RESUMEN
Inhibition of an imperative antioxidant enzyme with subsequent death is a victorious and widely accepted strategy to combat various infectious diseases. Among different antioxidant enzymes, thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is an exclusive one. Studies have revealed that direct inhibition of TrxR by different classes of chemical moieties promptly results in the death of an organism. Especially the structural as well as biochemical modifications of the enzyme upon inhibition project serious threat towards the subject organism. Herein, an attempt was made to inhibit TrxR of filarial species by administering Auranofin, 1 chloro 2,4 dinitrobenzene (CDNB), Curcumin, and a novel carbamo dithioperoxo(thioate) derivative (4a). Our study has revealed that inhibition of TrxR resulted in the induction of the classical CED pathway of apoptosis along with the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis (Caspase mediated) routed through the ASK-1/p38 axis. Druggability analysis of filarial TrxR for the selected compounds was performed in silico through molecular docking studies. Therefore, this study attempts to decipher the mechanism of apoptosis induction following TrxR inhibition. The safety of those four compounds in terms of dose and toxicity was taken under consideration. Thitherto, the mechanism of TrxR mediated initiation of cell death in filarial parasite has remained undercover, and therefore, it is a maiden report on the characterization of apoptosis induction upon TrxR inhibition which will eventually help in generating effective antifilarial drugs in the future.
Asunto(s)
Antihelmínticos/farmacología , Auranofina/farmacología , Caspasas/genética , Curcumina/farmacología , Dinitroclorobenceno/farmacología , Setaria (Nematodo)/efectos de los fármacos , Reductasa de Tiorredoxina-Disulfuro/antagonistas & inhibidores , Animales , Antihelmínticos/química , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Apoptosis/genética , Auranofina/química , Sitios de Unión , Caspasas/metabolismo , Bovinos , Curcumina/química , Dinitroclorobenceno/química , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Proteínas del Helminto/genética , Proteínas del Helminto/metabolismo , MAP Quinasa Quinasa Quinasa 5/genética , MAP Quinasa Quinasa Quinasa 5/metabolismo , Microfilarias/efectos de los fármacos , Microfilarias/enzimología , Microfilarias/crecimiento & desarrollo , Modelos Moleculares , Estrés Oxidativo , Unión Proteica , Conformación Proteica en Hélice alfa , Conformación Proteica en Lámina beta , Dominios y Motivos de Interacción de Proteínas , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/agonistas , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Setaria (Nematodo)/enzimología , Setaria (Nematodo)/crecimiento & desarrollo , Transducción de Señal , Reductasa de Tiorredoxina-Disulfuro/química , Reductasa de Tiorredoxina-Disulfuro/genética , Reductasa de Tiorredoxina-Disulfuro/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinasas p38 Activadas por Mitógenos/genética , Proteínas Quinasas p38 Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismoRESUMEN
This work introduces new morphological and molecular information on the filaroid nematode Setaria cervi (Rudolphi, 1819) obtained from 13 infected game ungulates out of 96 dissected. The hosts comprised the following: a single moose (Alces alces), ten red deer (Cervus elaphus) and two sika deer (Cervus nippon) originating from the western and northern regions of the Czech Republic. Based on the complete sequences of the gene encoding mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1), all 20 females and four males belonged to the species S. cervi. We detected three developmental female stages (adult fertile females, juvenile L5 females and L4 female larvae) differing in size and some morphological traits as the subtle structure of peribuccal crown and shape and features of tail knob. Such differences were described in detail for the first time. The phylogenetic relationships within the family Onchocercidae have been evaluated using new information on the cox1 sequence of S. cervi (maximum likelihood method, GTR + I + G model). In accordance with the latest phylogenetic studies, the present analysis confirmed the ancient separation of the subclass Setariinae from the remaining two onchocercid lineages Dirofilariinae and Onchocerinae.
Asunto(s)
Ciervos , Setaria (Nematodo)/anatomía & histología , Setariasis/diagnóstico , Animales , República Checa , Femenino , Proteínas del Helminto/análisis , Larva/anatomía & histología , Larva/genética , Larva/crecimiento & desarrollo , Masculino , Setaria (Nematodo)/enzimología , Setaria (Nematodo)/genética , Setaria (Nematodo)/crecimiento & desarrollo , Setariasis/parasitologíaRESUMEN
The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of diethylcarbamazine (DEC), siver nanoparticles (AgNPs), nitazoxanide (NTZ), and a combination of nitazoxanide with silver nanoparticle (NTZ+AgNPs) against the microfilariae of Setaria cervi in experimentally infected albino rats. The NTZ+AgNPs was synthesized and subsequently characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-visible absorption Spectra (UV-VIS), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectra. Twenty male albino rats were divided into 5 groups. Groups I, II, III, and IV were treated with DEC, AgNPs, NTZ, and NTZ+AgNPs, while group V was taken as untreated infected control. After the establishment of infection, microfilaraemic rats were treated with aforesaid drugs for 6 days at 100 mg/kg body weight. Efficacy of drugs was observed by counting the microfilariae in the blood of albino rats every 3rd day till microfilariae disappeared. Blood was taken at every 10 days interval till 40 days for biochemical studies to assess the level of antioxidant enzymes. NTZ+AgNPs proved to be the most effective drug which cleared the microfilariae within 18 days of infection when compared with DEC, AgNPs and NTZ where microfilariae persisted up to 24, 36, and 33 days, respectively. Oxidative stress is common inflammatory process associated with many diseases including filariasis. An enhanced antioxidant activity of NTZ+AgNPs was observed in the infected rats which was evident by quick disappearance of microfilariae due to increased oxidative stress. It clearly indicated positive contribution of the NTZ+AgNPs to the host together with harmful effect on the parasite. Hence, AgNPs improved the NTZ efficacy against S. cervi infection in albino rats and proved as a successful synergistic combination.
Asunto(s)
Filaricidas/farmacología , Nanopartículas del Metal , Nanocompuestos , Nitrocompuestos/farmacología , Setaria (Nematodo)/efectos de los fármacos , Setariasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Plata/farmacología , Tiazoles/farmacología , Animales , Dietilcarbamazina/farmacología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Composición de Medicamentos , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Filaricidas/administración & dosificación , Interacciones Huésped-Parásitos , Masculino , Nitrocompuestos/administración & dosificación , Ratas , Setaria (Nematodo)/crecimiento & desarrollo , Setaria (Nematodo)/metabolismo , Setariasis/parasitología , Plata/administración & dosificación , Tiazoles/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
The transmembrane protein, ARV1, plays a key role in intracellular sterol homeostasis by controlling sterol distribution and cellular uptake. To date, only the ARV1s from yeast and humans have been characterized to some extent. In this study, the ARV1 of an animal filarial parasite, Setaria digitata (SdARV1), was characterized; its cDNA was 761 bp and encoded a protein of 217 amino acids, with a predicted molecular weight of 25 kDa, containing a highly conserved ARV1 homology domain and three transmembrane domains in the bioinformatic analyses. Information required to cluster members belonging to a particular taxon has been revealed in phylogenetic analyses of ARV1 sequences derived from different organisms. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses indicated that SdARV1 was expressed in different developmental stages - microfilariae and adult male and female worms. Experiments carried out with a single copy of the SdARV1 under the control of the PMA-1 promoter in a temperature-sensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant strain indicated full complementation of the mutant phenotype, with growth at a non-permissive temperature (37°C). Microscopic observations of cellular morphology with Gram staining revealed alteration of the shape from shrunken to oval, in mutant and complemented strains, respectively. Assessment of free sterol levels extracted from mutant yeast and complemented strains indicated that the level of sterol was significantly higher in the former compared to the latter, which had sterol levels similar to those of the wild type. Thus, the results of the current study suggest that SdARV1 is ubiquitously expressed in different developmental stages of S. digitata, and that it is a true functional homologue of mammalian and yeast ARV1s, which have crucial phylogenetic information that follows classical evolutionary trends. Finally, this is the first study to report the biological function of nematode ARV1.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas del Helminto/genética , Proteínas del Helminto/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Setaria (Nematodo)/genética , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Femenino , Expresión Génica , Prueba de Complementación Genética , Proteínas del Helminto/química , Masculino , Proteínas de la Membrana/química , Peso Molecular , Mutación , Filogenia , Dominios Proteicos , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Alineación de Secuencia , Setaria (Nematodo)/química , Setaria (Nematodo)/crecimiento & desarrollo , Esteroles/metabolismoRESUMEN
A novel microfilarial sheath protein (MfP) of the human filarial parasite Wuchereria bancrofti and its proinflammatory activity on host macrophages were identified recently. MfP is a homolog of the nematode bestrophin-9 superfamily that acts as a ligand of macrophage Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) to induce inflammation through NF-κB activation. Therefore, the presence and functional implication of this novel protein in adult-stage parasites were open questions to answer. In this study, the bovine filarial parasite Setaria cervi was used to simulate adult W. bancrofti. We detected the presence of MfP in adult-stage S. cervi through clear immunological cross-reactivity and immunolocalization employing an anti-MfP antibody developed in mice. Therefore, our findings put forward S. cervi as a cost-effective source of immunodominant filarial antigen MfP to simulate its future utilization in the immunotherapeutic intervention of lymphatic filariasis.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos/parasitología , Proteínas del Helminto/inmunología , Setaria (Nematodo)/crecimiento & desarrollo , Setaria (Nematodo)/inmunología , Setariasis/parasitología , Wuchereria bancrofti/inmunología , Animales , Anticuerpos Antihelmínticos/inmunología , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/genética , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/inmunología , Femenino , Filariasis/genética , Filariasis/inmunología , Filariasis/parasitología , Proteínas del Helminto/genética , Humanos , Ratones , Setaria (Nematodo)/genética , Setariasis/genética , Setariasis/inmunología , Wuchereria bancrofti/genéticaRESUMEN
Despite the differences of the host, parasitic nematodes may share commonalities in their parasitizing genes. Setaria digitata novel protein (SDNP) is such an entity which is parasitic nematode-specific and having sequence similarities with those of W. bancrofti, B. malayi, Loa loa and Onchocerca volvulus. Post-transcriptional gene silencing by siRNA mediated RNA interference (RNAi) is a widely used technique in functional genomics. Though the technique has been used in several free-living, plant and animal parasitic nematodes, it has not yet been tried out for the filarial worm S. digitata. In this study, we developed an effective siRNA delivery method by microinjection and utilized the siRNAi tool to knockdown SDNP to study the phenotypic and cellular changes associated with the interference. qPCR analysis revealed, a significant reduction of SDNP transcript levels following siRNA microinjection into S. digitata adult worms. Similarly, immunohistochemical staining indicated a reduction of SDNP protein expression. Furthermore, worms treated with siRNA showed a significant reduction of microfilariae release together with embryonic lethality by arresting an early developmental stage compared to non-treated worms. A distinct motility reduction was also observed in treated worms compared to non-treated counterparts. This is the first report of the amenability of S. digitata to the siRNA induced RNAi. The presence of inter-domain linkers of muscle-specific twitchin kinase and calcium-dependent protein kinase isoform CDPK1 together with what our results revealed suggest that SDNP is most likely a protein involved in muscle movement and growth and development of the nematode. Hence SDNP has the characteristics of a potential drug target.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas del Helminto/análisis , Interferencia de ARN , ARN Interferente Pequeño/fisiología , Setaria (Nematodo)/química , Setaria (Nematodo)/genética , Animales , Carbocianinas , Bovinos , Femenino , Fluoresceína-5-Isotiocianato , Colorantes Fluorescentes , Técnicas de Silenciamiento del Gen , Silenciador del Gen , Proteínas del Helminto/genética , Proteínas del Helminto/fisiología , Inmunohistoquímica , Microinyecciones , Movimiento , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , ARN Interferente Pequeño/administración & dosificación , Transcripción Reversa , Setaria (Nematodo)/crecimiento & desarrollo , Setaria (Nematodo)/fisiologíaRESUMEN
A 75 kDa serine protease having prolyl oligopeptidase activity has been purified from Setaria cervi, a bovine filarial parasite. The MALDI-MS/MS analysis of the purified protein revealed 6 peptides showing nearest match S9A (prolyl oligopeptidase) family protein from Plesiocystis pacifica. The ScPOP was found to be unique compared to mammalian POP with respect to its kinetic properties. To elucidate its role, filarial parasites were exposed to specific inhibitor of POP, Z-Pro-prolinal (ZPP) for 8â¯h. The inhibition of POP induced calcium signaling via phospholipase c stimulation which further triggered mitochondrial mediated apoptosis in filarial parasites.
Asunto(s)
Apoptosis/fisiología , Señalización del Calcio/fisiología , Mitocondrias/enzimología , Péptido Hidrolasas/química , Péptido Hidrolasas/metabolismo , Setaria (Nematodo)/enzimología , Setaria (Nematodo)/crecimiento & desarrollo , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Sitios de Unión , Activación Enzimática , Unión Proteica , Especificidad por SustratoRESUMEN
Chitin metabolism has been shown to have a role in the development of parasitic nematodes including filarial parasites and the enzymes associated with chitin metabolism have been considered as potential vaccine and drug target. Chitinases are members of the enzyme superfamily of glycoside hydrolases, which are characterized by the ability to hydrolyze glycosidic bonds in chitin chain by either an endolytic or an exolytic mechanism. In the present study, we have demonstrated the chitinase (exochitinase and endochitinase) activity in different stages of Setaria cervi (bovine filarial parasite) and have also purified and characterized the endochitinase from microfilarial stage of the parasite. The chitinase activity has been detected in adult and microfilarial stages of S. cervi using the fluorescent substrates. The S. cervi adult stage was found to have high activity of exochitinase (28.72±0.25 nmol/min/mg) while microfilarial stage showed high activity of endochitinase (24.40±0.25 nmol/min/mg). Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, followed by staining of enzyme activity with fluorescent substrates, revealed single isoenzymic form of exochitinase in adults and endochitinase in microfilariae of S. cervi. The endochitinase from S. cervi microfilariae was purified employing chitin affinity matrix and DEAE-Sephacel ion-exchange chromatography. The enzyme was purified about 55 fold with an enzyme recovery of 22.33%. The purified enzyme exhibited a doublet of protein bands on SDS-PAGE at 65-70 kDa. The closantel (chitinase inhibitor) strongly inhibited the enzyme activity of S. cervi microfilariae endochitinase with a Ki value of 4.3±0.18 µM.
Asunto(s)
Quitina/metabolismo , Quitinasas/metabolismo , Hexosaminidasas/metabolismo , Setaria (Nematodo)/enzimología , Animales , Quitinasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Electroforesis en Gel de Poliacrilamida , Hexosaminidasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Microfilarias/enzimología , Microfilarias/metabolismo , Salicilanilidas/metabolismo , Setaria (Nematodo)/crecimiento & desarrollo , Setaria (Nematodo)/metabolismoRESUMEN
The glutathione reductase (GR) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) are important enzymes of the redox system that aid parasites to maintain an adequate intracellular redox environment. In the present study, the enzyme activity of GR and TrxR was investigated in Setaria cervi (S. cervi). Significant activity of both enzymes was detected in the somatic extract of adult and microfilariae stages of S. cervi. Both GR and TrxR were separated by partial purification using ammonium sulfate fractionation and DEAE ion exchange chromatography suggesting the presence of both glutathione and thioredoxin systems in S. cervi. The enzyme glutathione reductase (ScGR) was purified to homogeneity using affinity and ion exchange chromatography that resulted in 90 fold purification with a yield of 11.54%. The specific activity of the ScGR was 643U/mg that migrated as a single band on SDS-PAGE. The subunit molecular mass was determined to be ~50kDa while the optimum pH and temperature were found to be 7.0 and 35°C respectively. The activation energy (Ea) was calculated from the slope of Arrhenius plot as 16.29±1.40kcal/mol. The Km and Vmax were determined to be 0.27±0.045mM; 30.30±1.30U/ml with NADPH and 0.59±0.060mM; 4.16±0.095U/ml with GSSG respectively. DHBA, a specific inhibitor for GR has completely inhibited the enzyme activity at 1µM concentration. The inhibition of ScGR activity with NAI (IC50 0.71mM), NEM (IC50 0.50mM) and DEPC (IC50 0.27mM) suggested the presence of tyrosine, cysteine and histidine residues at its active site. Further studies on characterization and understanding of these antioxidant enzymes may lead to designing of an effective drug against lymphatic filariasis.
Asunto(s)
Filariasis/parasitología , Glutatión Reductasa/aislamiento & purificación , Estadios del Ciclo de Vida , Setaria (Nematodo)/enzimología , Reductasa de Tiorredoxina-Disulfuro/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Dominio Catalítico , Bovinos , Cromatografía de Afinidad , Cromatografía por Intercambio Iónico , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Femenino , Glutatión Reductasa/metabolismo , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Cinética , Masculino , Peso Molecular , NADP , Oxidación-Reducción , Setaria (Nematodo)/crecimiento & desarrollo , Temperatura , Reductasa de Tiorredoxina-Disulfuro/metabolismoRESUMEN
Crude antigenic preparations from heterologous filarial parasites gave false positive results because of complex nature of these antigens and their cross-reactivity with other helminth parasites. In the present study, efforts have been made to isolate and characterize the antigens from Setaria cervi important for diagnostic purposes. The fractionation of S. cervi somatic antigenic preparation on Sephacryl S-200 resulted in separation of three major antigenic peak fractions. Crossed immunoelectrophoretic analysis, using immune rabbit serum, revealed 13-14 antigens in SFP-I pool fraction, which showed high reactivity with filarial patients sera as compared to other two pool fractions. This SFP-I fraction was further purified by DEAE-Cellulose column chromatography. Out of the 4 antigen pool fractions, DFP-IV fraction showed high ELISA reactivity with filarial patient serum pool (Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi) as compared to other fractions. The SDS-PAGE analysis of DFP-IV fraction revealed 2 major and 1 minor protein bands (mol. wt. range 65-70 kDa). Crossed immunoelectrophoresis also showed the presence of 3 antigenic peaks in DFP-IV fraction. The purified DFP-IV fraction showed high reactivity with filarial patients sera but did not cross-react with sera from ascaris and hookworm infections thereby suggesting the filaria-specificity and potential for immunodiagnosis of human filariasis.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos Helmínticos/inmunología , Brugia Malayi/inmunología , Pruebas Inmunológicas , Setaria (Nematodo)/inmunología , Setariasis/inmunología , Wuchereria bancrofti/inmunología , Animales , Antígenos Helmínticos/análisis , Antígenos Helmínticos/aislamiento & purificación , Brugia Malayi/parasitología , Fraccionamiento Celular , Cromatografía DEAE-Celulosa , Mezclas Complejas/inmunología , Reacciones Cruzadas , Humanos , Sueros Inmunes , Estadios del Ciclo de Vida , Conejos , Setaria (Nematodo)/crecimiento & desarrollo , Setariasis/diagnóstico , Setariasis/parasitología , Wuchereria bancrofti/parasitologíaRESUMEN
Peripheral blood samples were collected randomly from 195 horses in various parts of Hungary, and the presence of microfilariae was evaluated by the Knott technique. On the basis of morphological identification 18 of the horses (9.2 per cent) were infected with Setaria equina, and the infection was confirmed in 10 animals by pcr and sequencing. The level of microfilaraemia was between 1 and 1138 larvae in 2 ml of blood. There was no correlation between the time of sampling or the sex of the animals (stallions versus mares) and the prevalence of infection, but the prevalence decreased with age. There was a significant association between the prevalence of microfilaraemia and the presence of still waters; positive samples were collected either in the region of Lake Balaton, the largest lake in the country, or at places with nearby ponds.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Caballos/epidemiología , Microfilarias/aislamiento & purificación , Setaria (Nematodo)/aislamiento & purificación , Setariasis/epidemiología , Factores de Edad , Animales , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Femenino , Enfermedades de los Caballos/diagnóstico , Caballos , Hungría/epidemiología , Masculino , Microfilarias/crecimiento & desarrollo , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Setaria (Nematodo)/crecimiento & desarrollo , Setariasis/diagnóstico , Factores Sexuales , Agua/parasitologíaRESUMEN
In Taiwan, Setaria digitata infection causes a lumber paralysis in increasing number of cattle. Culex quinquefasciatus is one of the predominant mosquitoes, and it has been suspected that C. quinquefasciatus acts as a vector to Setaria nematodes prevalence but this was not confirmed. C. quinquefasciatus, Aedes albopictus and A. aegypti of various strains were investigated using an artificial infection system to evaluate their vector competence. After blood feeding at day 14, the number of larvae (stage III) per infected mosquito in A. aegypti (Liverpool strain), A. aegypti (Kaohsiung strain), A. aegypti (Tungan strain), C. quinquefasciatus (Taichung strain) and A. albopictus (Taichung strain) was 1.3 +/- 0.1, 1.3 +/- 0.1, 1.4 +/- 0.1, 1.0 +/- 0.0 and 0 +/- 0.0 (mean +/- S.E.M), respectively. The vector efficiency index of A. aegypti (Liverpool) was the highest among mosquitoes whereas A. albopictus showed a complete refractoriness to the infection. In conclusion, C. quinquefasciatus demonstrates its potential competence for serving as a transmission vector of S. digitata. This mosquito might therefore be responsible, at least in part, for the prevalence of cattle lumbar paralysis in Taiwan. This is the first report of C. quinquefasciatu demonstrating its vector competence for S. digitata.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos/parasitología , Culex/parasitología , Insectos Vectores/parasitología , Parálisis/veterinaria , Setaria (Nematodo)/crecimiento & desarrollo , Setariasis/transmisión , Aedes/parasitología , Animales , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/transmisión , Femenino , Parálisis/parasitología , Setariasis/parasitología , TaiwánRESUMEN
Setaria digitata and S. marshalli larvae were observed in the cerebrospinal cavity of 2 paralyzed cattle in Taiwan. The 2 affected cattle showed quadriplegia and lumbar paralysis, respectively. At necropsy, which was performed 7 days after the 7-month-old cattle became quadriplegic, three and nineteen S. marshalli larvae as well as two female adult worms were found in the cranial cavity, spinal cavity and peritoneal cavity of the cattle, respectively. Necropsy on the other 8-month-old cattle was also performed 3 days after it showed lumbar paralysis, and ten S. digitata larvae were found in the spinal cavity. In both cattle, many mononuclear inflammatory cells mixed with a few eosinophils were seen accumulated in the connective tissue around the root of the spinal nerves. Infiltration of eosinophils and mononuclear inflammatory cells into the epidura and arachnoidea of the brain were also observed. The major inflammatory cell was lymphocytes, but neutrophils and eosinophils were also present. The number of cells in the cerebrospinal fluid collected initially from the two affected cattle were 105/0.01 ml and 143/ 0.01 ml, respectively. This is the first report of cerebrospinal setariosis in cattle associated with S. marshalli.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos/parasitología , Setaria (Nematodo)/aislamiento & purificación , Setariasis/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Animales , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Líquido Cefalorraquídeo/parasitología , Femenino , Larva/ultraestructura , Setaria (Nematodo)/crecimiento & desarrollo , Setaria (Nematodo)/ultraestructuraRESUMEN
One 5-month-old female native Korean calf and a 2-year-old female Holstein cow raised in two farms about 4 km apart from each other in Korea, were found to have the left eye opaque, which included motile white worms in the aqueous humor. The parasite removed from the left eye of the calf was identified as Setaria digitata based on both light and electron microscopic features. The ocular infection with S. digitata reported herein may document the first aberrant case in Korean cattle.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos/parasitología , Oftalmopatías/veterinaria , Setaria (Nematodo)/crecimiento & desarrollo , Setariasis/parasitología , Animales , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/cirugía , Oftalmopatías/parasitología , Oftalmopatías/cirugía , Femenino , Corea (Geográfico) , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo/veterinaria , Setaria (Nematodo)/ultraestructura , Setariasis/cirugíaRESUMEN
The antifilarial drug diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) is known to mediate in vivo microfilaricidal activity in conjunction with the host immune system. In this study passive transfer of antibodies to DEC elicited by immunization with methyl piperazine carboxylic acid (MPCA) coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA), was found to potentiate microfilaricidal activity of subcurative doses of DEC in Setaria digitata infected Mastomys coucha. Active immunization of microfilaraemic animals with MPCA-BSA followed by administration of subcurative doses of DEC also resulted in rapid clearance of microfilaraemia in both S. digitata and Brugia malayi infected M. coucha indicating the synergistic activity of DEC and the antibodies to the drug. Since some of the filarial antibodies are known to react with DEC, it is proposed that such antibodies may potentiate the microfilaricidal activity of the drug in vivo.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos/inmunología , Brugia Malayi/crecimiento & desarrollo , Dietilcarbamazina/inmunología , Filariasis/parasitología , Filaricidas/inmunología , Piperazinas/inmunología , Setaria (Nematodo)/crecimiento & desarrollo , Setariasis/parasitología , Aedes/parasitología , Animales , Femenino , Filariasis/terapia , Masculino , Muridae , Parasitemia , Albúmina Sérica/inmunología , Setariasis/terapiaRESUMEN
Eight calves born in November-December of 1992 were necropsied at the age of 29-230 days in an attempt to estimate the life span of Setaria marshalli in Japan. Worm ages were estimated on the base of active season for mosquitoes. Thirty worms estimated 4-9 months old recovered from 4 calves were all alive in the peritoneal cavity. Thirty-five out of 50 worms estimated 7-13 months old were dead with being entrapped by fibrin on the peritoneum. It is speculated that this is a normal fate of this parasite at the end of its life, and therefore, the life span of S. marshalli would be approximately one year after prenatal infection.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos/parasitología , Cavidad Peritoneal/parasitología , Setaria (Nematodo)/fisiología , Setariasis/parasitología , Envejecimiento/fisiología , Animales , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/epidemiología , Femenino , Japón/epidemiología , Masculino , Prevalencia , Setaria (Nematodo)/crecimiento & desarrollo , Setariasis/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
The development of Dirofilaria repens, D immitis and Setaria labiatopapillosa up to L3 stage was documented in a laboratory colony of Aedes albopictus originating from specimens collected in Civitavecchia (Central Italy). The susceptibility of Ae albopictus and its plastic trophic habits, strongly suggest that this mosquito may contribute to the spreading of these nematodes in the country. It is particularly emphasized the danger for human health of an increased probability of transmission of Dirofilaria in urban areas.
Asunto(s)
Aedes/parasitología , Dirofilaria/crecimiento & desarrollo , Insectos Vectores/parasitología , Setaria (Nematodo)/crecimiento & desarrollo , Animales , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/transmisión , Dirofilaria/aislamiento & purificación , Dirofilaria immitis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Dirofilaria immitis/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades de los Perros/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Perros/transmisión , Perros , Enfermedades de los Caballos/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Caballos/transmisión , Caballos , Interacciones Huésped-Parásitos , Humanos , Italia , Setariasis/transmisiónRESUMEN
Blood samples from 407 bovines of "Azienda Marianis", a farm in Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italy, were examined for microfilariae; 143 (35.1%) were positive. A survey in other 23 farms of dairy cattle from 6 Communes of the Province of Udine revealed a prevalence of 11.28%. The prevalence was significantly correlated with the age of animals; in cow was lower than in young animals. Blood microfilariae (210) and adult females (15) were identified as Setaria labiatopapillosa.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos/epidemiología , Parasitemia/veterinaria , Setaria (Nematodo)/aislamiento & purificación , Setariasis/epidemiología , Factores de Edad , Animales , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/parasitología , Femenino , Italia/epidemiología , Masculino , Microfilarias , Parasitemia/epidemiología , Parasitemia/parasitología , Prevalencia , Setaria (Nematodo)/crecimiento & desarrollo , Setaria (Nematodo)/ultraestructura , Setariasis/parasitologíaRESUMEN
Filarial nematodes are highly successful in invading, persisting and propagating in human body and eliciting severe ailments. The exact mechanism by which, filarial nematodes evade the host immunity is still ill-defined. The present investigation on the surface antigens of S. digitata revealed the occurrence of shared antigens in the egg, embryo, mf and adult stages. All these stages showed exposed carbohydrate moieties on their surface. In situ localization studies proved that the egg and embryo have exposed surface epitopes whereas the microfilariae and adults did not have any such epitopes. Based on these observations, a model has been proposed on "the surface epitope hiding", as an immunoevasive strategy of the filarial parasite which explains why the naturally shed surface antigens evoke antifilarial immune response in the host even though the system could not recognize the microfilariae or adult parasite due to lack of exposed surface epitopes, permitting the parasite to escape successfully from immune rejection. As treatment with detergents leads to exposure of surface epitopes of parasites, a safe intervention of parasite surface would be an effective strategy for detection and ultimate control of filariasis.