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The neuropathic compression of the tibial nerve and/or its branches on the medial side of the ankle is called tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS). Patients with TTS presents pain, paresthesia, hypoesthesia, hyperesthesia, muscle cramps or numbness which affects the sole of the foot, the heel, or both. The clinical diagnosis is challenging because of the fairly non-specific and several symptomatology. We demonstrate a case of TTS caused by medial dislocation of the talar bone on the calcaneus bone impacting the tibial nerve diagnosed only by ultrasound with the patient in the standing position.

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Tarsal tunnel syndrome is a neuropathic compression of the tibial nerve and its branches on the medial side of the ankle. It is a challenging diagnosis that constitutes symptoms arising from damage to the posterior tibial nerve or its branches as they proceed through the tarsal tunnel below the flexor retinaculum in the medial ankle, easily forgotten and underdiagnosed. Neural compression by vascular structures has been suggested as a possible etiology in some clinical conditions. Tibial artery tortuosity is not that rare, but only that it affects the nerve can cause tarsal tunnel syndrome. Therefore, a study care must be taken to avoid false-positive errors.

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Tarsal tunnel syndrome is a rare, under diagnosed and often confused neuropathy with other clinical entities. There is a lack of population studies on this disease. Herein, we performed a non-systematic review of articles between January 1992 and February 2018. Although with a less complex anatomy comparing to the carpal tunnel, the tarsal tunnel is source of pain and some other conditions. Treatment involves conservative measures such as analgesics and physical therapy rehabilitation or surgical procedures in case of conservative treatment failure. Randomized control studies are lack and mandatory for uncover the best modality of treatment for this condition.

A Síndrome do túnel do tarso é uma rara e subdiagnosticada neuropatia geralmente confundida com outras entidades clínicas. Há falta de estudos populacionais sobre a doença. Assim sendo, realizamos uma revisão da literatura de artigos entre Janeiro de 1992 e fevereiro de 2018. Apesar de possuir uma anatomia de menor complexidade comparada ao túnel do carpo, o túnel do tarso é origem de dor e algumas outras condições. O tratamento envolve medidas conservadoras como analgésicos e terapia de reabilitação ou procedimentos cirúrgicos, em caso de falha do tratamento conservador. Estudos randomizados são escassos e necessários para descoberta da melhor modalidade de tratamento desta condição.

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La primera descripción del túnel del tarso se le atribuye a Richter, en 1897; en 1932 Pollock y Davis describen por primera vez el síndrome, en 1960 Kopell y Thompson describen la clínica del síndrome de túnel del tarso y en 1962 Charles Keck describió el síndrome del túnel del tarso en forma detallada con casos clínicos. Se presenta el caso de un paciente femenino de 61 años que inició su padecimiento en 2010, al presentar talalgia intermitente que se incrementa de forma gradual, seis meses después el dolor es constante y limita la marcha, EVA de 6/10, se diagnostica fascitis plantar, y se envía a fisioterapia sin mejoría a los dos meses de tratamiento. El ultrasonido de fascia plantar, reporta engrosamiento de la misma, con microdesgarros en su inserción en calcáneo, se realiza infiltración de plasma rico en plaquetas en fascia plantar sin mejoría, dos meses después es enviada a sesiones de ondas de choque sin cambios, se revalora caso y se realiza el diagnóstico de síndrome del túnel del tarso en forma clínica y por electromiografía y en 2011 se infiltran esteroide con anestésico local con mejoría temporal. En 2012, encontramos EVA de 7/10 y AOFAS de 54 puntos, se interviene quirúrgicamente y como hallazgo transoperatorio se encuentra trayecto varicoso que disminuía el calibre del túnel del tarso oprimiendo a las estructuras adyacentes. Se presenta el caso clínico y la revisión en la literatura del síndrome del túnel del tarso.

The first description of tarsal tunnel is attributed to Richter in 1897, in 1932 Pollock and Davis described the syndrome for the first time, in 1960 Kopell and Thompson described the clinical features of tarsal tunnel syndrome; and in 1962 Charles Keck described tarsal tunnel syndrome in a detailed manner with clinical cases. We present the case of a 61 year old female patient who presented symptoms in 2010, she had intermittent talalgia that increased gradually, six months later pain is constant and limiting gait, EVA is 6/10, she is diagnosed with plantar fasciitis and is referred to physiotherapy with no improvement after two months of treatment. The plantar fascia ultrasound reports thickening with micro tears in the heel bone attachment, we infiltrated the plantar fascia with platelet rich plasma with no improvement, two months later she has shock wave sessions with no changes observed. We reassess the case and make the diagnosis of tarsal tunnel syndrome clinically and with electromyography and in 2011 we infiltrate a steroid with local anesthesia with temporary improvement. In 2012, we found an EVA of 7/10 and an AOFAS of 54 points, we perform surgery and the intraoperative finding is a varicose vein that decreased the caliber of the tarsal tunnel compressing adjacent structures. The clinical case is presented and we reviewed tarsal tunnel syndrome in the literature.

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The first description of tarsal tunnel is attributed to Richter in 1897, in 1932 Pollock and Davis described the syndrome for the first time, in 1960 Kopell and Thompson described the clinical features of tarsal tunnel syndrome; and in 1962 Charles Keck described tarsal tunnel syndrome in a detailed manner with clinical cases. We present the case of a 61 year old female patient who presented symptoms in 2010, she had intermittent talalgia that increased gradually, six months later pain is constant and limiting gait, EVA is 6/10, she is diagnosed with plantar fasciitis and is referred to physiotherapy with no improvement after two months of treatment. The plantar fascia ultrasound reports thickening with micro tears in the heel bone attachment, we infiltrated the plantar fascia with platelet rich plasma with no improvement, two months later she has shock wave sessions with no changes observed. We reassess the case and make the diagnosis of tarsal tunnel syndrome clinically and with electromyography and in 2011 we infiltrate a steroid with local anesthesia with temporary improvement. In 2012, we found an EVA of 7/10 and an AOFAS of 54 points, we perform surgery and the intraoperative finding is a varicose vein that decreased the caliber of the tarsal tunnel compressing adjacent structures. The clinical case is presented and we reviewed tarsal tunnel syndrome in the literature.

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El síndrome del túnel del tarso es una neuropatía por atrapamiento del nervio tibial posterior y sus ramas en el retináculo flexor. El diagnóstico puede ser difícil y el tratamiento quirúrgico está indicado en la mayor parte de los pacientes.Objetivo: presentar un caso de síndrome del túnel del tarso causado por un ganglión epineural y familiarizar al personal médico con esta causa poco frecuente de dolor y parestesias en el pie.Caso clínico: paciente femenina de 51 años, que acude a consulta por aumento de volumen y dolor en la zona posteroinferior del maléolo tibial izquierdo, asociados a parestesias irradiadas a la región plantar. A la exploración física se constató una tumoración única de 3 cm, fluctuante, fija a planos profundos y dolorosa a la palpación. La ultrasonografía de partes blandas informó imagen de aspecto quístico de 26 x 14,8 mm de bordes bien definidos, tabicada y de paredes finas, en relación directa con el nervio tibial posterior. El tratamiento inicial fue conservador pero la paciente no mejoró por lo que se decidió tratamiento quirúrgico definitivo, que consistió en la exéresis de la lesión quística con el objetivo de mejorar el dolor y las parestesias.Conclusiones: el síndrome del túnel del tarso provocado por un ganglión epineural se considera un diagnóstico poco frecuente, por lo que cualquier lesión ocupante del túnel del tarso de consistencia quística, puede hacer pensar en el diagnóstico. El tratamiento quirúrgico es seguro y efectivo al resolver las manifestaciones clínicas con un mínimo de complicaciones...

The syndrome of the tarsal tunnel is a neuropathy caused by trapping the posterior tibial nerve and its branches in the flexor retinaculum. The diagnosis can be difficult and the surgical treatment is indicated for most of the patients.Objective: to present a case of syndrome of the tarsal tunnel caused by an epineural ganglion and to familiarize the medical staff with this infrequent cause of pain and paresthesia in the foot.Clinical Case: a fifty-one-year-old female patient comes to the consultation because of a rise in volume and pain in the posteroinferior area of the left tibial malleolus, associate to paresthesia radiated to the plantar region. In the physical examination, a three-cm fluctuating single tumor that was fixed to deep planes and painful on percussion was confirmed. The ultrasonography of soft parts showed an image of cystic aspect of 26 x 14.8 mm with well-defined margins and fine walls, partitioned and closely related to the posterior tibial nerve. The initial treatment was conservative but the patient did not get better; that is why a definitive surgical treatment that consisted in the exeresis of the cystic lesion was chosen with the objective of reducing pain and paresthesia.Conclusion: the syndrome of the tarsal tunnel caused by an epineural ganglion is considered an infrequent diagnosis; that is why any lesion of a cystic consistency that occupies the tarsal tunnel can make think on the diagnosis. The surgical treatment is safe and effective solving the clinical manifestations with a minimal of complications...

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Fundamento: el síndrome del túnel del tarso es una neuropatía por atrapamiento del nervio tibial posterior y sus ramas en el retináculo flexor. El diagnóstico puede ser difícil y el tratamiento quirúrgico está indicado en la mayor parte de los pacientes.Objetivo: presentar un caso de síndrome del túnel del tarso causado por un ganglión epineural y familiarizar al personal médico con esta causa poco frecuente de dolor y parestesias en el pie.Caso clínico: paciente femenina de 51 años, que acude a consulta por aumento de volumen y dolor en la zona posteroinferior del maléolo tibial izquierdo, asociados a parestesias irradiadas a la región plantar. A la exploración física se constató una tumoración única de 3 cm, fluctuante, fija a planos profundos y dolorosa a la palpación. La ultrasonografía de partes blandas informó imagen de aspecto quístico de 26 x 14,8 mm de bordes bien definidos, tabicada y de paredes finas, en relación directa con el nervio tibial posterior. El tratamiento inicial fue conservador pero la paciente no mejoró por lo que se decidió tratamiento quirúrgico definitivo, que consistió en la exéresis de la lesión quística con el objetivo de mejorar el dolor y las parestesias.Conclusiones: el síndrome del túnel del tarso provocado por un ganglión epineural se considera un diagnóstico poco frecuente, por lo que cualquier lesión ocupante del túnel del tarso de consistencia quística, puede hacer pensar en el diagnóstico. El tratamiento quirúrgico es seguro y efectivo al resolver las manifestaciones clínicas con un mínimo de complicaciones(AU)

Background: the syndrome of the tarsal tunnel is a neuropathy caused by trapping the posterior tibial nerve and its branches in the flexor retinaculum. The diagnosis can be difficult and the surgical treatment is indicated for most of the patients.Objective: to present a case of syndrome of the tarsal tunnel caused by an epineural ganglion and to familiarize the medical staff with this infrequent cause of pain and paresthesia in the foot.Clinical Case: a fifty-one-year-old female patient comes to the consultation because of a rise in volume and pain in the posteroinferior area of the left tibial malleolus, associate to paresthesia radiated to the plantar region. In the physical examination, a three-cm fluctuating single tumor that was fixed to deep planes and painful on percussion was confirmed. The ultrasonography of soft parts showed an image of cystic aspect of 26 x 14.8 mm with well-defined margins and fine walls, partitioned and closely related to the posterior tibial nerve. The initial treatment was conservative but the patient did not get better; that is why a definitive surgical treatment that consisted in the exeresis of the cystic lesion was chosen with the objective of reducing pain and paresthesia.Conclusion: the syndrome of the tarsal tunnel caused by an epineural ganglion is considered an infrequent diagnosis; that is why any lesion of a cystic consistency that occupies the tarsal tunnel can make think on the diagnosis. The surgical treatment is safe and effective solving the clinical manifestations with a minimal of complications(AU)

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The ankle soft tissue pathology represents a very painful disorder for patients who, often times, are not precisely diagnosed. Anterolateral ankle impingement is a condition that occurs in young people and athletes due to a plantar flexion-inversion mechanism. We report a case of anterolateral ankle impingement describing the arthroscopic technique and making the differential diagnosis considering other conditions.

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Tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS) defines an entrapment neuropathy of the posterior tibial nerve or one of its branches, within the tarsal tunnel. Numerous etiologies have been described explaining this entrapment, including trauma, space-occupying lesions, foot deformities, etc. We present an unreported cause of a space-occupying lesion in the etiology of TTS, namely the combination of a hypertrophic long distally extended muscle belly of the flexor hallucis longus and repetitive ankle motion. Surgical debulking of the muscle belly in the posterior ankle compartment resolved all symptoms.

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Los síndromes neurovasculares son un conjunto de cuadros clínicos de los miembros, caracterizados por dolor quemante e hiperestesia cutánea; alteraciones tróficas de la piel, fanerios y tejidos subyacentes; de evolución crónica continua o intermitente, que son debida a alteraciones vasomotoras y neurovegetativas regionales desencadenantes por diversos factores entre los que destacan los traumatismos; las compresiones; los fenómenos isquémicos; algunas intervenciones quirúrgicas. Entre estos síndromes, denominados también algodistrofia figuran la distrofia simpática refleja; la causalgia, el síndrome del opérculo torácico o cintura escapular; el síndrome del túnel carpiano y tarsiano; el síndrome hombro-mano de Südeck, etc. Estos cuadros no crónicos, su tratamiento es complejo; producen invalidez y alteraciones tróficas muchas veces irreversibles

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INTRODUCTION: The tarsal tunnel syndrome is uncommon. It is a neuropathy of the tibial nerve at the level of the tarsal tunnel. The main symptom is pain of the sole of the foot. On percussion Tinel's sign may be found, with sensory loss all over the sole of the foot, or in parts of it, together with weakness of the intrinsic muscles of the foot. In all three cases nerve conduction studies were done and needle electromyography was also done in two cases, confirming the clinical diagnosis. CLINICAL CASES: The three patients were treated conservatively (rest, vitamin B complex and antiinflammatory analgesics). Two patients improved but one required surgical treatment when medical treatment alone was found not to be satisfactory. At the present time, all three patients are asymptomatic. CONCLUSIONS: The tarsal tunnel syndrome is uncommon but not unimportant. In most patients it presents as a syndrome of intense pain of the sole of the foot, with typical clinical features, usually unilateral. Nerve conduction studies and needle electromyography are particularly useful for confirmation of the diagnosis by localization of the problem. Initially conservative treatment is indicated in all cases. Those which do not respond to this will require surgical intervention.

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Os autores descrevem 5 casos de doentes com quadro clínico e eletromiográfico de síndrome do túnel do tarso, tratados cirurgicamente através de neurólise do nervo tibial no ponto de compressao. Os aspectos da anatomia da regiao, fisiopatologia, indicaçao cirúrgica e resultados sao discutidos.

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Presentamos 6 pacientes operados por un síndrome del túnel del tarso, 5 mujeres y 1 hombre. El promedio de edad fue de 47 años y el rango entre 38 y 55 años. En todos los casos el síndrome fue unilateral. Los 6 pacientes relataban dolor en relación con la actividad y con el reposo. En el exámen físico, la percusión sobre el túnel del tarso reproducía las parentesias y el dolor local. El estudio electrofisiológico mostró un enlentecimiento de la velocidad de conducción del nervio. En un paciente se efectuó una tomografía computada que demostró un quiste sinovial, fue resecado, demostrándose que provocaba una compresión directa sobre el nervio. En la intervención quirúrgica se efectuó una incisión semicurva, posterior al maléolo medial, siguiendo el trayecto del nervio tibial. Se seccionó el frexor retináculo y se identificó el segmento proximal del nervio tibial. Se liberó de todas las potenciales compresiones. Se efectuó una neurolisis del nervio tibial posterior, plantar medial y lateral y del nervio calcáneo medial y abductor del quinto ortejo. En 5 pacientes hubo una desaparición completa de la sintomatología. En un caso hubo una mejoría parcial. En los seis pacientes hubo una desaparición progresiva del signo de Tinnel

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Na atualidade, apesar de pouco conhecida, a síndrome do túnel do tarso, pelos recursos eletroneurofisiológicos e de imagem, se impoe no diagnóstico diferencial das patologias que determinem sintomas álgicos nos pés. Objetivo. Sao apresentados e discutidos pacientes com queixa de dor nos pés cujo quadro clínico permitiu o diagnóstico de síndrome do túnel do tarso. MÉTODOS. Onze pacientes foram submetidos e exame eletroneuromiográfico conclusivo de compressao nervosa e, em seguida, foram submetidos a cirurgia específica, quando foi feita a descompressao do túnel do tarso pela secçao do retináculo dos flexores. Resultados. Nos casos apresentados, importante espessamento fibroso foi observado na maioria dos casos, e a melhora da sintomatologia dolorosa foi verificada nas primeiras semanas do pós-operatório, sendo os pacientes observados por intervalo de 3 meses a 5 anos, nao apresentando recorrência do quadro de dor.

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UNLABELLED: Little is know on tarsal tunnel syndrome by means of image and electrophysiological access. It is imperative the differential diagnosis on diseases which present foot pain. PURPOSE: To present patients with foot pain complaints, whose clinical pattern allowed the diagnosis of tarsal tunnel syndrome. METHODS: Eleven patients underwent nerve velocity conduction examination concluding for entrapment. They were submitted to tarsal tunnel surgical decompression by sectioning the flexor retinaculum. RESULTS: Most of the cases showed a marked fibrous thickening. The improvement of symptoms was noted in the first weeks. No recurrence was observed from three months to five years. CONCLUSION: The main question was the presentation of the tarsal tunnel syndrome and some adequate procedures.

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El síndrome de túnel tarsiano, es provocado por la compresión del nervio tibial, o de uno de sus ramos, a nivel del retináculo de los músculos flexores. Por lo anterior, para conocer más en detalle la anatomía de la región, efectuamos un estudio de los elementos nerviosos y vasculares, relacionándolos entre ellos y con el meléolo medial y margen superior del músculo abductor del hálux. Realizamos la disección anatómica en 100 pies de cadáveres formolizados, adultos, de ambos sexos y diferentes grupos étnicos, pertenecientes a los laboratorios de anatomía descriptiva y topográfica de la escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Brasil y de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de la Frontera, Chile. A la altura del maléolo medial, por sobre el margen superior del músculo abductor del hálux, se puede observar de delante hacia atrás, vena-arteria-vena tibial posteriores y nervio tibial. Este último en posición posterolateral, ya que se encuentra cubierto parcialmente por los vasos tibiales posteriores. A nivel del retináculo de los músculos flexores, se originan del nervio tibial uno o dos ramos calcáneos mediales, los cuales perforan la fascia para dirigirse a la región del calcáneo. En el 100 por ciento de los casos, el nervio tibial se divide proximal al margen superior del músculo abductor del hálux y proximal a la división de la arteria tibial posterior. Las venas plantares establecen numerosas anastomosis entre sí y también con la red superficial antes de formar las venas tibiales posteriores. En el trabajo, describimos algunas ramas arteriales importantes originadas de las arterias tibial posterior y plantares a nivel del retináculo de los músculos flexores y aquellas cubiertas por la cara profunda del músculo abductor del hálux. Asimismo, señalamos los ramos nerviosos que se originan próximos a la división del nervio tibial y al origen de los nervios plantares

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Seven patients with clinical and electroneurographic evidence of tarsal tunnel syndrome were managed surgically, after failed attempts for non-surgical treatment. Post-operative results were more satisfactory than the previous responses to non-surgical therapies. Tarsal tunnel syndrome appears to respond better to surgical intervention than to conservative management.

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Sete pacientes com evidência clínica e eletroneurográfica de síndrome do túnel do tarso foram tratadas cirurgicamente, após tentativas sem sucesso de tratamento näo cirúrgico. Os resultados pós-operatórios foram bem mais satisfatórios que as tentativas prévias com terapêuticas näo cirurgicas. A síndrome do túnel do tarso parece responder melhor à abordagem cirúrgica do que a condutas mais conservadoras

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A síndrome do túnel do tarso, até a presente data, permanece como uma patologia pouco conhecida e pouco diagnosticada. A sintomatologia pode ser decorrente da compressäo direta das estruturas nervosas, ou, secundárias através de insuficiência vascular arterial. O diagnóstico é basicamente clínico, auxiliado por exames complementares sendo, até o momento, a eletroneuromiografia o exame de escolha. Alonso(1) tem comprovado a observaçäo de Upton e McComas feita em 1973(12), de que compressöes proximais facilitam compressöes distais nos territórios das raíizes ou nervos afetados, como neste caso. O tratamento clínico proporciona alívio temporário dos sintomas, assim o tratamento deve ser cirúrgico, e o alívio definitivo dos sintomas ocorrerá quando a descompressäo do nervo tibial posterior for realizada precocemente, antes do início de comprometimento motor, o qual revela lesäo estrutural do nervo e conseqüente piora prognóstica. Na presente apresentaçäo a melhora da sintomatologia dolorosa foi verificada nas primeiras semanas do pós-operatório

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