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging, 31 casual MA users and 66 non-users performed the CUPS task, in which they decided to accept or refuse a series of mixed gambles. Convergent results from whole brain, region of interest and psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analyses are presented. Whole brain analysis identified an amygdala-striatal cluster with weaker activation in casual MA users compared to non-users during decision-making. Activity in that cluster inversely correlated with decisions to gamble: lower activation corresponded to higher risk taking. Using this cluster as a seed in PPI analyses, we identified a wide range of neural network differences between casual MA users and non-users. Parametric whole brain analyses identified clusters in the ventral striatum, posterior insula and precuneus where activations modulated by risk and reward were significantly weaker in casual MA users than in non-users. The striatal cluster identified in these analyses overlapped with the amygdala-striatal cluster. This work identified neural differences in casual MA users' reward processing and outcome learning systems which may underlie their increased real-world risk-taking. It suggests that while making decisions casual MA users focus primarily on potential gain unlike non-users who also take the riskiness of the choice into consideration.
Asunto(s)
Trastornos Relacionados con Anfetaminas/diagnóstico por imagen , Trastornos Relacionados con Anfetaminas/psicología , Cognición/efectos de los fármacos , Toma de Decisiones/efectos de los fármacos , Metanfetamina/efectos adversos , Sexo Inseguro/psicología , Adulto , Estimulantes del Sistema Nervioso Central/administración & dosificación , Estimulantes del Sistema Nervioso Central/efectos adversos , Cognición/fisiología , Toma de Decisiones/fisiología , Femenino , Homosexualidad Masculina/psicología , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Masculino , Pruebas de Estado Mental y Demencia , Metanfetamina/administración & dosificación , Asunción de Riesgos , Sexo Inseguro/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Background: The sexual decision-making literature suggests that sexual arousal and behavior are associated. The somatic marker hypothesis suggests that individual neuropsychological differences in decision making, as measured by the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), may moderate these associations; however, this hypothesis has yet to be tested with event-level sexual behavior data. Purpose: We hypothesized that (a) daily sexual arousal would be positively associated with likelihood of engaging in sex and condomless anal sex (CAS) and (b) IGT scores would moderate these associations such that the associations would be stronger among those with higher IGT scores. Methods: We used daily diary data from 334 highly sexually active gay and bisexual men to examine the main and interaction effects of sexual arousal and IGT scores on sexual engagement and CAS. Results: As hypothesized, daily sexual arousal was positively associated with greater odds of both sexual engagement and CAS with casual male partners. Individual-level IGT performance significantly moderated the day-level association between arousal and sexual engagement, which was stronger for men with higher IGT scores. There was no main effect of IGT scores on either sexual behavior outcome, nor did it moderate the association between arousal and CAS. Conclusions: These findings highlight the influence of sexual arousal on sexual engagement, which differed by IGT scores; the effect of arousal on CAS was much less variable and may not be moderated by neurocognitive factors. This study supports the importance of exploring integrated behavioral/biomedical interventions to improve individual decision making to prevent HIV infection.
Asunto(s)
Bisexualidad , Toma de Decisiones/fisiología , Función Ejecutiva/fisiología , Homosexualidad Masculina , Desempeño Psicomotor/fisiología , Conducta Sexual/fisiología , Adulto , Infecciones por VIH/prevención & control , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Sexo Inseguro/fisiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Background: Executive functioning (EF) describes a set of neurocognitive processes critical to enacting complex health behaviors. However, theoretical frameworks for understanding sexual risk behavior have generally neglected neurocognitive constructs, and beyond a few studies of individuals selected for high substance use, the literature contains virtually no research on this topic with other adults at risk for HIV infection, such as men who have sex with men (MSM). Purpose: This study tested whether EF was associated with condomless anal intercourse (CAI) among MSM. Methods: Seventy MSM completed cognitive tests assessing EF at two time points-baseline, and approximately 30 min later after engaging in a stressful interpersonal task. Men also reported their sexual behaviors over the past 3 months, including the frequency of CAI. Results: Baseline EF was unrelated to CAI. However, CAI was associated with the degree to which performance improved from baseline to post-stressor administration. Compared with norms for practice effects, men who reported CAI improved less than expected from baseline to post-stressor EF performance, whereas men who reported no CAI exhibited a more normative practice effect. Conclusions: MSM with histories of greater sexual risk improved less than anticipated from baseline to post-stressor on tests of EF, suggesting that they might be more cognitively depleted by the stressful interpersonal task they engaged in between administrations. It is possible that certain individuals struggle to maintain executive control in stressful interpersonal situations, a finding that could contribute to the difficulty some individuals face executing precautionary behaviors during a sexual encounter.
Asunto(s)
Condones , Función Ejecutiva/fisiología , Homosexualidad Masculina , Relaciones Interpersonales , Asunción de Riesgos , Estrés Psicológico/fisiopatología , Sexo Inseguro/fisiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The insula plays an important role in response inhibition. Most relevant here, it has been proposed that the dorsal anterior insular cortex (dAIC) plays a central role in a salience network that is responsible for switching between the default mode network and the executive control network. However, the insula's role in sexually motivated response inhibition has not yet been studied. In this study, eighty-five 18- to 30-year-old sexually active men who have sex with men (MSM) performed an erotic Go/NoGo task while in an MRI scanner. Participants' real-world sexual risk-taking (frequency of condomless anal intercourse over the past 90 days) was then correlated with their neural activity during the task. We found greater activity in bilateral anterior insular cortex (both dorsal and ventral) on contrasts with stronger motivational information (attractive naked male pictures versus pictures of clothed, middle-aged females) and on contrasts requiring greater response inhibition (NoGo versus Go). We also found that activity in the right dAIC was negatively correlated with participants' real-world sexual risk-taking. Our results confirmed the involvement of the insular cortex in motivated response inhibition. Especially, the decreased right dAIC activity may reduce the likelihood that the executive control network will come online when individuals are faced with situations requiring inhibitory control and thus lead them to make more risky choices.
Asunto(s)
Corteza Cerebral/fisiología , Literatura Erótica , Homosexualidad Masculina , Asunción de Riesgos , Sexo Inseguro/fisiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Mapeo Encefálico , Corteza Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Función Ejecutiva/fisiología , Homosexualidad Masculina/psicología , Humanos , Inhibición Psicológica , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Motivación/fisiología , Actividad Motora/fisiología , Minorías Sexuales y de Género , Sexo Inseguro/psicología , Percepción Visual/fisiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
No disponible
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Proctitis/diagnóstico , Proctitis/patología , Proctitis/prevención & control , Sexo Inseguro/prevención & control , Sexo Inseguro/fisiología , VIH/inmunología , VIH/patogenicidad , Incidencia , Neisseria/patogenicidad , Chlamydia trachomatis/patogenicidad , Treponema pallidum/patogenicidad , Herpes Simple/patología , Biopsia/instrumentación , Biopsia/métodos , Biopsia , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/mortalidad , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/patología , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/prevención & controlRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a family- and church-based intervention for adolescents and caregivers in rural Kenya to improve family relationships, reduce HIV risk, and promote mental health. METHOD: The intervention was developed using community-based participatory methods and focused on strengthening family communication. Modules addressed economic, relationship, and HIV-related topics using evidence-based behavioral strategies alongside culturally grounded content. A stepped wedge cluster randomized trial was conducted with 124 families (237 adolescents ages 10 to 16; 203 caregivers) from 4 churches. Participants completed interviewer-administered surveys over 5 rounds. Primary outcomes included family communication, HIV risk knowledge, self-efficacy, and beliefs. Secondary outcomes included parenting, social support, mental health, and adolescent sexual behavior. We estimated intent-to-treat effects via ordinary least squares regression with clustered standard errors. RESULTS: Relative to controls, the intervention group reported better family communication across domains at 1- and 3-months postintervention and higher self-efficacy for risk reduction skills and HIV-related knowledge at 1-month postintervention. Sexually active youth in the intervention reported fewer high-risk behaviors at 1-month postintervention, including unprotected sex or multiple partners. Male caregivers in the intervention reported higher parental involvement at both time points, and youth reported more social support from male caregivers at 3-months postintervention. No effects on secondary outcomes of parenting, social support, and mental health were detected. CONCLUSIONS: This intervention holds promise for strengthening positive family processes to protect against negative future outcomes for adolescents. Implementation with religious congregations may be a promising strategy for improving sustainability and scalability of interventions in low-resource settings. (PsycINFO Database Record
Asunto(s)
Conducta del Adolescente/psicología , Infecciones por VIH/prevención & control , Salud Mental , Relaciones Padres-Hijo , Población Rural , Conducta Sexual/psicología , Adolescente , Niño , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/psicología , Humanos , Kenia , Masculino , Responsabilidad Parental , Conducta de Reducción del Riesgo , Autoeficacia , Apoyo Social , Sexo Inseguro/fisiología , Sexo Inseguro/prevención & controlRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) is a major pathway towards secondary HIV transmission among men who have sex with men (MSM). We explored the socio-cultural environment and individual beliefs and experiences conducive to UAI in the context of Southern China. METHODS: We employed an ethnographic approach utilizing a socio-ecological framework to conduct repeated in-depth interviews with thirty one newly diagnosed HIV positive MSM as well as participant observations in Shenzhen based healthcare settings, MSM venues and NGO offices. RESULTS: Some men (6/31) reported continuing to practice UAI after an initial diagnosis of being HIV positive. For MSM who had existing lovers or stable partners, the fear of losing partners in a context of non-serostatus disclosure was testified to be a major concern. MSM with casual partners reported that anonymous sexual encounters and moral judgments played a significant role in their sexual risk behaviors. Simultaneously, self-reported negative emotional and psychological status, perception and idiosyncratic risk interpretation, as well as substance abuse informed the intrapersonal context for UAI. CONCLUSION: UAI among these HIV positive MSM was embedded in an intrapersonal context, related to partner type, shaped by anonymous sexual encounters, psychological status, and moral judgments. It is important that prevention and intervention for secondary HIV transmission among newly diagnosed HIV positive MSM in China take into account these contextual factors.
Asunto(s)
Canal Anal/fisiopatología , Coito/fisiología , Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Homosexualidad Masculina/estadística & datos numéricos , Sexo Inseguro/fisiología , Adulto , Antropología Cultural , China/epidemiología , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: In South Africa, alcohol contributes to the HIV epidemic, in part, by influencing sexual behaviors. For some, high levels of alcohol consumption may be driven by previous traumatic experiences that result in traumatic stress. The purpose of this study was to quantify the longitudinal association between traumatic stress and unprotected sex among women who attend drinking venues and to assess whether this association was explained by mediation through alcohol use. METHODS: Data were collected in 4 waves over a year from a prospective cohort of 560 women who regularly attended alcohol-serving venues in a Cape Town township. Longitudinal mixed models examined (1) the relationship between traumatic stress and counts of unprotected sex and (2) whether alcohol use mediated the association between traumatic stress and unprotected sex. RESULTS: Most women reported elevated traumatic stress (80%) and hazardous alcohol use (88%) at least once during the study period. In models adjusted for covariates, traumatic stress was associated with unprotected sex (b = 0.28, SE = 0.06, t = 4.82, P < 0.001). In addition, traumatic stress was associated with alcohol use (b = 0.27, SE = 0.02, t = 14.25, P < 0.001) and was also associated with unprotected sex (b = 0.20, SE = 0.06, t = 3.27, P < 0.01) while controlling for alcohol use (b = 0.28, SE = 0.07, t = 4.25, P < 0.001). The test for the mediated effect established that alcohol use was a significant mediator, accounting for 27% of the total effect of traumatic stress on unprotected sex. CONCLUSIONS: These results highlight the need to address traumatic stress among female venue patrons as an important precursor of HIV risk due to alcohol use.
Asunto(s)
Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas , Infecciones por VIH/psicología , Asunción de Riesgos , Estrés Psicológico , Sexo Inseguro/fisiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , Sudáfrica , Adulto JovenAsunto(s)
Antirretrovirales/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades Virales de Transmisión Sexual , Sexo Inseguro , África del Sur del Sahara/epidemiología , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud/tendencias , Humanos , Conducta Sexual/fisiología , Enfermedades Virales de Transmisión Sexual/epidemiología , Enfermedades Virales de Transmisión Sexual/prevención & control , Enfermedades Virales de Transmisión Sexual/psicología , Sexo Inseguro/fisiología , Sexo Inseguro/psicología , Sexo Inseguro/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
This study aimed to examine the risk factors for engaging in transactional sex among young females in Montserrado County, Liberia. Data from an HIV behavioral survey conducted among young people aged 14 - 25 years were used. The analytical sample included 493 sexually-experienced females. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted. We found that 72% of our sample had ever engaged in transactional sex. Engagement in transactional sex was associated with education (OR: 0.5); reporting no earned income (OR: 1.9); longer duration of sexual activity (OR: 3.5); early sexual debut (OR: 2.5); history of sexual violence (OR: 2.1) and multiple sexual partnerships (OR: 4.0). Respondents' age, residence, and drug/alcohol use were not associated with engagement in transactional sex. HIV interventions should incorporate educational strategies to reduce the prevalence of transactional sex among young people. These strategies should include economic opportunities to offset financial need as well as efforts to eradicate sexual violence.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por VIH , Delitos Sexuales/psicología , Trabajo Sexual , Sexo Inseguro , Adolescente , Factores de Edad , Anomia (Social) , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Infecciones por VIH/prevención & control , Infecciones por VIH/transmisión , Humanos , Liberia/epidemiología , Masculino , Evaluación de Necesidades , Prevalencia , Investigación Cualitativa , Factores de Riesgo , Trabajo Sexual/psicología , Trabajo Sexual/estadística & datos numéricos , Conducta Sexual , Parejas Sexuales , Sexo Inseguro/fisiología , Sexo Inseguro/prevención & control , Sexo Inseguro/psicología , Sexo Inseguro/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Biomarker composites (BCs) that objectively quantify psychosocial stress independent of self report could help to identify those at greatest risk for negative health outcomes and elucidate mechanisms of stress-related processes. Here, BCs are examined in the context of existing disease progression among HIV-positive African American men who have sex with men and women (MSMW) with high stress histories, including childhood sexual abuse. Participants (N = 99) collected 12-h overnight and morning urine samples for assay of cortisol and catecholamines (primary BC) and neopterin (an indicator of HIV disease progression). Data on cumulative psychosocial trauma history (severity, types, frequency, age at first incident), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, sexual risk behaviors, and a secondary BC consisting of routine health indicators (heart rate, blood pressure, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio) were also collected. Lifetime trauma exposure was highly pervasive and significantly greater among those meeting a standard cutoff for PTSD caseness (24 %). After controlling for HIV factors (neopterin levels and years with disease), PTSD was a significant (p < .05) predictor of the primary, but not secondary BC. Those with PTSD also had significantly more sexual partners, sex without a condom, and exchange sex for money or drugs than those without PTSD. Specific trauma characteristics predicted PTSD severity and caseness independently and uniquely in regression models (p's < .05-.001). A primary BC appears sensitive to cumulative trauma burden and PTSD in HIV-positive African American MSMW, providing support for the use of BCs to quantify psychosocial stress and inform novel methods for examining mechanisms of stress influenced health behaviors and disease outcomes in at-risk populations.
Asunto(s)
Bisexualidad/etnología , Bisexualidad/psicología , Negro o Afroamericano/psicología , Seropositividad para VIH/etnología , Seropositividad para VIH/psicología , Homosexualidad Masculina/etnología , Homosexualidad Masculina/psicología , Acontecimientos que Cambian la Vida , Estrés Psicológico/etnología , Estrés Psicológico/psicología , Catecolaminas/orina , Niño , Abuso Sexual Infantil/etnología , Abuso Sexual Infantil/psicología , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Femenino , Seropositividad para VIH/orina , Estado de Salud , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/orina , Los Angeles , Masculino , Neopterin/orina , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/diagnóstico , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/etnología , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/psicología , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/orina , Estrés Psicológico/orina , Sexo Inseguro/etnología , Sexo Inseguro/fisiología , Sexo Inseguro/psicologíaRESUMEN
Ulipristal acetate (UPA) is a newly developed emergency contraceptive currently available in the USA and Europe. It is approved as a 30 mg one-time dose taken within 120 h (5 days) of unprotected intercourse or failed contraception. This selective progesterone receptor modulator appears to be more effective than the levonorgestrel-containing emergency contraceptive, which must be taken within 72 h of unprotected intercourse. According to pharmacodynamic trials, UPA delays follicular maturation and ovulation. In addition, UPA may modulate the endometrium. Both Phase III clinical trials found that UPA does not lose efficacy within the 120-h dosing interval. Throughout all phases of clinical studies, UPA was shown to be well tolerated with only minimal adverse drug reactions, all of which are similar to competitor therapies.
Asunto(s)
Anticonceptivos Poscoito/administración & dosificación , Anticonceptivos Poscoito/farmacocinética , Norpregnadienos/administración & dosificación , Norpregnadienos/farmacocinética , Animales , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto/métodos , Anticonceptivos/administración & dosificación , Anticonceptivos/farmacocinética , Interacciones Farmacológicas/fisiología , Femenino , Interacciones Alimento-Droga/fisiología , Humanos , Receptores de Progesterona/fisiología , Sexo Inseguro/efectos de los fármacos , Sexo Inseguro/fisiologíaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Public health officials promote sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing as a method to reduce the morbidity of STIs. The purpose of this study was to examine what factors are associated with STI testing among young women across various types of STIs and to compare relative influences of factors across models. METHODS: A secondary data analysis of data from Add Health Wave III was conducted (n=2629). Explanatory factors highlighted in qualitative literature were operationalized and built into a logistic regression model used to predict testing for chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, human papillomavirus (HPV), genital herpes, and HIV. RESULTS: STI symptoms and concerns about a recent sexual encounter were important expressed reasons for seeking medical care. Number of sexual partners, sexual orientation, STI symptoms, and going to the gynecologist in the past 12 months were important predictors of testing across STIs. This study supports qualitative work that suggests preventive health consciousness, STI symptoms, and relationship characteristics are important factors in STI testing. Results question the validity of self-report data regarding STI testing. CONCLUSIONS: Education efforts in secondary school health programs and during gynecologic examinations can decrease confusion about STI testing.
Asunto(s)
Servicios de Diagnóstico/normas , Examen Ginecologíco/normas , Aceptación de la Atención de Salud , Educación Sexual/organización & administración , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual , Sexo Inseguro/prevención & control , Adolescente , Adulto , Femenino , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Rol del Médico , Mejoramiento de la Calidad , Conducta Sexual , Parejas Sexuales , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/prevención & control , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/psicología , Sexo Inseguro/fisiologíaAsunto(s)
Atención Ambulatoria/estadística & datos numéricos , Infecciones por VIH/psicología , Homosexualidad Masculina/psicología , Conducta Sexual/etnología , Conducta Sexual/estadística & datos numéricos , Parejas Sexuales , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/etnología , Migrantes/psicología , Migrantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Sexo Inseguro/fisiología , Venereología/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Since May 2004, 10 central and east European (CEE) countries have joined the European Union. While HIV rates remain low among men who have sex with men (MSM) in CEE countries, there is no research on the sexual behaviour of CEE MSM in the U.K. METHODS: CEE MSM living in the U.K. (n=691) were recruited for an online questionnaire by two popular MSM websites. RESULTS: The majority of men had arrived in the U.K. since May 2004. A previous sexually transmitted infection (STI) diagnosis was reported by 30.7%, and 4.8% reported being HIV positive, the majority diagnosed in the U.K. Unprotected anal intercourse with a casual partner of unknown or discordant HIV status was reported by 22.8%. Men who had been in the U.K. for longer (>5 years vs. <1 year) reported more partners in the past 5 years (67.2% vs. 50.4% had >10 partners, p < 0.001) and were less likely to report their most recent partner was from their home country (14.9% vs. 33.6%, p < 0.001). Among migrant CEE MSM living in London, 15.4% had been paid for sex in the U.K. and 41.5% had taken recreational drugs in the past year. CONCLUSION: CEE MSM in the U.K. are at risk for the acquisition and transmission of STI and HIV through unprotected anal intercourse with non-concordant casual partners. Sexual mixing with men from other countries, commercial sex and increased partner numbers may introduce additional risk. This has important implications for the cross-border transmission of infections between the U.K. and CEE countries.
Asunto(s)
Homosexualidad Masculina/psicología , Parejas Sexuales , Migrantes/psicología , Sexo Inseguro/fisiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Atención Ambulatoria/estadística & datos numéricos , Europa Oriental/etnología , Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Homosexualidad Masculina/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Aceptación de la Atención de Salud/etnología , Aceptación de la Atención de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/epidemiología , Migrantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Reino Unido/epidemiología , Sexo Inseguro/estadística & datos numéricos , Venereología/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto JovenAsunto(s)
Antirretrovirales , VIH , Grupos de Población , Salud Pública , Sexo , Parejas Sexuales , Estigma Social , África/etnología , Antirretrovirales/economía , Antirretrovirales/historia , Gobierno/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Grupos de Población/educación , Grupos de Población/etnología , Grupos de Población/historia , Grupos de Población/legislación & jurisprudencia , Grupos de Población/psicología , Medicina Preventiva/economía , Medicina Preventiva/educación , Medicina Preventiva/historia , Salud Pública/economía , Salud Pública/educación , Salud Pública/historia , Salud Pública/legislación & jurisprudencia , Conducta Sexual/etnología , Conducta Sexual/historia , Conducta Sexual/fisiología , Conducta Sexual/psicología , Parejas Sexuales/psicología , Percepción Social , Sexo Inseguro/etnología , Sexo Inseguro/historia , Sexo Inseguro/fisiología , Sexo Inseguro/psicologíaRESUMEN
Three experiments supported the idea that alcohol fosters sexual risk-taking in men and women, in part, through its effects on sexual arousal. In Experiment 1, increasing alcohol dosage (target blood alcohol levels of .00, .04, .08%) heightened men's and women's risk-taking intentions. Alcohol's effect was indirect via increased subjective sexual arousal; also, men exhibited greater risk-taking than women. In Experiment 2, an extended dosage range (target blood alcohol levels of .00, .06, .08, .10%) heightened men's risk-taking intentions. Alcohol's effect again was indirect via subjective arousal. Physiological sexual arousal, which was unaffected by alcohol, increased risk-taking via increased subjective arousal. In Experiment 3, alcohol increased women's risk-taking indirectly via subjective arousal, but alcohol-attenuated physiological arousal had no effect on risk-taking. Implications for alcohol myopia theory and prevention interventions are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Intoxicación Alcohólica , Depresores del Sistema Nervioso Central/administración & dosificación , Etanol/administración & dosificación , Asunción de Riesgos , Conducta Sexual/efectos de los fármacos , Adulto , Depresores del Sistema Nervioso Central/sangre , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Etanol/sangre , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Pene/fisiología , Estimulación Luminosa , Pletismografía , Caracteres Sexuales , Conducta Sexual/fisiología , Conducta Sexual/psicología , Sexo Inseguro/efectos de los fármacos , Sexo Inseguro/fisiología , Sexo Inseguro/psicología , Vagina/fisiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Risky sexual behaviour (RSB) is a major risk factor for serious diseases as well as unplanned pregnancy. It is not known if RSB has a genetic basis or if it is only influenced by social and cultural conditions. Adolescent conduct disorder has previously been linked to RSB and has been found to be influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. In this study, we look at normal variation in a broad measure of RSB and in retrospectively reported adolescent misconduct in a large community sample of twins (n = 4904) to partition the variance and covariance between the traits into genetic and environmental components. We found that RSB is influenced to the same extent by genes, shared environment and unshared environment. Adolescent misconduct is moderately influenced by genetic factors and only modestly by shared environmental factors. Moreover, RSB is associated with adolescent misconduct (r = 0.5), primarily because of genetic correlation between the variables. The implications of our findings as well as possible sex differences are discussed.