RESUMEN
The rise of experimentation and the decline of natural history constitute the historiographic backbone to most narratives about the history of the life sciences in the twentieth century. As I argue here, however, natural history practices, such as the collection adn comparison of data from numerous species, adn experimental practices have actually converged throughout the century, giving rise to a new hybrid research culture which is essential to the contemporary life sciences. Looking at some examples of researchers who studied experimentally the relationships between organisms offers a unique window into how the norms, values, and practices of natural history entered the laboratory and, conversely, how the norms, values, and practices of experimentation transformed natural history. this paper concentrates on a largely overlooked episode in the history of the life sciences: the development of Alan A. Boyden's serological taxonomy. In the United States, from the late 1920s to the early 1960s, he was the most prominent advocate of this experimental approach in natural history. His quest for an objective method to understand the relationships among species, his creation of a serological museum where he could apply his comparative perspective, and his continued negotiations between natural historical and experimental traditions, illustrate the rise of a new hybrid research culture in the twentieth century. It also helps us solve a historiographic puzzle, namely how biological diversity become so central in the experimental life sciences, i.e., in a tradition which we generally understand as having focused on a few model organisms, and which relegated the study of biodiversity to naturalists and their museums.
Asunto(s)
Disciplinas de las Ciencias Biológicas , Clasificación , Genómica , Personal de Laboratorio Clínico , Museos , Serología , Artefactos , Disciplinas de las Ciencias Biológicas/educación , Disciplinas de las Ciencias Biológicas/historia , Genómica/educación , Genómica/historia , Historiografía , Historia del Siglo XX , Personal de Laboratorio Clínico/educación , Personal de Laboratorio Clínico/historia , Personal de Laboratorio Clínico/psicología , Métodos , Museos/historia , Historia Natural/educación , Historia Natural/historia , Investigadores/educación , Investigadores/historia , Investigadores/psicología , Serología/educación , Serología/historia , Estados Unidos/etnologíaRESUMEN
The aim of the paper is to analyse the introduction, use and diffusion of the serological surveys, a public health technology on the borderline between epidemiology and laboratory, in connection with poliomyelitis in Spain during the Francoism period. Within the framework of the "new history" of medical technologies and innovations, the serological surveys played an important role both in the improvement of knowledge on socio-demographic distribution and the health politics arena.
Asunto(s)
Técnicas de Laboratorio Clínico , Programas de Inmunización , Poliomielitis , Práctica de Salud Pública , Serología , Condiciones Sociales , Vacunación , Técnicas de Laboratorio Clínico/historia , Técnicas de Laboratorio Clínico/psicología , Epidemiología/educación , Epidemiología/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Programas de Inmunización/economía , Programas de Inmunización/historia , Personal de Laboratorio Clínico/educación , Personal de Laboratorio Clínico/historia , Personal de Laboratorio Clínico/psicología , Poliomielitis/etnología , Poliomielitis/historia , Poliovirus , Vacunas contra Poliovirus/historia , Política , Salud Pública/economía , Salud Pública/educación , Salud Pública/historia , Práctica de Salud Pública/economía , Práctica de Salud Pública/historia , Política Pública , Pruebas Serológicas/historia , Serología/educación , Serología/historia , Condiciones Sociales/economía , Condiciones Sociales/historia , Condiciones Sociales/legislación & jurisprudencia , España/etnología , Vacunación/economía , Vacunación/historia , Vacunación/psicologíaRESUMEN
The Brazilian External Quality Assessment Program in Immunohematology (BEQAPI) was introduced with the objective of evaluating the quality of diagnosis in immunohematology. From 1992 to 2003, proficiency tests for ABO grouping, Rh (D, C, c, E, e), K phenotyping, direct antiglobulin testing (DAT), antibody screening (AS), and antibody identification (AI) were performed. A total of 41 evaluations were carried out in 223 institutions. Over the period of 12 years, the program included 8,014 ABO typing, 8,000 RhD typing, 5,193 Rh typing (C, c, E, e), 5,101 K phenotyping, 7,939 AS, 4,533 AI, and 7,912 DATs. Erroneous responses were classified as clerical, technical, or undetermined. A substantial proportion of erroneous responses due to clerical errors occurred in ABO typing (76/76 errors), RhD typing (34/58 errors), and Rh phenotyping (50/73 errors). Technical errors occurred predominantly for weak D (91/95 errors), AS (252/301 errors), and AI (321/335 errors). Based on these results, since 1996, participants have received "Questions and Case Studies" in Immunohematology as an incentive for training and education. The results of the present study show an improvement in the performance of participants in the course of the program. We found that a well-organized external proficiency program can contribute to the improvement of quality of testing in Immunohematology.
Asunto(s)
Tipificación y Pruebas Cruzadas Sanguíneas/normas , Técnicas Inmunológicas/normas , Sistema del Grupo Sanguíneo ABO/análisis , Brasil , Prueba de Coombs/normas , Errores Diagnósticos/prevención & control , Humanos , Control de Calidad , Sistema del Grupo Sanguíneo Rh-Hr/análisis , Serología/educaciónRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To compare performance of students instructed by cooperative learning (CL) activities with those taught by lecture. A secondary objective was to assess students' perceptions about their ability to work in teams before and after their exposure to these instructional approaches. DESIGN/SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: CL was incorporated into the immunology/serology course of a university-based clinical laboratory science (CLS) program. Twenty-two students participated in a 4-week study and were randomly assigned to one of two study groups. INTERVENTION: One group received the course material by CL activities, and the other group was exposed to the material through lecture. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURE: Mean examination scores for CL and lecture groups were compared using an independent samples t-test. Teamwork knowledge, skills, and attitude (KSA) assessment rated students' perceptions of their ability to work in a team environment pre and post tests were compared using a 2 x 2 repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS: No significant difference was found between mean examination scores of students who acquired their knowledge by CL activities (85.09%) and those taught by lecture (82.18%). Teamwork KSA means scores pre and post tests (22.5, 22.6 CL; 22.7, 21.6 lecture) were not significantly different. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that the incorporation of CL activities did not reduce the students' academic performance or self-perceptions of their ability to work in teams. The use of CL in the classroom, student laboratory, or clinical setting may help prepare students for the role they will be expected to perform as laboratory professionals.
Asunto(s)
Alergia e Inmunología/educación , Conducta Cooperativa , Personal de Laboratorio Clínico/educación , Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas , Serología/educación , Adulto , Curriculum , Femenino , Humanos , Relaciones Interprofesionales , Masculino , AutoimagenRESUMEN
Postgraduate 6-month programs as specialty training in the immunoserological laboratory are proposed. These include seven general instructional objectives, ten specific behavioral objectives (SBOs) in the cognitive domain, four SBOs in the affective domain and eight SBOs in the psychomotor domain.
Asunto(s)
Curriculum , Educación de Postgrado en Medicina , Patología Clínica/educación , Serología/educación , HumanosRESUMEN
A programme for external quality control in blood group serology has been run in Norway since 1983 by the National Institute of Public Health. Uncomplicated AB0 and Rh(D) grouping, including Du typing, has been performed satisfactorily. Rh(D) grouping of presensitized, Rh (D) negative cells is still a problem, but one which has been reduced significantly. Both indirect and direct antiglobulin reactions have given about 15% false negative results, mainly with weak antibodies and weakly sensitized cells. Poor training of technicians in reading weak agglutination reactions may be an important source of error. The importance of post-graduate training of blood bank staff is emphasized.