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Acute rhinosinusitis is a common condition, mainly of viral etiology and self-limiting course. There is coexistence of microbiological agents that favor bacterial superinfection. Therefore, it is necessary to know evidence that supports diagnostic approach in adults out- patients. Having reviewed the evidence, we mention the isolated symptoms and signs have such a low performance to guide the diagnostic approach, some with statistical evidence such as hemifacial pain, colored nasal discharge and radiographic alterations suggestive of rhinosinusitis. Also, it is possible to improve clinical performance by combining suggestive findings. The imaging study has little evidence that supports them, because non-specific and non-concordant findings. Finally, empirical management with antibiotics does not statistically or clinically modify the evolution of an acute non-complicated condition.

La rinosinusitis aguda es una condición frecuente, principalmente de etiología viral y de curso autolimitado. Existe coexistencia de agentes microbiológicos que favorece la sobreinfección bacteriana. Por ello, es necesario conocer la evidencia que dirige el enfrentamiento diagnóstico en pacientes adultos ambulatorios. Habiéndose revisado la evidencia, mencionamos que los síntomas y signos aislados poseen bajo rendimiento para guiar el proceso diagnóstico, destacando algunos con mejores atributos diagnósticos, pero de significancia estadística bastante discreta, como lo son el dolor hemifacial, la descarga nasal coloreada y alteraciones de la radiografía sugerentes de rinosinusitis. También, que se puede mejorar discretamente el rendimiento clínico combinando algunos de estos hallazgos sugerentes. El estudio imagenológico posee poca evidencia que lo respalde, dado la presencia de hallazgos inespecíficos o no concordantes, inclusive en pacientes asintomáticos. Finalmente, respecto de manejo empírico con antibióticos, destaca que su uso no modifica estadística ni clínicamente la evolución de un cuadro agudo no complicado.

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Introducción: La cirugía endoscópica nasosinusal (CEN) de cavidades paranasales es un tratamiento ampliamente utilizado para la rinosinusitis crónica, con un impacto significativo en mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de la CEN en la calidad de vida en pacientes con diagnóstico de rinosinusitis crónica en una cohorte nacional y a largo plazo (1 año). Material y Método: Se realizó un estudio de cohorte prospectiva. Se incluyó 95 pacientes con diagnóstico de RSC operados en el servicio de otorrinolaringología del hospital del Salvador en el período 2017-2021. Se compararon síntomas como obstrucción nasal, rinorrea, descarga posterior, algia facial e hiposmia, además de la encuesta SNOT-22 pre y post cirugía utilizando como medidas la escala visual análoga (EVA) de sintomatología cardinal de RSC y SNOT-22. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron una mejoría significativa en todos los síntomas evaluados. La obstrucción nasal, rinorrea, descarga posterior, hiposmia y algia facial presentaron una disminución estadísticamente significativa después de la CEN. Además, la encuesta de calidad de vida SNOT-22 reveló una mejora significativa en la calidad de vida de los pacientes después de la cirugía. Conclusión: Este estudio sugiere que la CEN podría tener un impacto significativo en la mejora de los síntomas y la calidad de vida de los pacientes con rinosinusitis crónica. Los resultados de esta cohorte nacional respaldan la efectividad de la CEN como tratamiento para esta enfermedad a largo plazo (1 año) y destacan la importancia de considerar esta opción terapéutica en el manejo de la RSC.

Introduction: Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is a widely employed treatment for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and has shown significant benefits in enhancing the quality of life for affected patients. Objective: To assess the impact of FESS on the quality of life in patients diagnosed with chronic rhinosinusitis in a national and longterm cohort (1 year). Material and Method: A prospective cohort study was conducted at the otolaryngology service of Hospital del Salvador between 2017 and 2021, involving 95 patients diagnosed with CRS who underwent FESS. Symptoms such as nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, posterior discharge, facial pain, and hyposmia were evaluated. The visual analog scale (VAS) was used to measure the cardinal symptoms of CRS, and the SNOT-22 survey was administered before and after the surgical procedure. Results: The study demonstrated a significant improvement in all evaluated symptoms following FESS. Nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, posterior discharge, hyposmia, and facial pain exhibited a statistically significant decrease. Moreover, the SNOT-22 survey revealed a notable enhancement in the quality of life for patients after surgery. Conclusion: The highlights of this national cohort support the impact of FESS in alleviating symptoms and improving the quality of life for patients diagnosed with chronic rhinosinusitis. The findings provide strong evidence supporting the effectiveness of FESS as a treatment option for CRS and emphasize the importance of considering this surgical approach in the management of this condition.

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This study explores for the first time the shape, volume, and configuration of nasal cavity structures of the endangered Patagonian huemul deer via computed tomography (CT). Three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions derived from data sets obtained from five Patagonian huemul deer skulls were analyzed. Using semiautomatic segmentation, 3D models were created of all the sinus compartments and nasal conchae. Volumetric measurements were taken of seven sinus compartments. The Patagonian huemul deer has a wide, large nasal cavity, with an osseous nasal aperture typical of cervids and a choana with characteristics that differentiate it from the pudu and roe deer. It also has six nasal meatuses and three nasal conchae, with the ventral nasal concha having the greatest volume and surface, which given its extension ensures a greater ability to humidify and heat the air. Further analysis showed the complex system of paranasal sinuses to be characterized by a rostroventral and interconnected group, where communication with the nasal cavity is common through the nasomaxillary opening, and a caudodorsal group that communicates with the nasal cavity through openings in the nasal meatuses. Our study of the endangered Patagonian huemul deer documents an intricate, and in some nasal cavity structures, unique morphological construction which may predispose it to higher rates of sinonasal afflictions due largely to its nasal complex anatomy, thus affecting its high cultural value.

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PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To review the effects of endoscopic sinus surgery and endonasal approaches to the skull base on olfaction. RECENT FINDINGS: Advancements in endonasal endoscopic approaches to the sinuses and skull base allow for direct treatment of a variety of sinonasal and skull base diseases. However, these extended approaches will often require manipulation of normal anatomical structures and the olfactory neuroepithelium. Depending on the planned procedure and extent of disease, the prognosis of olfactory perception can vary significantly among patients. Endoscopic sinonasal surgical procedures may impact olfaction. Optimizing olfactory function requires proper surgical techniques, gentle handling of tissue, and perioperative care. Surgeons must discuss objectives and manage patient expectations. Routine olfactory assessment is crucial in surgical work-up and follow-up. Preserving anatomical structures while addressing the obstruction of the olfactory cleft helps to prevent decreased olfactory threshold. However, smell identification and discrimination do not always correlate with sinonasal anatomy.

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Drowning is a significant global cause of unintentional injury fatalities, and accurate forensic diagnosis of drowning remains a challenge due to the nonspecific nature of post-mortem findings obtained through classical autopsy methods. Our manuscript addresses this issue by focusing on the emerging use of paranasal sinus fluid as a valuable tool in determining the cause of death, specifically in distinguishing drowning from non-drowning cases. The study provided a comprehensive summary of available evidence from observational studies that compared findings in the paranasal sinuses between drowning and non-drowning victims, analyzing parameters such as the presence of fluid, fluid volume, and density. The study encompassed a total of 14 selected studies involving 1044 subjects and utilized rigorous risk of bias assessment and data synthesis techniques. The meta-analysis demonstrated a strong association between the presence of fluid in the paranasal sinuses and drowning (OR = 17.1; 95% CI 7.2 to 40.5; p < 0.001). In addition, drowning victims had a significantly greater volume of fluid (SMD = 0.8; 95% CI 0.5 to 1.2; p < 0.001) and lower fluid density (SMD = -1.4; 95% -2.5 to -0.4; p = 0.008) compared to non-drowning cases. The results support the utility of paranasal sinus fluid analysis as a valuable diagnostic method in cases where drowning is suspected but cannot be definitively confirmed through traditional approaches.

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OBJECTIVES: For the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis functional endoscopic sinus surgery is a well-established therapy with high initial success rates. However, a significant proportion of patients have persistent disease requiring revision surgery. To date, studies including data of large patient collectives are missing. In this study, we aimed to identify anatomic factors increasing the need for revision surgery in a large patient collective with chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps. METHODS: Data were collected retrospectively on patients with recurrent or persistent chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps requiring revision surgery. The patients' symptomatology, endoscopic and radiographic findings were analyzed. Preoperatively, patients were evaluated with endoscopic examination of the nose and paranasal sinuses. In all individuals computed tomography of the sinuses was performed. Images were evaluated according to the Lund-Mackay system. Information was also collected intraoperatively. RESULTS: 253 patients were included. The most common anatomic factor was incomplete anterior ethmoidectomy (51%), followed by residual uncinated process (37%), middle turbinate lateralization (25%), incomplete posterior ethmoidectomy (20%), frontal recess scarring (19%), and middle meatal stenosis (9%). Other factors such as persistent sphenoid pathology was less frequent. CONCLUSION: Iatrogenic causes with inadequate resection of obstructing structures seem to be a principal risk factor for recurrent chronic rhinosinusitis and the need for revision sinus surgery. Meticulous attention in the area of the ostiomeatal complex during surgery with ventilation of obstructed anatomy as well as avoidance of scarring and turbinate destabilization may reduce the failure rate after primary endoscopic sinus surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2b.

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SUMMARY: Variations in the paranasal sinuses and pneumatizations originating from these structures are clinically important for surgical procedures to be performed in the nose and nasal cavity regions. No systematic review examining the sinus septi nasi, crista galli and other minor pneumatizations was found in the literature review. This study aimed to review the papers in the literature including the sinus septi nasi, crista galli and other minor pneumatizations and standardize the mean incidence, distribution by sex, age and origin of these structures. Furthermore, it was aimed to examine the height, length, and width values of sinus septi nasi and crista galli pneumatizations, determine the measurement intervals and measurement values, and standardize them. The studies involving these pneumatizations were reviewed from various databases. After being evaluated according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 35 articles between the years 1991-2021 were reviewed. Based on the data obtained from these articles, we examined the incidence of sinus septi nasi, crista galli, and other minor pneumatizations. Middle nasal turbinate pneumatization had the highest incidence among all these pneumatizations. Uncinate process pneumatization had the lowest incidence. Considering the distribution by sex, no difference was found. Upon examining the age range, there were people aged between 1-95 years, and the mean age range was 33.05-41.48. The length, width and height values of crista galli and sinus septi nasi could not be standardized due to the insufficient number of studies and variable data in the literature. We believe that our study will contribute to similar future studies in larger populations with the clinical procedures to be performed in and around the nasal cavity.

Las variaciones en los senos paranasales y las neumatizaciones que se originan en estas estructuras son clínicamente importantes para los procedimientos quirúrgicos que se realizan en las regiones de la nariz y la cavidad nasal. En la revisión de la literatura no se encontró ninguna revisión sistemática que examinara el seno septi nasi, la crista galli y otras neumatizaciones menores. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo revisar los trabajos en la literatura que incluyen el seno septi nasi, la crista galli y otras neumatizaciones menores y estandarizar la incidencia media, la distribución por sexo, edad y origen de estas estructuras. Además, tuvo como objetivo examinar los valores de altura, longitud y ancho de las neumatizaciones del seno septi nasi y crista galli, determinar los intervalos de medición y los valores de medición, y estandarizarlos. Los estudios relacionados con estas neumatizaciones se revisaron a partir de varias bases de datos. Luego de ser evaluados según los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se revisaron 35 artículos entre los años 1991-2021. Sobre la base de los datos obtenidos de estos artículos, examinamos la incidencia de septi nasi nasi, crista galli y otras neumatizaciones menores. La neumatización de la concha nasal media tuvo la mayor incidencia entre todas estas neumatizaciones. La neumatización del proceso uncinado tuvo la menor incidencia. Considerando la distribución por sexo, no se encontró diferencia. Al examinar el rango de edad, había personas con edades entre 1 y 95 años, y el rango de edad promedio fue de 33,05 a 41,48. Los valores de longitud, ancho y altura de crista galli y seno septi nasi no pudieron estandarizarse debido a la cantidad insuficiente de estudios y datos variables en la literatura. Creemos que nuestro estudio contribuirá a futuras investigaciones similares en poblaciones más grandes con los procedimientos clínicos que se realizarán en y alrededor de la cavidad nasal.

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Introducción: las variantes anatómicas nasosinusales pueden ser una causa frecuente de infecciones crónicas, y resulta importante identificarlas en la práctica diaria. Objetivo: determinar la asociación entre las variantes anatómicas del complejo osteomeatal (COM) y el desarrollo de patologías inflamatorias nasosinusales. Materiales y métodos: estudio de casos y controles, muestra de 226 pacientes identificando las variantes anatómicas del COM en la tomografía computada (TAC) de senos paranasales (SPN) y su correlación clínica. Resultados: el 51,9 % presentaron hallazgos imagenológicos indicativos de patología inflamatoria nasosinusal y el 19,8 % reportaron sintomatología sugestiva de sinusitis en la historia clínica. Los SPN más afectados fueron: maxilares (46,9 %) y etmoidales (23 %). Las variantes anatómicas más frecuentes fueron las celdillas de Agger Nasi (50,2 %) y la desviación septal (46,2 %). Se encontró como variable estadísticamente significativa la inserción lateral de la apófisis unciforme (p = 0,015) más frecuente del lado izquierdo (p = 0.018, odds ratio [OR] = 4,078, intervalo de confianza [IC] 95 % = 1,3-12,6). Discusión: Se confirmó la incidencia de las variantes anatómicas más frecuentes en la literatura, sin embargo, no se correlacionan con los hallazgos clínicos para la serie de pacientes estudiada en comparación con otros estudios. Existe una alta relación entre la inserción lateral de apófisis unciforme y hallazgos de rinosinusitis escasamente documentados en la literatura médica. Conclusión: se requieren más estudios sobre modelos predictivos en muestras poblacionales mayores y protocolos de lectura TAC enfocados sobre diferentes variantes anatómicas de la apófisis unciforme.

Introduction: Sinonasal anatomical variants can be a frequent cause of chronic in- fections, so it is important to identify them in daily practice. Objective: To determine the association between the anatomical variants of the osteomeatal complex (OCM) and the development of sinonasal inflammatory pathologies. Materials and methods: Case-control study, a sample of 226 patients is analyzed identifying the anatomical variants of OCM in computed tomography of the paranasal sinuses and their clinical correlation. Results: 51.9% presented imaging findings indicative of sinonasal in- flammatory disease, 19.8% reported symptoms suggestive of sinusitis in the clinical history. The most affected paranasal sinuses were: maxillary (46.9%) and ethmoid (23%). The most frequent anatomical variants were Agger Nasi cells (50.2%) and septal deviation (46.2%). The lateral insertion of the uncinate process (p=0.015) was a statistically significant variable, more frequent on the left side (p=0.018, odds ratio [OR]=4.078, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.3-12.6). Discussion: The incidence of the most frequent anatomical variants in the literature was confirmed, however not correlated with the clinical findings for the series of patients studied in comparison with other studies. There is a high relationship between the lateral insertion of the uncinate process and rhinosinusitis findings that are scarcely documented in the medical literature. Conclusion: More studies are required on predictive models in larger population samples and tomographic reading protocols focused on different anatomical variants of the uncinate process

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OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of the optic canal anatomical variants across the sphenoid sinus varies widely among different ethnic groups. This study aimed to analyse the anatomical variants of the optic canal and their relationship to sphenoid sinus pneumatisation in a Hispanic population. METHOD: A review of 320 sphenoid sinuses by high-resolution computed tomography was performed. DeLano's classification of the optic canal, presence of dehiscence, septa insertion, sphenoid sinus pneumatisation and presence of Onodi cells were established. RESULTS: Dehiscence of the optic canal was observed in 4.7 per cent (n = 15) of the analysed sinuses. Type 4 and 3 optic canals were significantly more frequent among postsellar sphenoid sinuses than other patterns of sphenoid sinus pneumatisation (p = 0.002 and p = 0.018). A type 4 optic canal has a higher tendency to present inserted septum than other optic canal types (p = 0.014). CONCLUSION: This study described the optic canal variants in a Hispanic population, which complements existing literature addressing other ethnicities.

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Introdução: A Trombose Séptica do Seio Cavernoso é uma condição rara, de difícil diagnóstico e seu tratamento deve ser incisivo e assertivo. Mais frequentemente a etiologia da trombose é a extensão de processos infecciosos no terço médio da face, como sinusites dos seios paranasais. Objetivo: Esse trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar um relato de caso clínico de um paciente de 26 anos acometido por trombose séptica do seio cavernoso odontogênica. Relato de caso: O paciente foi submetido a duas drenagens cirúrgicas dos sítios infectados, assim como remoção das causas (dois molares superiores), seguidas de antibioticoretapia endovenosa e controles imaginológico e laboratorial. Conclusão: O diagnóstico precoce e etiologicamente correto seguido de um tratamento clínico e cirúrgico emergente e incisivo são fundamentais na resolução favorável da trombose séptica do seio cavernoso e na diminuição de suas sequelas... (AU)

Introduction: Septic Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis is a rare condition, hard to diagnose and its treatment must be incisive and assertive. More often the etiology of thrombosis is the extension of infectious processes in the middle third of the face, such as sinusitis of the paranasal sinuses. Objectives: This paper aims to present a case report of a 26-year-old patient with odontogenic Cavernous Sinus Septic Thrombosis. Case Report: The patient underwent two surgical drainage of the infected sites, as well as removal of the causes (two maxillary molars), followed by intravenous antibiotic therapy and imaging and laboratory controls. Conclusion: Early and etiologically correct diagnosis followed by an emergent and incisive clinical and surgical treatment are fundamental in the favorable resolution of septic cavernous sinus thrombosis and in the reduction of its sequelae... (AU)

Introducción: La Trombosis del Seno Cavernoso Séptico es una condición rara, difícil de diagnosticar y su tratamiento debe ser incisivo y asertivo. Más a menudo, la etiología de la trombosis es la extensión de procesos infecciosos en el tercio medio de la cara, como la sinusitis de los senos paranasales. Objetivos: El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo presentar el reporte de un caso de un paciente de 26 años con Trombosis Séptica del Seno Cavernoso odontogénica. Reporte de caso: El paciente fue sometido a dos drenajes quirúrgicos de los sitios infectados, así como a la extirpación de las causas (dos molares maxilares), seguido de antibioticoterapia endovenosa y controles de imagen y laboratorio. Conclusión: El diagnóstico precoz y etiologicamente correcto seguido de un tratamiento clínico y quirúrgico emergente e incisivo son fundamentales en la resolución favorable de la trombosis del seno cavernoso séptico y en la reducción de sus secuelas... (AU)

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Abstract Introduction: Chronic rhinosinusitis is an inflammatory condition of the nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses that requires multifactorial treatment. Xylitol can be employed with nasal irrigation and can provide better control of the disease. Objective: To evaluate the association between the effects of nasal lavage with saline solution compared to nasal lavage with a xylitol solution. Methods: Fifty-two patients, divided into two groups (n = 26 in the "Xylitol" group and n = 26 in the "Saline solution" group) answered questionnaires validated in Portuguese (NOSE and SNOT-22) about their nasal symptoms and general symptoms, before and after endonasal endoscopic surgery and after a period of 30 days of nasal irrigation. Results: The "Xylitol" group showed significant improvement in pain relief and nasal symptom reduction after surgery and nasal irrigation with xylitol solution (p < 0.001). The "Saline solution" group also showed symptom improvement, but on a smaller scale. Conclusion: This study suggests that the xylitol solution can be useful in the postoperative period after endonasal endoscopic surgery, because it leads to a greater reduction in nasal symptoms.

Resumo Introdução: Rinossinusite crônica é um quadro de inflamação da cavidade nasal e dos seios paranasais que necessita de tratamento multifatorial. O xilitol pode ser associado às irrigações nasais e pode prover melhor controle da doença. Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre os efeitos da lavagem nasal com solução fisiológica em comparação à lavagem nasal com solução de xilitol. Método: Divididos em dois grupos (n = 26 no grupo Xilitol e n = 26 no grupo Soro), 52 pacientes responderam à questionários validados em língua portuguesa (NOSE e SNOT-22) sobre seus sintomas nasais e sintomas gerais, antes e depois de cirurgia endoscópica endonasal e após um período de 30 dias de irrigação nasal. Resultados: O grupo Xilitol apresentou melhoria significativa dos sintomas de dor e sintomas nasais após a cirurgia e a irrigação nasal com solução de xilitol (p < 0,001). O grupo Soro também apresentou melhoria dos sintomas, porém em menor escala. Conclusão: Este estudo sugere que a solução de xilitol pode ser usada no período pós-operatório de cirurgia endoscópica endonasal por levar a uma maior redução nos sintomas nasais.

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A mucormicose é uma infecção fúngica angioinvasiva que afeta uma ampla faixa etária, geralmente imunodeprimidos, sem predileção por gênero ou raça e com alta taxa de mortalidade. Essa infecção inicia se no nariz, devido à inalação dos esporos, podendo-se espalhar pelos seios paranasais, órbita e estruturas intracranianas. As características clínicas incluem parestesia perinasal, celulite periorbitária, rinorréia, obstrução nasal, epistaxe e diminuição de peso. O tratamento efetivo dessa comorbidade compoe uma combinação de manejo clínico e medicamentoso, conjuntamente com desbridamento cirúrgico radical do tecido infectado e/ou necrótico. O caso clínico descrito nesse trabalho refere-se a uma paciente diagnosticada com Mucormicose rino maxilar e diabetes do tipo II, a qual foi submetida a procedimento cirúrgico de hemimaxilectomia do lado esquerdo com posterior reabilitação protética para selamento de comunicação buco-naso-sino-etmoidal... (AU)

Mucormycosis is an angioinvasive fungal infection that affects a wide age group, usually immunocompromised, with no gender or race predilection, and with a high mortality rate. This infection starts in the nose, due to the inhalation of spores, and can spread through the paranasal sinuses, orbit and intracranial structures. Clinical features include perinasal paresthesia, periorbital cellulitis, rhinorrhea, nasal obstruction, epistaxis and weight loss. Effective treatment of this comorbidity comprises a combination of clinical and drug management, together with radical surgical debridement of infected and/or necrotic tissue. The clinical case described in this work refers to a patient diagnosed with Mucormycosis Rhinomaxilla and Type II diabetes, who underwent a surgical procedure of left hemimaxillectomy with subsequent prosthetic rehabilitation for sealing of the bucco nasal-sino-ethmoidal communication... (AU)

La mucormicosis es una micosis angioinvasiva que afecta a un amplio grupo de edad, habitualmente inmunodeprimidos, sin predilección de género ni raza, y con una alta tasa de mortalidad. Esta infección comienza en la nariz, debido a la inhalación de esporas, y puede extenderse a través de los senos paranasales, la órbita y las estructuras intracraneales. Las características clínicas incluyen parestesia perinasal, celulitis periorbitaria, rinorrea, obstrucción nasal, epistaxis y pérdida de peso. El tratamiento eficaz de esta comorbilidad comprende una combinación de manejo clínico y farmacológico, junto con un desbridamiento quirúrgico radical del tejido infectado y / o necrótico. El caso clínico descrito en este trabajo se refiere a una paciente diagnosticada de Mucormicosis Rinomaxilar y diabetes Tipo II, que fue sometida a un procedimiento quirúrgico de hemimaxilectomía izquierda con posterior rehabilitación protésica para sellar la comunicación buco-nasal-sino-etmoidal... (AU)

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The present article focuses on the analysis of the nasal cavity's anatomy succinctly and descriptively. This essay was carried out through a bibliographic review, directed to the detailed anatomy of the nasal cavity, and the structures that form its sinuses. We have identified the need formore studies directed to the related anatomical area so that the improved knowledge of this region ensures a nasoendoscopic treatment with better effectiveness and no complications.

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OBJECTIVES: To highlight the prevalence of respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartomas in the olfactory cleft of patients with nasal polyposis. To demonstrate characteristics indicative of hamartoma on the CT scans of paranasal sinuses during surgery and in histopathological exams. METHODS: Cross-sectional study carried out in Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG and Núcleo de Otorrino BH. We performed 114 nasal endoscopic surgeries for polyposis, between February 2015 and November 2019. We assessed the olfactory cleft width in all preoperative CT scans. Upon seeing an indication of hamartoma on the CT scan, we took a tissue sample from the olfactory cleft during the surgery and sent for histopathological exam. We referred the samples to a pathologist experienced in the anatomopathological diagnosis of respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartomas. RESULTS: Of the 114 patients with polyposis, 54 (47.4%) had olfactory cleft enlargement and, 100% of them had tissue with a dense and hardened polypoid aspect, with a slight cerebriform appearance in this region during the surgery. Histology confirmed a respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma. CONCLUSION: This observation suggests that the presence of hamartomas in polyposis is common, but underdiagnosed. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Step 3 (Level 3).

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Recent studies have analyzed and described the endocranial cavities of caviomorph rodents. However, no study has documented the changes in the morphology and relative size of such cavities during ontogeny. Expecting to contribute to the discussion of the endocranial spaces of extinct caviomorphs, we aimed to characterize the cranial endocast morphology and paranasal sinuses of the largest living rodent, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, by focusing on its ontogenetic growth patterns. We analyzed 12 specimens of different ontogenetic stages and provided a comparison with other cavioids. Our study demonstrates that the adult cranial endocast of H. hydrochaeris is characterized by olfactory bulbs with an irregular shape, showing an elongated olfactory tract without a clear circular fissure, a marked temporal region that makes the endocast with rhombus outline, and gyrencephaly. Some of these traits change as the brain grows. The cranial pneumatization is present in the frontal and lacrimal bones. We identified two recesses (frontal and lacrimal) and one sinus (frontal). These pneumatic cavities increase their volume as the cranium grows, covering the cranial region of the cranial endocast. The encephalization quotient was calculated for each specimen, demonstrating that it decreases as the individual grows, being much higher in younger specimens than in adults. Our results show that the ontogenetic stage can be a confounding factor when it comes to the general patterns of encephalization of extinct rodents, reinforcing the need for paleobiologists to take the age of the specimens into account in future studies on this subject to avoid age-related biases.

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The evolution of Thalattosuchia documents the unique shift among Crocodylomorpha from aquatic continental/coastal habitats to a fully pelagic lifestyle. This transition was coupled with deep modification of their skeletons, such as hydrofoil forelimbs, hypocercal tail, and loss of osteoderms. The natural snout casts of the rhacheosaurin Cricosaurus araucanensis showed that it also included changes in the internal anatomy of the snout like the enlargement of nasal glands (probably for salt excretion) and the rearrangement of the paranasal sinus system, including the internalization of the antorbital sinus. Here we described the snout natural cast of the geosaurin Dakosaurus andiniensis from the Late Jurassic of Patagonia. The information provided by it indicates that, despite having different external morphologies and ecology, D. andiniensis and C. araucanensis share the same facial anatomy. The new cast preserves a suborbital diverticulum of the antorbital sinus protruding into the orbit through the postnasal fenestra. Its location indicates that it was interleaved with jaw adductor muscles suggesting an active airflow in the paranasal sinus. We provide a putative functional interpretation of this peculiar arrangement where bellow pumps actions of musculature may help drain salt glands. The rearrangement of the paranasal sinuses predates the transition to a completely pelagic-lifestyle. We proposed a stepwise evolutionary scenario of Thalattosuchia, implying changes in the preorbital region (and orbit orientation) where the internalized antorbital sinus via its subsidiary diverticulum was co-opted for helping nasal glands drainage. Further scrutiny of facial anatomy of a larger sample of thalattosuchians will help to test this hypothesis.

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INTRODUCTION: Chronic rhinosinusitis is an inflammatory condition of the nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses that requires multifactorial treatment. Xylitol can be employed with nasal irrigation and can provide better control of the disease. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between the effects of nasal lavage with saline solution compared to nasal lavage with a xylitol solution. METHODS: Fifty-two patients, divided into two groups (n = 26 in the "Xylitol" group and n = 26 in the "Saline solution" group) answered questionnaires validated in Portuguese (NOSE and SNOT-22) about their nasal symptoms and general symptoms, before and after endonasal endoscopic surgery and after a period of 30 days of nasal irrigation. RESULTS: The "Xylitol" group showed significant improvement in pain relief and nasal symptom reduction after surgery and nasal irrigation with xylitol solution (p < 0.001). The "Saline solution" group also showed symptom improvement, but on a smaller scale. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the xylitol solution can be useful in the postoperative period after endonasal endoscopic surgery, because it leads to a greater reduction in nasal symptoms.

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INTRODUCTION: The middle turbinate and ethmoid roof are intranasal structures and may have many anatomical variations. These structures, which serve as anatomical markers during functional sinus surgery, are important for preventing complications and performing a proper surgery. Knowledge of anatomical variations will increase surgical success and reduce complications. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the presence of asymmetry in the ethmoidal roof and anatomical variation in patients with and without concha bullosa. METHODS: In this study, the files of patients who underwent paranasal computed tomography between 2012 and 2018 were analyzed retrospectively. The patients were divided into two groups, as patients with and without concha bullosa. Differences between the two groups in terms of age, gender, septum deviation, ethmoid artery dehiscence, ethmoid roof asymmetry were examined. RESULTS: The 369 patients included in our study were divided into two groups; those with concha bullosa and those without concha bullosa. The mean age of the patients with concha bullosa was 36.1 ±â€¯13.4 (min-max: 12-74) and the mean age of patients without concha bullosa was 37.5 ±â€¯14.3 (min-max: 10-81). The ethmoid roof depths were compared between the two groups and a significant difference was observed (p < 0.001). The ethmoid roof depth was higher in the group with concha bullosa (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The results of our study indicate that the ethmoidal roof tends to be higher in patients with middle concha bullosa.

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