RESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: A case of dual corneal involvement due to Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy and epithelial basement membrane corneal dystrophy in a patient with Steinert's myotonic dystrophy type 1 is described, and a literature review on the triple association is made. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 52-year-old male diagnosed with myotonic dystrophy type 1 presented due to progressive bilateral vision loss during the past year. A full ophthalmological evaluation was made, with biomicroscopy, funduscopy, anterior segment optical coherence tomography, and endothelial cell count using specular microscopy. Exploration revealed bilateral superior palpebral ptosis, visual acuity 0.5 in the right eye and 0.3 in the left eye, and with an intraocular pressure of 11 and 10 mmHg, respectively. Biomicroscopy revealed map-dot-fingerprint lesions characteristic of epithelial basement membrane corneal dystrophy in both eyes, as well as abundant endothelial guttae due to Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (stage II) and bilateral nuclear and posterior subcapsular cataracts. Specular microscopy in turn showed cell loss and a destructured endothelial map. Finally, anterior segment optical coherence tomography revealed the accumulation of epithelial basement membrane and hyperreflective endothelial excrescences corresponding to guttae. CONCLUSION: The association of Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy with myotonic dystrophy has been described and explained by a common genetic basis in the expansion of a CTG trinucleotide repeat, though this is the first reported case of the triple association of Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy, epithelial basement membrane corneal dystrophy, and myotonic dystrophy type 1. New mutations or still unknown genetic alterations could possibly explain the triple association reported in our case.
Asunto(s)
Síndrome de Cogan/etiología , Distrofia Endotelial de Fuchs/etiología , Distrofia Miotónica/complicaciones , Síndrome de Cogan/diagnóstico por imagen , Síndrome de Cogan/patología , Distrofia Endotelial de Fuchs/diagnóstico por imagen , Distrofia Endotelial de Fuchs/patología , Humanos , Presión Intraocular , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Distrofia Miotónica/diagnóstico por imagen , Distrofia Miotónica/patología , Microscopía con Lámpara de Hendidura , Tomografía de Coherencia Óptica , Tonometría Ocular , Trastornos de la Visión/etiología , Agudeza VisualRESUMEN
We report a patient with asymmetric Bálint's syndrome (predominantly right-sided oculomotor apraxia and simultanagnosia and optic ataxia for the right hemispace), and multimodal agnosia (apperceptive visual agnosia and bilateral associative tactile agnosia) with accompanying right hemianopia, bilateral agraphesthesia, hemispatial neglect, global alexia with unavailable kinesthetic reading, and lexical agraphia for kanji (Japanese morphograms), after hemorrhage in the left parieto-occipito-temporal area. The coexistence of tactile agnosia, bilateral agraphesthesia, and ineffective kinesthetic reading suggests that tactile-kinesthetic information can be interrupted because of damage to the fiber connection from the parietal lobe to the occipito-temporal area, leading to these tactually related cognitive impairments.
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Apraxias/congénito , Ataxia , Hemorragia Cerebral , Síndrome de Cogan , Trastornos del Lenguaje , Trastornos de la Percepción , Anciano , Agnosia/etiología , Agnosia/patología , Agnosia/fisiopatología , Agrafia/etiología , Agrafia/patología , Agrafia/fisiopatología , Apraxias/etiología , Apraxias/patología , Apraxias/fisiopatología , Ataxia/etiología , Ataxia/patología , Ataxia/fisiopatología , Hemorragia Cerebral/complicaciones , Hemorragia Cerebral/patología , Hemorragia Cerebral/fisiopatología , Síndrome de Cogan/etiología , Síndrome de Cogan/patología , Síndrome de Cogan/fisiopatología , Dislexia/etiología , Dislexia/patología , Dislexia/fisiopatología , Humanos , Trastornos del Lenguaje/etiología , Trastornos del Lenguaje/patología , Trastornos del Lenguaje/fisiopatología , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Lóbulo Occipital/patología , Lóbulo Parietal/patología , Trastornos de la Percepción/etiología , Trastornos de la Percepción/patología , Trastornos de la Percepción/fisiopatología , Síndrome , Lóbulo Temporal/patología , Percepción del Tacto/fisiología , Percepción Visual/fisiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Ataxia-telangiectasia is a multi-system disorder in which neurologic impairment and immune deficiency are observed. In the present study, patients with ataxia-telangiectasia were followed to provide information regarding clinical and immunological features. METHODS: We report a case series of 18 patients diagnosed with ataxia-telangiectasia, who were referred to a tertiary center of clinical immunology from 2008-2018. Clinical presentations, medical records and lab data were observed during this period with a mean follow-up time of 4.57 ± 2.66 years. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 10.92 ± 3.24 years (11 females and 7 males). Thirteen patients (72.22%) were from families with consanguinity. Ataxia was the most common clinical feature, observed in 18 (100%) patients. The predominant clinical presentations were tremor and oculocutaneous telangiectasia, observed in 14 (77.8%) patients; dysarthria and oculomotor apraxia, observed in 13 (72.2%) patients. Infections were recorded in 12 (70.6%) patients. Decreased IgG level and IgA levels were observed in 5 (33.3%) and 6 (40.0%) patients, respectively. Decreased B-cell number and T-cell number were noted in 7 (46.67%) and 11 (73.33%) patients, respectively. Three (16.7%) patients were diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and two of them expired subsequently. CONCLUSION: Ataxia-telangiectasia is a progressive disease with no established therapy; so, it necessitates early diagnosis and follow-up of the patients. The presented clinical and immunological data in this study may help with diagnosis and management of the disease complications.
Asunto(s)
Ataxia Telangiectasia/fisiopatología , Adolescente , Apraxias/congénito , Apraxias/etiología , Ataxia Telangiectasia/etiología , Niño , Preescolar , Síndrome de Cogan/etiología , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Temblor/etiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To characterise the distinctive eye movement disorder and the sleep-related dyskinesia in Adenylate cyclase 5 (ADCY5) related disease. METHODS: Formal eye movement examination and video-polysomnography in a cohort of patients with ADCY5 mutations. RESULTS: All three patients had an eye movement disorder characterised by oculomotor apraxia with gaze limitation most prominently in the vertical plane. All patients had disrupted sleep architecture with reduced sleep efficiency due to frequent and prolonged arousals and awakenings in the context of dyskinesia, which could arise from any sleep stage. The nocturnal movements could last up to 30â¯min and be more severe than those seen during day-time. CONCLUSION: Nocturnal exacerbations of dyskinesia ("ballistic bouts") seem to be a characteristic feature of the disease, affect the quality of life of patients and therefore require awareness and symptomatic treatment approaches. Apraxia of eye movements, with predominant difficulties in the vertical plane, was a common finding in our patients with ADCY5 mutations. These features may prompt the diagnosis and help to distinguish ADCY5-related disease from other childhood-onset hyperkinetic movement disorders.
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Adenilil Ciclasas , Apraxias/congénito , Síndrome de Cogan/etiología , Discinesias/complicaciones , Discinesias/genética , Parasomnias/etiología , Adenilil Ciclasas/genética , Adulto , Anciano , Apraxias/etiología , Apraxias/fisiopatología , Síndrome de Cogan/fisiopatología , Discinesias/fisiopatología , Humanos , Masculino , Parasomnias/fisiopatología , Polisomnografía , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The constellation of ocular symptoms known as Balint syndrome is a rare disorder seen in bilateral parieto-occipital lesions and is most frequently due to arterial occlusive disease or acute hypertension. Here we present the case of a patient with tacrolimus-induced posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) who presented with optic ataxia, simultanagnosia, and ocular apraxia. These ocular findings, consistent with Balint syndrome, are rarely the initial presentation of PRES. This case highlights the importance of early recognition of this unusual phenomenon, as well as the importance of an individualized rehabilitation plan to maximize functional independence in these patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: V.
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Apraxias/congénito , Síndrome de Cogan/etiología , Síndrome de Leucoencefalopatía Posterior/inducido químicamente , Tacrolimus/efectos adversos , Adulto , Apraxias/diagnóstico , Apraxias/etiología , Síndrome de Cogan/diagnóstico , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunosupresores/efectos adversos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Lóbulo Occipital/patología , Lóbulo Parietal/patología , Síndrome de Leucoencefalopatía Posterior/complicacionesRESUMEN
The police brought a 65-year-old female patient to the EADU after being found 'roaming the streets' in an apparent state of confusion. This was her third admission under the same circumstances during the last 3 years. Neurological examination revealed (1) cognitive impairment, (2) oculomotor apraxia, (3) abnormal cancellation of vestibular ocular reflex, (4) mild ataxia and (5) mild hypotonia. Renal function was abnormal and liver function was normal. No retinal disturbance was found. The head CT on admission was normal for stroke and the lumbar puncture was negative for encephalitis. Her brain MRI showed 'molar tooth sign', suggestive of Joubert syndrome, which was confirmed by genetic testing showing anomalous NPHP1 gene.
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Anomalías Múltiples/diagnóstico , Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales/genética , Encéfalo/patología , Cerebelo/anomalías , Ciliopatías/diagnóstico , Anomalías del Ojo/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Renales Quísticas/diagnóstico , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Retina/anomalías , Anomalías Múltiples/diagnóstico por imagen , Anomalías Múltiples/genética , Anomalías Múltiples/patología , Anciano , Apraxias/congénito , Apraxias/diagnóstico , Apraxias/etiología , Ataxia/diagnóstico , Ataxia/etiología , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Cerebelo/diagnóstico por imagen , Cerebelo/patología , Ciliopatías/diagnóstico por imagen , Ciliopatías/genética , Ciliopatías/patología , Síndrome de Cogan/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Cogan/etiología , Trastornos del Conocimiento/diagnóstico , Trastornos del Conocimiento/etiología , Confusión/diagnóstico , Confusión/etiología , Proteínas del Citoesqueleto , Anomalías del Ojo/diagnóstico por imagen , Anomalías del Ojo/genética , Anomalías del Ojo/patología , Femenino , Pruebas Genéticas , Humanos , Riñón , Enfermedades Renales Quísticas/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades Renales Quísticas/genética , Enfermedades Renales Quísticas/patología , Hígado , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Hipotonía Muscular/diagnóstico , Hipotonía Muscular/etiología , Reflejo Vestibuloocular , Retina/diagnóstico por imagen , Retina/patología , Síndrome , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos XRESUMEN
Dilated cardiomyopathy with ataxia syndrome (DCMA) is a rare mitochondrial condition associated with early onset cardiomyopathy and non-progressive ataxia. The cardiac manifestations may be progressive and often severe, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. While optic nerve atrophy has been described in patients with DCMA, to our knowledge, there have been no reports of additional ocular phenotypes. We present two related Dariusleut Hutterite patients with documented DCMA syndrome and disorders of ocular motility: poor smooth pursuit and difficulty initiating saccadic eye movements and maintaining target fixation. We thus report the first cases of oculomotor apraxia in DCMA syndrome. By identifying these associated findings early in life, we hope to improve both the clinical diagnostic accuracy and timeliness of intervention in cases of DCMA.
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Apraxias/congénito , Ataxia/complicaciones , Cardiomiopatía Dilatada/complicaciones , Síndrome de Cogan/etiología , Adolescente , Apraxias/diagnóstico , Apraxias/etiología , Ataxia/diagnóstico , Cardiomiopatía Dilatada/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Cogan/diagnóstico , Consanguinidad , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Linaje , Fenotipo , Síndrome , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The clinical presentation of Cogan's syndrome has been classified as typical and atypical. Like other forms of ocular vasculitis, Cogan's syndrome has been found to have autoimmune origins with antibodies against the cornea, inner ear, and endothelial antigens. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) and rheumatoid factor (RF) have been associated with Cogan's syndrome as well as ocular-involving vasculitides not as strongly associated with the audiovestibular manifestations such as granulomatosis with polyangiitis and rheumatoid arthritis. The mainstay of therapy has been corticosteroids although other methods have been described in recalcitrant disease and to prevent development of systemic sequelae.
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Enfermedades Autoinmunes/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Cogan/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Autoinmunes/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Autoinmunes/etiología , Síndrome de Cogan/tratamiento farmacológico , Síndrome de Cogan/etiología , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Oftalmopatías/diagnóstico , Glucocorticoides/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Vasculitis/diagnósticoAsunto(s)
Adenoma/diagnóstico , Apoplejia Hipofisaria/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Hipofisarias/diagnóstico , Adenoma/cirugía , Adulto , Apraxias/congénito , Síndrome de Cogan/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Cogan/etiología , Coma/etiología , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Imagen de Difusión por Resonancia Magnética , Fiebre/etiología , Escala de Coma de Glasgow , Cefalea/etiología , Humanos , Masculino , Examen Neurológico , Apoplejia Hipofisaria/complicaciones , Neoplasias Hipofisarias/cirugía , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , Ultrasonografía Doppler TranscranealRESUMEN
Cogan's syndrome (CS) is a rare chronic inflammatory disorder, classically characterized by interstitial keratitis and sensorineural hearing loss. Recurrent episodes of inner ear disease might result in deafness. In some patients, it may also be accompanied by systemic vasculitis. Diagnosis of CS is often missed or delayed due to its rarity, the nonspecific clinical signs at onset, and the lack of a confirmatory diagnostic test. The mechanisms responsible for CS are unknown; however, in the last decade, the pathogenesis has been somewhat elucidated, suggesting that the disease is a result of inner ear autoimmunity. The autoimmune hypothesis postulates the triggering of the disease by a viral infection via a number of mechanisms, which are mainly as follows: antigenic mimicry, self-perpetuating inflammation by cytokine release, and unveiling hidden epitopes. Aside from its clinical resemblance to other autoimmune disorders, some autoantigen has apparently been identified, namely, CD148 and connexine 26. Treatment should begin as early as possible. While treatment is based primarily on glucocorticoids, there is no standard alternative for patients who respond poorly. Failure of conventional treatment could lead to profound sensorineural hearing loss. From the limited data we have, infliximab seems to be the most promising biological remedy, enabling steroid tapering and leading to improvement in auditory/ocular disease, with better results when administered in early stages. Proposed guidelines for the use of infliximab in CS are found in the last table of the review, in an attempt to define the proper timing for initiating infliximab treatment in order to avoid permanent disability.
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Síndrome de Cogan/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Cogan/terapia , Oído Interno/inmunología , Guías de Práctica Clínica como Asunto , Animales , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/uso terapéutico , Antígenos Virales/inmunología , Autoantígenos/inmunología , Autoinmunidad , Síndrome de Cogan/etiología , Conexina 26 , Conexinas/inmunología , Reacciones Cruzadas , Citocinas/metabolismo , Oído Interno/patología , Glucocorticoides/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Infliximab , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatasas Clase 3 Similares a Receptores/inmunología , Virosis/complicaciones , Virosis/terapiaRESUMEN
We report 2 cases of Cogan syndrome that developed after uneventful laser in situ keratomileusis. In the first case, an 8-month postoperative biomicroscopy revealed bilateral interface neovascularization, white intrastromal deposits, and anterior chamber cells and flare. In the second case, white cell infiltration and neovascularization were observed in the deep corneal stroma of the patient's right eye 18 months postoperatively. Based on these observations, which are consistent with typical interstitial keratitis, and the patients' history of Meniere-like disease, such as vertigo and mild hearing loss, Cogan syndrome was diagnosed in both patients. Topical steroids were prescribed. Intensive treatments with corneal irrigation and topical steroids showed effective outcomes in both cases.
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Síndrome de Cogan/diagnóstico , Queratomileusis por Láser In Situ , Láseres de Excímeros , Complicaciones Posoperatorias , Adulto , Síndrome de Cogan/tratamiento farmacológico , Síndrome de Cogan/etiología , Neovascularización de la Córnea/diagnóstico , Neovascularización de la Córnea/tratamiento farmacológico , Neovascularización de la Córnea/etiología , Topografía de la Córnea , Dexametasona/análogos & derivados , Dexametasona/uso terapéutico , Femenino , Glucocorticoides/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Masculino , Soluciones Oftálmicas , Tomografía de Coherencia Óptica , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , Agudeza VisualRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: The objective of our study was to review our current knowledge of the aetiopathogenesis of Cogan's syndrome, including viral infection and autoimmunity, and to discuss disease pathogenesis with relevance to pharmacotherapy. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW METHODOLOGY: Relevant publications on the aetiopathogenesis and pharmacotherapy of Cogan's syndrome from 1945 to 2012 were analysed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Cogan's syndrome is a rare autoimmune vasculitis, and its pathogenesis is unknown. Infection, but primarily autoimmunity, may play contributing roles in the pathogenesis of this disease. It is characterised by ocular and audiovestibular symptoms similar to those of Meniere's syndrome. Approximately 70% of patients have systemic disease, of which vasculitis is considered the pathological mechanism. The immunologic theory is based on the release of auto-antibodies against corneal, inner ear and endothelial antigens, and of anti-nuclear cytoplasmic auto-antibodies (ANCA). Corticosteroids are the first line of treatment, and multiple immunosuppressive drugs have been tried with varying degrees of success. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha blockers are a category of immunosuppressive agents representing a recent novel therapeutic option in Cogan's syndrome.
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Enfermedades Autoinmunes , Síndrome de Cogan/tratamiento farmacológico , Síndrome de Cogan/etiología , Enfermedades del Laberinto , Animales , Autoanticuerpos/inmunología , HumanosRESUMEN
Systemic vasculitis is a heterogeneous group of diseases of various aetiologies and manifestations. In general, the clinical results derive from ischemia caused by vascular inflammation, which depends on the organ affected. Such vasculitis cases are classified according to the classification of the Chapel Hill conference. They can present with relative frequency as ENT manifestations in both their debut and throughout their evolution. Consequently, the ENT specialist should include them in the differential diagnosis in patients with ENT manifestations that are difficult to control or of atypical presentation. Our objective was to review the most common ENT clinical signs and symptoms in each of these diseases.