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Uma rotina para o exame do semen (espermograma), adaptada a partir dos procedimentos tecnicos recomendados pela Organizaçao Mundial de Saude e descrita neste estudo. Esta rotina abrange o exame fisico (coagulaçao, tempo de liquefaçao, volume ejaculado, cor-aspecto, viscosidade e pH), dosagens bioquimicas (fosfatase acida e frutose), a analise das caracteristicas gerais dos espermatozoides (contagem celular, viabilidade, motilidade e morfologia) e a pesquisa de anticorpos antiespermatozoides. Usando esta rotina, resultados encontrados em 30 semens normais sao apresentados

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Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de muestras de semen procedentes de 5 159 pacientes que se consultaron por infertilidad en un período de 8 años y 4 meses. En 188 casos se comprobó azoospermia (muestras seminales con ausencia de espermatozoides) y en 23 de los azoospérmicos se presentaron características seminales del síndrome de ausencia funcional de los conductos eyaculadores. Se compararon los valores bioquímicos del plasma seminal (fructosa, fosfatasa ácida, y glicerilfosforilcolina) de los pacientes con las características del síndrome con igual número de normozoospérmicos infértiles y azoospérmicos no obstructivos. Pudo comprobarse diferencia altamente significativa en los 3 indicadores (p < 0,005) entre los pacientes con el sídrome y los otros 2 grupos. Los resultados indican que estas determinaciones bioquímicas son útiles en el diagnóstico del síndrome sin necesidad de utilizar métodos quirúrgicos

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Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de muestras de semen procedentes de 5 159 pacientes que se consultaron por infertilidad en un período de 8 años y 4 meses. En 188 casos se comprobó azoospermia (muestras seminales con ausencia de espermatozoides) y en 23 de los azoospérmicos se presentaron características seminales del síndrome de ausencia funcional de los conductos eyaculadores. Se compararon los valores bioquímicos del plasma seminal (fructosa, fosfatasa ácida, y glicerilfosforilcolina) de los pacientes con las características del síndrome con igual número de normozoospérmicos infértiles y azoospérmicos no obstructivos. Pudo comprobarse diferencia altamente significativa en los 3 indicadores (p < 0,005) entre los pacientes con el sídrome y los otros 2 grupos. Los resultados indican que estas determinaciones bioquímicas son útiles en el diagnóstico del síndrome sin necesidad de utilizar métodos quirúrgicos

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La actividad de la sialiltransferasa (ST) fue determinada en los espermatozoides (spz) de sujetos normospérmicos (>80 X 10 6 spz/ml y mn[as del 75% de movilidad) y en los spz de pacientes con problemas de fecundidad (oligospérmicos < 20 y 10 6 spz/ml y menos del 20% de movilidad y astenospérmicos > 40 X 10 6 spz/ml y menos del 10% de movilidad). La actividad de la ST se cuantifica mediante la transferencia de radiactividad de CMP -3 H- siálico hacia el aceptor exógeno (fetuina desializada). El complejo enzima sustrato formado, al ser colocado en presencia del ácido fosfotúrgstico da un producto de fosfotungstato insoluble, el cual es retenido en un filtro de fibra de vidrio. La actividad enzimática disminuye en los spz de oligospérmicos en un 62 + - 5% con respecto a los spz de normospérmicos. La disminución de la actividad de la ST en los spz de pacientes infértiles permite suponer que esta enzima participa probablemente como causa directa de su patología y que su disminución obedece a un daño en la integridad estructural de la membrana espermática.(au)

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Se estudió el efecto de diferentes muestras de plasma seminal de hombres infértiles a diferentes concentraciones y de fracciones de diferente peso molecular de un pool de plasma seminal sobre la proliferación linfocitaria inducida por PHA. Los experimentos se realizaron en presencia de suero humano AB y los resultados mostraron un efecto el cual fue reproducible y dependiente de la concentración de plasma seminal. Varias fracciones mostraron efecto inmunosupresor, la de peso molecular entre 1 000 y 5 000 fue la de mayor potencia inhibidora

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Se estudió el efecto de diferentes muestras de plasma seminal de hombres infértiles a diferentes concentraciones y de fracciones de diferente peso molecular de un pool de plasma seminal sobre la proliferación linfocitaria inducida por PHA. Los experimentos se realizaron en presencia de suero humano AB y los resultados mostraron un efecto el cual fue reproducible y dependiente de la concentración de plasma seminal. Varias fracciones mostraron efecto inmunosupresor, la de peso molecular entre 1 000 y 5 000 fue la de mayor potencia inhibidora

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Realizou-se a correçao cirurgica de varicocele e a biopsia testicular bilateral em 20 pacientes masculinos; avaliou-se a histologia espermatica, diametro e area tubular atraves da fotomicrografia. Dentre 20 pacientes, 11 apresentavam o testiculo esquerdo com volume pelo menos 25 por cento menor que o testiculo direito. Nos pacientes com menor volume testicular, nao houve diferença no diametro e area tubular, tendo porem menor numero de espermatides maduras por unidade tubular; esta diferença nao foi observada nos pacientes com igual volume testicular. Esses fatos nos permitem supor que a diminuiçao do volume testicular se faz as custas do espaço intersticial, provocando disfunçao das celulas de Leydig, que estao relacionadas com o numero de espermatides maduras, principal marcador da espermatogenese testicular

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A single oral dose of ofloxacin (400 mg.) or ciprofloxacin (500 mg.) was administered to each of 40 men. The mean concentrations of ofloxacin in semen exceeded those of ciprofloxacin at 1 hour (p = 0.035) and 24 hours (p = 0.028), while the levels of the 2 drugs at 2 and 4 hours were comparable. Semen concentrations of ofloxacin but not ciprofloxacin exceeded the reported minimal inhibitory concentration of Enterobacteriaceae, Chlamydia trachomatis and genital Mycoplasma species 24 hours after dosage.

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Preoperative transrectal ultrasonography was used to establish the diagnosis of ejaculatory duct obstruction and also to determine the distal level of extension of the obstructed system within prostatic parenchyma. Transrectal ultrasonography not only established the diagnosis but also enabled precise transurethral resection into the obstructed system. Prostatic ultrasound facilitates evaluation and treatment of azoospermia caused by ejaculatory duct obstruction and may eliminate the need for vasography in such cases.

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The records of 1,029 consecutive patients undergoing bilateral vasectomy were reviewed. Of the 1,029 patients 375 (36%) never returned postoperatively and the partners of 2 of these 375 later became pregnant. A total of 560 patients (54%) was followed until the recommended demonstration of azoospermia occurred on 2 consecutive occasions. There were 84 patients (8%) who did not return after the first demonstration of azoospermia, while 7 (1%) still had sperm in the semen at the last examination. Three other patients had persistent nonmotile sperm postoperatively; 2 of them underwent repeat vasectomy followed by azoospermia and 1 was placed in a special clearance category of sterility as described. We discuss practical and legal considerations regarding the management of noncompliant patients.

PIP: Urologists reviewed the medical charts of 1029 consecutive patients who had experienced a bilateral vasectomy (cauterization of the mucosa at each end and of the divided vas deferens) at the University of Louisville's School of Medicine in Kentucky between February and December 1986 to examine the medical and legal ramifications of vasectomized men not returning to have physicians examine their semen. Only 54.4% of the men returned for the recommended 2 semen examinations. 8.2% returned only once. 7 men (1% of the 654 who returned for semen examination) had sperm in their last semen sample. 36.4% (375) did not return at all after the vasectomy. Partners of 2 of these men conceived. 1 pregnancy occurred 29 months postoperatively. The men did not want to have his semen examined, however, for fear of learning he was sterile. The other pregnancy occurred 67 months after the vasectomy and the man's sperm had many motile sperm. Late recanalization of the vas deferens most likely occurred in this case. Other than recommending to patients before and during the vasectomy to submit 2 semen samples after the vasectomy, the urologists had no mechanisms in place to assure compliance. The high noncompliance rate in this study made the researchers consider their new legal responsibilities. Court cases for somewhat related medical situations have resulted in the jury finding the physician negligent because he/she did not fully inform the patient of the risk of noncompliance. Thus physicians, even though they may believe they are not responsible for noncompliance, should prudently inform patients of their risk of not complying by perhaps sending a punctually written notice. These warnings may protect them from potential litigation. Nevertheless the courts may appropriate more responsibility of patient actions to the physicians than is either morally justified or reasonable.

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SP-40,40 was purified from human plasma by PEG fractionation, DEAE-Sephacel, Phenyl-Toyopearl 650M, Bio-Gel A-0.5m and hydroxylapatite chromatographies. Three monoclonal antibodies (IF12, IID9 and IVF4) to this protein were prepared: IF12 and IID9 were specific for the beta subunit and IVF4 for the alpha subunit. The concentrations of SP-40,40 in seminal plasmas and sera were determined using a sandwich ELISA method. The results showed that the average concentrations of SP-40,40 were 438 +/- 285 micrograms/ml in seminal plasmas and 111 +/- 50 micrograms/ml in sera of normal donors. SP-40,40 concentrations in seminal plasmas of Klinefelter and excretory azoospermia patients were similar to those of normal donors. However, those of oligozoospermia and idiopathic azoospermia patients were about half the normal value.

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An external quality control study for semen analysis was performed involving 10 andrology laboratories in geographically separate locations. For the evaluation of sperm concentration, eight samples with different concentrations, and for the assessment of sperm morphology three slides prepared from different semen samples were distributed. Sperm motility was evaluated in five samples delivered cryopreserved to the participants. The coefficients of variation (CVs) for sperm counts varied with the sperm concentrations showing highest variability for low and lowest for high concentrations (range 23% to 73%). The CV for sperm morphology ranged from 25% for normal heads to 87% for abnormal midpieces. The CV for motility of sperm was 21%. For comparison the mean CVs for internal quality control were as follows: 10% for concentration, 8% for morphology (normal heads), and 8% for motility.

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Zinc-binding properties were studied in 'prostatic fluid', i.e. in seminal plasma from patients with agenesis of the Wolffian ducts, and in split-ejaculate fractions dominated by seminal vesicular fluid. The effect of seminal fluid, with different zinc-binding properties, on the stability of zinc-dependent sperm chromatin was assessed by exposing sperm to 1% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) for 60 min. Citrate was the only zinc ligand in 'prostatic fluid', as revealed by gel chromatography. Zinc in this fluid enhanced the stability of sperm chromatin. In contrast, the stability of sperm chromatin was decreased in seminal plasma dominated by vesicular fluid. These results are in accordance with the concept that prostatic fluid ensures the appropriate zinc content and stability of sperm chromatin, whereas abundance of vesicular fluid may jeopardize chromatin stability by reducing chromatin zinc content.

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Histological examination of the reproductive tract of the male dog failed to identify glandular tissue other than the prostate gland and its disseminated portion. A biochemical study of the three fractions of the ejaculate demonstrates similarities between the first and the third fractions. The composition of three ejaculates collected over 12 hours indicated that storage of prostatic secretion was a possible explanation for the biochemical differences observed. It is suggested that both the first and third fractions originate from the prostate gland.

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A sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of ABO blood substances in human body fluids was devised. The ELISA plates coated with purified human anti-A or anti-B serum effectively captured the blood substances, and these were then analysed by the combination of rabbit anti-A and goat anti-B. This capture ELISA could differentiate the type AB specimen from a mixture of the type A and the type B specimens, and the method was applied to rape cases to make the ABO typing of the criminal.

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The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between seminal transferrin and sperm output in ejaculates from mature dairy bulls. Caudal sperm reserves in mature Holstein bulls (n = 15) were depleted by 8 successive ejaculations during a 50-70-min period (depletion phase). Bulls were then ejaculated 6 times per week for a period of 4 weeks (6X phase). Weekly sperm output (WSO) and weekly transferrin output (WTfO) were the sums of sperm and transferrin levels in 6 ejaculates taken in 1 week of the study. Mean WSO ranged from 20.7 billion to 39.6 billion and mean WTfO ranged from 334 micrograms to 1872 micrograms among the bulls. Regression analysis of sperm and transferrin levels in ejaculates collected during the depletion phase indicated that approximately 40% of seminal transferrin was not related to sperm output and probably was from accessory fluids. A relationship between total seminal transferrin and total sperm in ejaculate was observed (p less than 0.01, r = 0.54). This relationship was stronger when the transferrin was corrected for accessory fluid contribution (p less than 0.01, r = 0.65). The relationship between WSO and WTfO corrected for accessory fluid transferrin contribution (cWTfO) was significant (p less than 0.01, r = 0.64). The relationship between WSO and cWTfO can be interpreted to reflect the relationship between actual testicular sperm production and transferrin from testicular or epididymal origin.

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Cobaltous ion, at extremely low concentrations, exercises powerful sperm-immobilizing properties, which could be recovered by a sulfhydryl compound, cysteine. The loss of sperm surface thiol groups and the augmented production of superoxide anion radicals are observed, which could explain the loss of motility of human spermatozoa in vitro as a consequence of cobalt treatment.

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