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BACKGROUND: Bronchodilators are used to treat bronchial hyper-responsiveness in asthma. Bronchial hyper-responsiveness may be a component of acute chest syndrome in people with sickle cell disease. Therefore, bronchodilators may be useful in the treatment of acute chest syndrome. This is an update of a previously published Cochrane Review. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the review is to determine whether the use of inhaled, short-acting bronchodilators for acute chest syndrome reduces morbidity and mortality in people with sickle cell disease and to assess whether this treatment causes adverse effects. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group's Trials Register comprising references identified from comprehensive electronic database searches, handsearches of relevant journals and abstract books of conference proceedings. Additional searches were carried out on MEDLINE (1966 to 2004) and Embase (1981 to 2004) and ongoing trial registries (28 September 2022). Date of the most recent search of the Group's Haemoglobinopathies Trials Register: 25 July 2022. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials. Trials using quasi-randomisation methods will be included in future updates of this review if there is sufficient evidence that the treatment and control groups are similar at baseline. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We found no trials investigating the use of bronchodilators for acute chest syndrome in people with sickle cell disease. MAIN RESULTS: We found no trials investigating the use of bronchodilators for acute chest syndrome in people with sickle cell disease. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: If bronchial hyper-responsiveness is an important component of some episodes of acute chest syndrome in people with sickle cell disease, the use of inhaled bronchodilators may be indicated. There is need for a well-designed, adequately-powered randomised controlled trial to assess the benefits and risks of the addition of inhaled bronchodilators to established therapies for acute chest syndrome in people with sickle cell disease.

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BACKGROUND: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is one of the most common inherited diseases worldwide. It is associated with lifelong morbidity and a reduced life expectancy. Hydroxyurea (hydroxycarbamide), an oral chemotherapeutic drug, ameliorates some of the clinical problems of SCD, in particular that of pain, by raising foetal haemoglobin (HbF). This is an update of a previously published Cochrane Review. OBJECTIVES: The aims of this review are to determine through a review of randomised or quasi-randomised studies whether the use of hydroxyurea in people with SCD alters the pattern of acute events, including pain; prevents, delays or reverses organ dysfunction; alters mortality and quality of life; or is associated with adverse effects. In addition, we hoped to assess whether the response to hydroxyurea in SCD varies with the type of SCD, age of the individual, duration and dose of treatment, and healthcare setting. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Haemoglobinopathies Register, comprising references identified from comprehensive electronic database searches and handsearches of relevant journals and abstract books of conference proceedings. We also searched online trial registries. The date of the most recent search was 17 February 2022. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials (RCTs and quasi-RCTs), of one month or longer, comparing hydroxyurea with placebo or standard therapy in people  with SCD. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Authors independently assessed studies for inclusion, carried out data extraction, assessed the risk of bias and assessed the quality of the evidence using GRADE. MAIN RESULTS: We included nine RCTs recruiting 1104 adults and children with SCD (haemoglobin SS (HbSS), haemoglobin SC (HbSC) or haemoglobin Sߺthalassaemia (HbSߺthal) genotypes). Studies lasted from six to 30 months. We judged the quality of the evidence for the first two comparisons below as moderate to low as the studies contributing to these comparisons were mostly large and well-designed (and at low risk of bias); however, the evidence was limited and imprecise for some outcomes such as quality of life, deaths during the studies and adverse events, and the results are applicable only to individuals with HbSS and HbSߺthal genotypes. We judged the quality of the evidence for the third and fourth comparisons to be very low due to the limited number of participants, the lack of statistical power (both studies were terminated early with approximately only 20% of their target sample size recruited) and the lack of applicability to all age groups and genotypes. Hydroxyurea versus placebo Five studies (784 adults and children with HbSS or HbSߺthal) compared hydroxyurea to placebo; four recruited individuals with only severe disease and one recruited individuals with all disease severities. Hydroxyurea probably improves pain alteration (using measures such as pain crisis frequency, duration, intensity, hospital admissions and opoid use) and life-threatening illness, but we found no difference in death rates (10 deaths occurred during the studies, but the rates did not differ by treatment group) (all moderate-quality evidence). Hydroxyurea may improve measures of HbF (low-quality evidence) and probably decreases neutrophil counts (moderate-quality evidence). There were no consistent differences in terms of quality of life and adverse events (including serious or life-threatening events) (low-quality evidence). There were fewer occurrences of acute chest syndrome and blood transfusions in the hydroxyurea groups.  Hydroxyurea and phlebotomy versus transfusion and chelation Two studies (254 children with HbSS or HbSߺthal also with risk of primary or secondary stroke) contributed to this comparison. There were no consistent differences in terms of pain alteration, death or adverse events (low-quality evidence) or life-threatening illness (moderate-quality evidence). Hydroxyurea with phlebotomy probably increased HbF and decreased neutrophil counts (moderate-quality evidence), but there were more occurrences of acute chest syndrome and infections. Quality of life was not reported. In the primary prevention study, no strokes occurred in either treatment group but in the secondary prevention study, seven strokes occurred in the hydroxyurea and phlebotomy group (none in the transfusion and chelation group) and the study was terminated early.  Hydroxyurea versus observation One study (22 children with HbSS or HbSߺthal also at risk of stoke) compared hydroxyurea to observation. Pain alteration and quality of life were not reported. There were no differences in life-threatening illness, death (no deaths reported in either group) or adverse events (very low-quality evidence). We are uncertain if hydroxyurea improves HbF or decreases neutrophil counts (very low-quality evidence). Treatment regimens with and without hydroxyurea One study (44 adults and children with HbSC) compared treatment regimens with and without hydroxyurea. Pain alteration, life-threatening illness and quality of life were not reported. There were no differences in death rates (no deaths reported in either group), adverse events or neutrophil levels (very low-quality evidence). We are uncertain if hydroxyurea improves HbF (very low-quality evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is evidence to suggest that hydroxyurea may be effective in decreasing the frequency of pain episodes and other acute complications in adults and children with sickle cell anaemia of HbSS or HbSߺthal genotypes and in preventing life-threatening neurological events in those with sickle cell anaemia at risk of primary stroke by maintaining transcranial Doppler velocities. However, there is still insufficient evidence on the long-term benefits of hydroxyurea, particularly with regard to preventing chronic complications of SCD, or recommending a standard dose or dose escalation to maximum tolerated dose. There is also insufficient evidence about the long-term risks of hydroxyurea, including its effects on fertility and reproduction. Evidence is also limited on the effects of hydroxyurea on individuals with the HbSC genotype. Future studies should be designed to address such uncertainties.

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BACKGROUND: The clinical presentation of acute chest syndrome is similar whether due to infectious or non-infectious causes, thus antibiotics are usually prescribed to treat all episodes. Many different pathogens, including bacteria, have been implicated as causative agents of acute chest syndrome. There is no standardized approach to antibiotic therapy and treatment is likely to vary from country to country. Thus, there is a need to identify the efficacy and safety of different antibiotic treatment approaches for people with sickle cell disease suffering from acute chest syndrome. This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in 2007, and most recently updated in 2015. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether an empirical antibiotic treatment approach (used alone or in combination):1. is effective for acute chest syndrome compared to placebo or standard treatment;2. is safe for acute chest syndrome compared to placebo or standard treatment;Further objectives are to determine whether there are important variations in efficacy and safety:3. for different treatment regimens,4. by participant age, or geographical location of the clinical trials. SEARCH METHODS: We searched The Group's Haemoglobinopathies Trials Register, which comprises references identified from comprehensive electronic database searches and handsearching of relevant journals and abstract books of conference proceedings. We also searched the LILACS database (1982 to 23 October 2017), African Index Medicus (1982 to 23 October 2017) and trial registries (23 October 2017).Date of most recent search of the Haemoglobinopathies Trials Register: 10 July 2019. SELECTION CRITERIA: We searched for published or unpublished randomised controlled trials. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Each author intended to independently extract data and assess trial quality by standard Cochrane methodologies, but no eligible randomised controlled trials were identified. MAIN RESULTS: For this update, we were unable to find any randomised controlled trials on antibiotic treatment approaches for acute chest syndrome in people with sickle cell disease. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: This update was unable to identify randomised controlled trials on efficacy and safety of the antibiotic treatment approaches for people with sickle cell disease suffering from acute chest syndrome. While randomised controlled trials are needed to establish the optimum antibiotic treatment for this condition, we do not envisage further trials of this intervention will be conducted, and hence the review will no longer be regularly updated.

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BACKGROUND: The clinical presentation of acute chest syndrome is similar whether due to infectious or non-infectious causes, thus antibiotics are usually prescribed to treat all episodes. Many different pathogens, including bacteria, have been implicated as causative agents of acute chest syndrome. There is no standardized approach to antibiotic therapy and treatment is likely to vary from country to country. Thus, there is a need to identify the efficacy and safety of different antibiotic treatment approaches for people with sickle cell disease suffering from acute chest syndrome. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2007, and previously updated in 2013. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether an empirical antibiotic treatment approach (used alone or in combination):1. is effective for acute chest syndrome compared to placebo or standard treatment;2. is safe for acute chest syndrome compared to placebo or standard treatment;Further objectives are to determine whether there are important variations in efficacy and safety:3. for different treatment regimens,4. by participant age, or geographical location of the clinical trials. SEARCH METHODS: We searched The Group's Haemoglobinopathies Trials Register, which comprises references identified from comprehensive electronic database searches and handsearching of relevant journals and abstract books of conference proceedings. We also searched the LILACS database (1982 to 23 February 2015), African Index Medicus (1982 to 23 February 2015). and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform Search Portal (23 February 2015).Date of most recent search of the Haemoglobinopathies Trials Register: 20 January 2015. SELECTION CRITERIA: We searched for published or unpublished randomised controlled trials. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Each author intended to independently extract data and assess trial quality by standard Cochrane Collaboration methodologies, but no eligible randomised controlled trials were identified. MAIN RESULTS: For this update, we were unable to find any randomised controlled trials on antibiotic treatment approaches for acute chest syndrome in people with sickle cell disease. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: This update was unable to identify randomised controlled trials on efficacy and safety of the antibiotic treatment approaches for people with sickle cell disease suffering from acute chest syndrome. Randomised controlled trials are needed to establish the optimum antibiotic treatment for this condition.

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BACKGROUND: Bronchodilators are used to treat bronchial hyper-responsiveness in asthma. Bronchial hyper-responsiveness may be a component of acute chest syndrome in people with sickle cell disease. Therefore, bronchodilators may be useful in the treatment of acute chest syndrome. OBJECTIVES: To assess the benefits and risks associated with the use of bronchodilators in people with acute chest syndrome. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group Trials Register comprising references identified from comprehensive electronic database searches, handsearches of relevant journals and abstract books of conference proceedings. Additional searches were carried out on MEDLINE (1966 to 2002) and Embase (1981 to 2002).Date of the most recent search of the Group's Haemoglobinopathies Trials Register: 17 March 2014. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials. Trials using quasi-randomisation methods will be included in future updates of this review if there is sufficient evidence that the treatment and control groups are similar at baseline. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We found no trials investigating the use of bronchodilators for acute chest syndrome in people with sickle cell disease. MAIN RESULTS: We found no trials investigating the use of bronchodilators for acute chest syndrome in people with sickle cell disease. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: If bronchial hyper-responsiveness is an important component of some episodes of acute chest syndrome in people with sickle cell disease, the use of inhaled bronchodilators may be indicated. There is need for a well-designed, adequately-powered randomised controlled trial to assess the benefits and risks of the addition of inhaled bronchodilators to established therapies for acute chest syndrome in people with sickle cell disease.

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Introducción: el síndrome torácico agudo se define como la aparición de nuevas lesiones en la radiografía de tórax de pacientes con drepanocitosis, casi siempre acompañadas de fiebre y manifestaciones respiratorias y es la segunda causa de hospitalización en estos niños. Objetivo: conocer las características clínicas, de laboratorio y el tratamiento utilizado en los episodios de síndrome torácico agudo en niños con drepanocitosis. Métodos: se realizó un estudio ambispectivo, analítico que incluyó 112 episodios de síndrome torácico agudo en 62 pacientes entre 0 y 18 años atendidos en el Servicio de Pediatría del Instituto de Hematología e Inmunología en el período comprendido entre el enero 1 de 2005 y julio 30 de 2012. Resultados: predominaron los pacientes del sexo masculino (58,06 por ciento), y con anemia drepanocítica (67,85 por ciento). El grupo de edad que predominó fue el de 5 - 9 años. El 54,8 por ciento de los niños tuvo un solo episodio y el resto presentó dos o más. La fiebre, el dolor torácico y la tos fueron las principales manifestaciones clínicas al diagnóstico. El 52,0 por ciento de las lesiones radiológicas fueron en la base derecha. Se utilizó terapia transfusional en 83 episodios. Los antibióticos más usados fueron cefotaxima, azitromicina y ceftriaxona. Existió correlación entre el índice de gravedad del episodio y el recuento de leucocitos al ingreso (p = 0.009). No existió mortalidad asociada al síndrome torácico agudo. Conclusiones: el síndrome torácico agudo se presentó en los pacientes estudiados con similares características a lo reportado por otros autores. La correcta educación de pacientes y familiares así como un diagnóstico y tratamiento precoces por un equipo médico especializado, fueron decisivos para que ningún niño falleciera por esta causa(AU)

Introduction: acute chest syndrome describes new respiratory symptoms and new pulmonary infiltrate in chest radiograph in patients with sickle cell disease, and is the second most common cause of hospitalization in these children Objectives: to get acquainted with clinical and laboratory features and the treatment used in each episode of acute chest syndrome. Methods: an ambispective and analitic study was conducted involving 112 episodes of acute chest syndrome in 62 patients admitted to the Pediatric Service of the Institute of Hematology and Inmunology from January 1st 2005 through July 30th 2012. Results: the syndrome was more frequent in male children (58,06 percent) between 5 - 9 years old and in sickle cell anemia patients (67,85 percent). Only one episode occurred in 54,8 percent of the children and the rest presented two or more. Fever, chest pain and cough were the main features at diagnosis. X-ray findings showed that the right lung base was involved in 52 percent of the cases. All our patients received antibiotic, mainly cefotaxima, azitromicin and ceftriaxone. In 83 episodes blood therapy was applied. We found statistical correlation between white cell count at diagnosis and the severity of the episode (p = 0.009). No mortality associated to acute chest syndrome occurred. Conclusions: the acute chest syndrome was present in the patients studied with similar characteristics reported by other authors. A correct health education to patientes and family members, together with a precise and early diagnosis and treatment directed by a specialized medical team were significant for the survival of all our patients(AU)

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Introducción: el síndrome torácico agudo se define como la aparición de nuevas lesiones en la radiografía de tórax de pacientes con drepanocitosis, casi siempre acompañadas de fiebre y manifestaciones respiratorias y es la segunda causa de hospitalización en estos niños. Objetivo: conocer las características clínicas, de laboratorio y el tratamiento utilizado en los episodios de síndrome torácico agudo en niños con drepanocitosis. Métodos: se realizó un estudio ambispectivo, analítico que incluyó 112 episodios de síndrome torácico agudo en 62 pacientes entre 0 y 18 años atendidos en el Servicio de Pediatría del Instituto de Hematología e Inmunología en el período comprendido entre el enero 1 de 2005 y julio 30 de 2012. Resultados: predominaron los pacientes del sexo masculino (58,06 por ciento), y con anemia drepanocítica (67,85 por ciento). El grupo de edad que predominó fue el de 5 - 9 años. El 54,8 por ciento de los niños tuvo un solo episodio y el resto presentó dos o más. La fiebre, el dolor torácico y la tos fueron las principales manifestaciones clínicas al diagnóstico. El 52,0 por ciento de las lesiones radiológicas fueron en la base derecha. Se utilizó terapia transfusional en 83 episodios. Los antibióticos más usados fueron cefotaxima, azitromicina y ceftriaxona. Existió correlación entre el índice de gravedad del episodio y el recuento de leucocitos al ingreso (p = 0.009). No existió mortalidad asociada al síndrome torácico agudo. Conclusiones: el síndrome torácico agudo se presentó en los pacientes estudiados con similares características a lo reportado por otros autores. La correcta educación de pacientes y familiares así como un diagnóstico y tratamiento precoces por un equipo médico especializado, fueron decisivos para que ningún niño falleciera por esta causa

Introduction: acute chest syndrome describes new respiratory symptoms and new pulmonary infiltrate in chest radiograph in patients with sickle cell disease, and is the second most common cause of hospitalization in these children Objectives: to get acquainted with clinical and laboratory features and the treatment used in each episode of acute chest syndrome. Methods: an ambispective and analitic study was conducted involving 112 episodes of acute chest syndrome in 62 patients admitted to the Pediatric Service of the Institute of Hematology and Inmunology from January 1st 2005 through July 30th 2012. Results: the syndrome was more frequent in male children (58,06 percent) between 5 - 9 years old and in sickle cell anemia patients (67,85 percent). Only one episode occurred in 54,8 percent of the children and the rest presented two or more. Fever, chest pain and cough were the main features at diagnosis. X-ray findings showed that the right lung base was involved in 52 percent of the cases. All our patients received antibiotic, mainly cefotaxima, azitromicin and ceftriaxone. In 83 episodes blood therapy was applied. We found statistical correlation between white cell count at diagnosis and the severity of the episode (p = 0.009). No mortality associated to acute chest syndrome occurred. Conclusions: the acute chest syndrome was present in the patients studied with similar characteristics reported by other authors. A correct health education to patientes and family members, together with a precise and early diagnosis and treatment directed by a specialized medical team were significant for the survival of all our patients

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BACKGROUND: The clinical presentation of acute chest syndrome is similar whether due to infectious or non-infectious causes, thus antibiotics are usually prescribed to treat all episodes. Many different pathogens, including bacteria, have been implicated as causative agents of acute chest syndrome. There is no standardized approach to antibiotic therapy and treatment is likely to vary from country to country. Thus, there is a need to identify the efficacy and safety of different antibiotic treatment approaches for people with sickle cell disease suffering from acute chest syndrome. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether an empirical antibiotic treatment approach (used alone or in combination): 1. is effective for acute chest syndrome compared to placebo or standard treatment; 2. is safe for acute chest syndrome compared to placebo or standard treatment;Further objectives are to determine whether there are important variations in efficacy and safety: 3. for different treatment regimens, 4. by participant age, or geographical location of the clinical trials. SEARCH METHODS: We searched The Group's Haemoglobinopathies Trials Register, which comprises references identified from comprehensive electronic database searches and handsearching of relevant journals and abstract books of conference proceedings. We also searched the LILACS database (1982 to 19 October 2012), African Index Medicus (1982 to 3 November 2012). and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform Search Portal (19 October 2012).Date of most recent search of the Haemoglobinopathies Trials Register: 29 October 2012. SELECTION CRITERIA: We searched for published or unpublished randomised controlled trials. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Each author intended to independently extract data and assess trial quality by standard Cochrane Collaboration methodologies, but no eligible randomised controlled trials were identified. MAIN RESULTS: For this update, we were unable to find any randomised controlled trials on antibiotic treatment approaches for acute chest syndrome in people with sickle cell disease. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: This update was unable to identify randomised controlled trials on efficacy and safety of the antibiotic treatment approaches for people with sickle cell disease suffering from acute chest syndrome. Randomised controlled trials are needed to establish the optimum antibiotic treatment for this condition.

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BACKGROUND: Bronchodilators are used to treat bronchial hyper-responsiveness in asthma. Bronchial hyper-responsiveness may be a component of acute chest syndrome in people with sickle cell disease. Therefore, bronchodilators may be useful in the treatment of acute chest syndrome. OBJECTIVES: To assess the benefits and risks associated with the use of bronchodilators in people with acute chest syndrome. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group Trials Register comprising references identified from comprehensive electronic database searches, handsearches of relevant journals and abstract books of conference proceedings. Additional searches were carried out on MEDLINE (1966 to 2002) and EMBASE (1981 to 2002).Date of the most recent search of the Group's Haemoglobinopathies Trials Register: 15 March 2012. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials. Trials using quasi-randomisation methods will be included in future updates of this review if there is sufficient evidence that the treatment and control groups are similar at baseline. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We found no trials investigating the use of bronchodilators for acute chest syndrome in people with sickle cell disease. MAIN RESULTS: We found no trials investigating the use of bronchodilators for acute chest syndrome in people with sickle cell disease. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: If bronchial hyper-responsiveness is an important component of some episodes of acute chest syndrome in people with sickle cell disease, the use of inhaled bronchodilators may be indicated. There is need for a well-designed, adequately-powered randomised controlled trial to assess the benefits and risks of the addition of inhaled bronchodilators to established therapies for acute chest syndrome in people with sickle cell disease.

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