RESUMEN
There are concerns about the validation and accuracy of currently available consumer sleep technology for sleep-disordered breathing. The present report provides a background review of existing consumer sleep technologies and discloses the methods and procedures for a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy of these devices and apps for the detection of obstructive sleep apnea and snoring in comparison with polysomnography. The search will be performed in four databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library). Studies will be selected in two steps, first by an analysis of abstracts followed by full-text analysis, and two independent reviewers will perform both phases. Primary outcomes include apnea-hypopnea index, respiratory disturbance index, respiratory event index, oxygen desaturation index, and snoring duration for both index and reference tests, as well as the number of true positives, false positives, true negatives, and false negatives for each threshold, as well as for epoch-by-epoch and event-by-event results, which will be considered for the calculation of surrogate measures (including sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy). Diagnostic test accuracy meta-analyses will be performed using the Chu and Cole bivariate binomial model. Mean difference meta-analysis will be performed for continuous outcomes using the DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model. Analyses will be performed independently for each outcome. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses will evaluate the effects of the types (wearables, nearables, bed sensors, smartphone applications), technologies (e.g., oximeter, microphone, arterial tonometry, accelerometer), the role of manufacturers, and the representativeness of the samples.
Asunto(s)
Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño , Ronquido , Humanos , Pruebas Diagnósticas de Rutina , Metaanálisis como Asunto , Oxígeno , Sueño , Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño/diagnóstico , Ronquido/diagnóstico , Revisiones Sistemáticas como AsuntoRESUMEN
Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is a group of disorders associated with breathing anomalies during sleep. Easily detectable by sound, snoring is one of the most common manifestations and the main sign of SDB. Snoring is characteristic of breathing sound during sleep, without apnea, hypoventilation, or interrupted sleep. It may reduce the percentage of sleep and increase microarousals due to breathing effort or gas exchange. A range of questionnaires have been validated and adapted to the pediatric population to screen for patients who require laboratory testing. The Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) screens for SDB and identifies primary signs such as snoring. RoncoLab is a mobile application that records and measures snoring intensity and frequency. Aim: To compare the RoncoLab app and the PSQ regarding how efficiently they diagnose snoring. Materials and Method: This was an observational, analytical study of 31 children aged 7 to 11 years who visited the pediatric dental clinic at Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Mexico (BUAP). The PSQ was applied to diagnose SDB. Guardians were then instructed on how to download and use the mobile application to record data while the child was sleeping at home. Agreement between RoncoLab and the PSQ was analyzed statistically by Cohen's Kappa index at 95% confidence level. Results: The Kappa index for identification of primary snoring was 0.743 (p<0.05). App sensitivity was 0.92, and specificity 0.82. Conclusion: There is good agreement between PSQ and RoncoLab for diagnosing primary snoring, with acceptable sensitivity and specificity.
Los trastornos respiratorios del sueño (TRS) son un grupo de padecimientos asociados con anormalidades respiratorias del sueño. Una de las manifestaciones más comunes es el ronquido; signo fácil de detectar por el ruido que emite y se considera como el signo principal. Este trastorno es característico del ruido respiratorio durante el sueño, sin apneas, hipoventilación, ni interrupciones del sueño. Este puede ocasionar disminución del porcentaje del sueño y aumentar los microdespertares, esto debido al esfuerzo respiratorio o al intercambio de gases. En la actualidad existen cuestionarios validados y adaptados para la población pediátrica útiles como herramienta clínica para el tamizaje y selección de pacientes que requieran pruebas de laboratorio. El Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) permite el cribado de TRS e identificación de signos primarios como el ronquido. RoncoLab es una aplicación móvil que registra y mide la intensidad y frecuencia del ronquido. Objetivo: Comparar la eficacia del diagnóstico del ronquido por medio del RoncoLab contrastado con el PSQ. Materiales y Método: Estudio observacional, analítico, en el cual se incluyeron 31 niños de 7 a 11 años, que acudieron a la clínica de odontopediatría de la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, México (BUAP) Se aplicó el PSQ a los 31 niños para el diagnóstico de TRS, después se le instruyó al tutor como descargar y utilizar la aplicación móvil para registrar los datos obtenidos en las horas de sueño en casa. El análisis estadístico de concordancia entre los instrumentos diagnósticos se realizó con el Índice Kappa de Cohen a un nivel de confianza del 95. Resultados: El Índice de Kappa para la identificación de los ronquidos primarios fue de 0.743 (p<0.05). La sensibilidad de la aplicación fue de 0.92, mientras la especificidad fue de 0.82. Conclusión: Existe buena concordancia entre el PSQ y el RoncoLab en el diagnóstico de ronquido primario, con sensibilidad y especificidad aceptable.
Asunto(s)
Aplicaciones Móviles , Síndromes de la Apnea del Sueño , Humanos , Niño , Ronquido/diagnóstico , Ronquido/complicaciones , Ronquido/epidemiología , Síndromes de la Apnea del Sueño/diagnóstico , Síndromes de la Apnea del Sueño/complicaciones , Síndromes de la Apnea del Sueño/epidemiología , Sueño , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relative contributions of obesity and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) to unfavorable blood pressure in children. STUDY DESIGN: Children aged 3-18 years with OSA-related symptoms were recruited. All children underwent office blood pressure (BP) monitoring and full-night polysomnography. Obesity was defined as a body mass index ≥95th percentile. OSA severity was divided into primary snoring (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] <1), mild OSA (5> AHI ≥1), and moderate to severe OSA (AHI ≥5). Age- and sex-adjusted logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the associations among OSA, obesity, and elevated BP. RESULTS: This cross-sectional study enrolled 1689 children (66% boys), with a mean age of 7.9 years. Compared with children with primary snoring, children with moderate to severe OSA had significantly higher systolic BP (108.1 mmHg vs 105.6 mmHg), diastolic BP (75.0 mmHg vs 70.4 mmHg), systolic BP percentile (75.0 vs 70.4), and diastolic BP percentile (74.0 vs 69.2). The rate of unfavorable BP (ie, elevated BP or hypertension level BP) also was significantly higher in children with more severe OSA. Children with obesity had higher BP and BP percentile. Logistic regression analysis revealed that children with obesity and moderate to severe OSA have a 3-fold greater risk of unfavorable BP compared with children without obesity and primary snoring. CONCLUSIONS: We identified a 3-fold greater risk of unfavorable BP in children with obesity and moderate to severe OSA.
Asunto(s)
Hipertensión , Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño , Presión Sanguínea/fisiología , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Hipertensión/complicaciones , Hipertensión/diagnóstico , Hipertensión/epidemiología , Masculino , Obesidad/complicaciones , Polisomnografía , Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño/complicaciones , Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño/diagnóstico , Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño/epidemiología , Ronquido/diagnóstico , Ronquido/etiologíaRESUMEN
El ronquido es un problema altamente prevalente, que afecta a millones de personas a nivel mundial. Impacta negativamente en la calidad de vida al afectar la relación de pareja y la calidad de sueño, además de constituir un factor de riesgo cardiovascular. El objetivo de esta revisión es analizar y discutir los aspectos más relevantes de esta condición, desde su etiopatogenia hasta las diferentes alternativas terapéuticas disponibles. En la evaluación del paciente roncador se debe realizar un minucioso examen de nariz, boca, faringe, cuello y esqueleto facial, además de estimar el riesgo de que exista una apnea obstructiva del sueño asociada. Son de utilidad una serie de cuestionarios que permiten asignar puntaje a la sintomatología del paciente y evaluar su impacto en la vida diaria. En general, el estudio deberá incluir exámenes radiológicos, endoscopías de la vía aérea superior (con el paciente despierto y bajo sueño inducido por medicamentos) y estudios del sueño, que se pueden realizar tanto en forma ambulatoria como hospitalizado. Existe una amplia gama de tratamientos disponibles para el ronquido, los que han demostrado una alta efectividad en diferentes subgrupos de pacientes: bajar de peso, dejar de fumar, medicamentos antialérgicos, terapia postural, ejercicios faríngeos, dispositivos de avance mandibular y procedimientos quirúrgicos que van desde intervenciones mínimamente invasivas hasta procedimientos avanzados como cirugía robótica, avances máxilo-mandibulares y la estimulación del nervio hipogloso. Es clave para manejar exitosamente el ronquido el realizar una evaluación detallada del paciente y establecer un plan terapéutico personalizado.
Snoring is a highly prevalent problem, affecting millions of people worldwide. It negatively impacts quality of life by affecting couple relationships and sleep quality, as well as being a cardiovascular risk factor. The aim of this review article is to analyze and discuss the most relevant aspects of this condition, ranging from its etiology and pathogenesis to the different available therapeutic options. When evaluating a snoring patient, a thorough examination of the nose, mouth, pharynx, neck and facial skeleton should be performed, and the risk of having an associated obstructive sleep apnea must be estimated. A series of questionnaires are useful to assign scores to the patient's symptoms and assess their impact on daily life. In general terms, patient evaluation should include radiological examinations, upper airway endoscopies (awake and under drug-induced sleep) and sleep studies, which can be performed both on an outpatient or inpatient basis. There is a wide range of treatments available for snoring, which have shown high effectiveness in different patient subgroups: weight loss, quitting smoking, anti-allergic medications, postural therapy, pharyngeal exercises, mandibular-advancement devices and surgical procedures ranging from minimally invasive interventions to advanced procedures such as robotic surgery, maxillomandibular advancement and hypoglossal nerve stimulation. The cornerstone for a successful snoring management is to perform a detailed patient evaluation and to establish a personalized therapeutic plan.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Ronquido/diagnóstico , Ronquido/etiología , Faringe/anatomía & histología , Examen Físico , Calidad de Vida , Ronquido/terapia , Antropometría , Factores de Riesgo , Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño/complicaciones , Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño/diagnóstico , AnamnesisRESUMEN
Os distúrbios do sono vem sendo cada dia mais estudados e evidenciados perante a medicina, sendo que muitos destes estão atrelados a fatores etiológicos ligados a diversas doenças sistêmicas, tais como, hipertensão arterial, problemas cardíacos e fator de risco para diabetes. Sendo assim, a utilização de Índices como o de Epworth, Berlim e Pittsburgh como auxiliadores anamnésicos, é de grande valia para um correto diagnóstico. Por meio deste, pudemos concluir que tais índices são de extrema importância por serem referências iniciais para a solicitação de exames mais complexos e de alto custo. Portanto, este trabalho tem por objetivo fazer uma revisão da literatura sobre a essência científica de tais índices, analisando a eficácia dos mesmos(AU)
Sleep wake disorders see being increasingly studied day and evidenced before the medicine, and many of these disorders are linked to etiological factors related to various systemic diseases such as, hypertension, heart disease and a risk factor for diabetes. Thus, the use of indices such as the Epworth, Berlin and Pittsburgh as amnesic helpers, is of great value to a correct diagnosis. Through this we can conclude that such indices are extremely important because they are initial references to the request for more complex tests and costly. Therefore, this study aims to review the literature on the scientific essence of such indices, analyzing effectiveness(AU)
Asunto(s)
Ronquido/diagnóstico , Índice , Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño/diagnóstico , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia , Ronquido , Apnea Obstructiva del SueñoRESUMEN
Objectives: We aimed to determine the prevalence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in children and adolescents from four districts of Santiago, Chile by using a six-question subscale from the Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders (SRBD) scale, which measures respiratory symptoms while sleeping. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional observational study. The six-question subscale of the SRBD scale was applied to the parents or guardians of the children and adolescents from four educational establishments in different districts of Santiago. Convenience sampling was used. This subscale allowed to divide the sample into two groups: one group with OSA and one at low risk of OSA. In addition, statistical tests were applied to evaluate the variation between gender and age range. Results: Of the total number of subjects (n=838, 4-18 years, mean: 11.3±4.2), 681 were included. According to the six-question subscale, 2.2% (CI 95% 1.64-2.76%) of the sample had OSA. There is a slight predominance in males, without statistically significant difference (p=0.083). In relation to the age of the participants, there was no statistically significant difference (p=0.512).Conclusion: The prevalence of OSA in Chilean children and adolescents was similar to previous reports. The results obtained by the analysis of the six-question subscale of the SRBD scale allow a more accurate detection of OSA. Future research should promote the translation of this questionnaire into the Chilean context and its use throughout the country.
Objetivos: Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la prevalencia de la apnea obstructiva del sueño (AOS) en niños y adolescentes de cuatro distritos de Santiago, Chile mediante el uso de una subescala de seis preguntas de la escala de trastornos respiratorios relacionados con el sueño (Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders, SRBD), que mide los síntomas respiratorios mientras dormido. Material y Métodos: estudio observacional transversal. La subescala de seis preguntas de la escala SRBD se aplicó a los padres o tutores de los niños y adolescentes de cuatro establecimientos educativos en diferentes distritos de Santiago. Se utilizó muestreo de conveniencia. Esta subescala permitió dividir la muestra en dos grupos: un grupo con OSA y otro con bajo riesgo de OSA. Además, se aplicaron pruebas estadísticas para evaluar la variación entre el género y el rango de edad. Resultados: Del número total de sujetos (n=838, 4-18 años, media: 11,3±4,2), se incluyeron 681. Según la subescala de seis preguntas, el 2,2% (IC 95% 1,64-2,76%) de la muestra tenía AOS. Hay un ligero predominio en varones, sin diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p=0,083). En relación con la edad de los participantes, no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p=0,512). Conclusión: La prevalencia de AOS en niños y adolescentes chilenos fue similar a informes anteriores. Los resultados obtenidos mediante el análisis de la subescala de seis preguntas de la escala SRBD permiten una detección más precisa de OSA. Investigaciones futuras deberían promover la adaptación de este cuestionario al contexto chileno y su uso en todo el país
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Preescolar , Niño , Adolescente , Ronquido/diagnóstico , Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño/diagnóstico , Ronquido/complicaciones , Ronquido/epidemiología , Chile/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Estudios Transversales , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño/complicaciones , Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Assess the performance of the Stop-Bang questionnaire in Brazilian patients for the screening of OSA. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with historical and consecutive analysis of all patients who underwent polysomnography tests in the Sleeping Sector of the Ear, Nose, and Throat, and Cardiopulmonary (LabSono) Departments of the Gaffrée and Guinle University Hospital (HUGG), from 10/17/2011 to 04/16/2015. The variables relating to the SB questionnaire were collected by direct research from the medical records of patients. RESULTS: In a series of 83 patients, we found that our sample were similar to other studies conducted in specialized centers of Sleep Medicine, and the population presented characteristics similar to those found by studies in Latin America. Men and women only behaved similarly in relation to the presence of Observed Apnea and body mass index, with a predominance of women who had systemic hypertension over men. In our study, the discriminatory value of 4 or more positive answers to the questionnaire had the best performance in identifying patients with an hourly Apnea-Hypopnea Index greater than 15/h, with a sensitivity of 72.97% (55.9% - 86.2%) and specificity of 67.39% (52.0% - 80.5%). CONCLUSIONS: The Stop-Bang questionnaire proved to be, in our sample, a good screening instrument for diagnosing OSA Syndrome.
Asunto(s)
Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño/diagnóstico , Encuestas y Cuestionarios/normas , Adulto , Anciano , Brasil , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Polisomnografía/métodos , Valores de Referencia , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Distribución por Sexo , Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño/fisiopatología , Ronquido/diagnóstico , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
SUMMARY OBJECTIVES Assess the performance of the Stop-Bang questionnaire in Brazilian patients for the screening of OSA. METHODS A cross-sectional study with historical and consecutive analysis of all patients who underwent polysomnography tests in the Sleeping Sector of the Ear, Nose, and Throat, and Cardiopulmonary (LabSono) Departments of the Gaffrée and Guinle University Hospital (HUGG), from 10/17/2011 to 04/16/2015. The variables relating to the SB questionnaire were collected by direct research from the medical records of patients. RESULTS In a series of 83 patients, we found that our sample were similar to other studies conducted in specialized centers of Sleep Medicine, and the population presented characteristics similar to those found by studies in Latin America. Men and women only behaved similarly in relation to the presence of Observed Apnea and body mass index, with a predominance of women who had systemic hypertension over men. In our study, the discriminatory value of 4 or more positive answers to the questionnaire had the best performance in identifying patients with an hourly Apnea-Hypopnea Index greater than 15/h, with a sensitivity of 72.97% (55.9% - 86.2%) and specificity of 67.39% (52.0% - 80.5%). CONCLUSIONS The Stop-Bang questionnaire proved to be, in our sample, a good screening instrument for diagnosing OSA Syndrome.
RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar o desempenho no Questionário Stop-Bang (QSB) em pacientes brasileiros para rastrear a Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono. MÉTODO Estudo transversal, com análise histórica e consecutiva de todos os pacientes que realizaram exames de polissonografia pelo Setor de Sono da Otorrinolaringologia e da Cardiopulmonar (LabSono) do Hospital Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle (HUGG), no período de 17/10/2011 a 16/04/2015. As variáveis referentes ao QSB foram colhidas por pesquisa direta nos prontuários dos pacientes. RESULTADOS Numa casuística de 83 pacientes, encontramos amostras semelhantes a outros estudos realizados em Centros Especializados em Medicina do Sono, com características da população semelhantes aos estudos feitos na América Latina. Homens e mulheres só se comportaram de forma semelhante em relação à presença de apneias presenciadas e o índice de massa corporal, com um predomínio de mulheres com hipertensão arterial sistêmica sobre os homens. Em nosso estudo, o valor discriminatório de quatro ou mais respostas positivas ao questionário mostrou o melhor desempenho em identificar pacientes com um índice de apneia/hipopneia por hora maior do que 15/h, obtendo sensibilidade de 72,97% (55,9% - 86,2%) e especificidade de 67,39% (52,0% - 80,5%). CONCLUSÕES O QSB mostrou-se, em nossa amostra, um bom instrumento de rastreio da Síndrome da Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adolescente , Adulto , Adulto Joven , Encuestas y Cuestionarios/normas , Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño/diagnóstico , Valores de Referencia , Ronquido/diagnóstico , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Brasil , Estudios Transversales , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Polisomnografía/métodos , Distribución por Sexo , Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño/fisiopatología , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
Background: Simple but accurate tools should be used to identify patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), aiming at an early detection and prevention of serious consequences. Aim: To assess the predictive value of four sleep questionnaires (Berlin, Epworth Sleepiness Scale [ESS], STOP, and STOP-Bang) in the screening of patients with OSAS. Material and Methods: The four sleep questionnaires were administered to 1,050 snorers aged 56 ± 15 years (68% males) assessed at a sleep clinic. An overnight unattended respiratory polygraphy was performed to all patients to confirm the diagnosis of OSAS. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of the four questionnaires were calculated. Results: Eighty four percent of participants had OSAS. The clinical variables associated with OSAS risk were age, male gender, hypertension, overweight, cervical circumference, waist/hip ratio, history of snoring, witnessed apneas and nycturia. Eighty-three, 86, 92 and 46 % of cases were classified as having a high risk for OSAS, according to the Berlin, STOP and STOP-Bang questionnaires and ESS, respectively. STOP and STOP-Bang questionnaires had the highest sensitivity to predict OSAS (88 and 95%, respectively) while the Flemons Index had the highest specificity (82%). Conclusions: Sleep questionnaires were able to identify patients with a high risk for OSAS but without accurately excluding those at low risk.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adolescente , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Adulto Joven , Encuestas y Cuestionarios/normas , Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño/diagnóstico , Valores de Referencia , Ronquido/diagnóstico , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Estudios Prospectivos , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Factores de Riesgo , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Polisomnografía/métodos , Estadísticas no Paramétricas , Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño/etiologíaRESUMEN
Abstract Introduction Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a sleep disorder caused by an excessive narrowing of the pharyngeal airway that also collapses during inspiration, with an important role played by the lateral pharyngeal wall in the development of the obstruction. Objective To describe our surgical experience with modified expansion sphincter pharyngoplasty (MESP) in the management of lateral collapse in upper airway multilevel surgery. Methods A total of 20 patients with moderate to severe OSAS were recruited in the Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) Department of the University of Palermo, Italy. All of the enrolled patients refused the ventilatory therapy. The subjects were evaluated for snoring, and daytime sleepiness had a clinical evaluation including collection of anthropometric data and ENT examination and rhinofibroscopy with Müller maneuver. The patients undergoing upper airway multilevel surgery and we selected for MESP the patients with an oropharyngeal transverse pattern of collapse at Müller maneuver. Results In the postoperative assessment, all of the patients reported a reduction in snoring scores and daytime sleepiness. We observed a reduction in the mean apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) of 57.5% of the sample, which decreased from a mean value of 41.7 ( ± 21.5) to 17.4 ( ± 8.9) (p< 0.05), with a success rate, according to the Sher criteria, of 65%. We observed very few postoperative complications. Conclusion Modified expansion sphincter pharyngoplasty in multilevel surgical therapy preceded by a careful selection of patients has proven to be effective in treating patients with moderate to severe syndromes.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adolescente , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Músculos Faríngeos/cirugía , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Otorrinolaringológicos/métodos , Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño/cirugía , Paladar Blando/cirugía , Ronquido/diagnóstico , Endoscopía , AnamnesisRESUMEN
Abstract Introduction Since oropharyngeal surgery alone is often insufficient to treat obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), advances have been developed in hypopharyngeal surgery. Objective To assess hyoid suspension surgery as part of amultilevel OSA surgery, also including palatal surgery. Methods The study included patients with OSA symptoms with apnea hypopnea index (AHI) > 15. They were scheduled for hyoid suspension after a nasoendoscopy during Müller maneuver and drug induced sleep endoscopy (DISE). All patients had body mass index (BMI) < 35 kg/m2. Hyoidothyroidopexy combined with tonsillectomy and palatal suspension was performed in all cases. Results The mean AHI dropped significantly (p < 0.0001) from 68.4 ± 25.3 preoperatively to 25.6 ± 9.52 postoperatively. The mean lowest oxygen (O2) saturation level increased significantly from 66.8 ± 11.3 to 83.2 ± 2.86 (p < 0.0001). In addition, the snoring score significantly decreased (p < 0.0001) from a preoperative mean of 3.4 ± 0.54 to 2 ± 0.7 at 6 months postoperatively. In regard to the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), it showed significant improvements (p < 0.0001) as its mean diminished from 13.8 ± 5.4 preoperatively to 5.2 ± 1.6 postoperatively. Conclusion Hyoidothyroidopexy using absorbable suture seems to produce a good outcome in treating OSA. It could be effectively and safely combined with other palatal procedures in the multilevel surgery for OSA.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Hueso Paladar/cirugía , Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño/cirugía , Hueso Hioides/cirugía , Ronquido/cirugía , Ronquido/diagnóstico , Tonsilectomía , Índice de Masa Corporal , Estudios Prospectivos , Resultado del Tratamiento , Polisomnografía , Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño/diagnóstico , Endoscopía/métodos , Hipofaringe/cirugíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Simple but accurate tools should be used to identify patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), aiming at an early detection and prevention of serious consequences. AIM: To assess the predictive value of four sleep questionnaires (Berlin, Epworth Sleepiness Scale [ESS], STOP, and STOP-Bang) in the screening of patients with OSAS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The four sleep questionnaires were administered to 1,050 snorers aged 56 ± 15 years (68% males) assessed at a sleep clinic. An overnight unattended respiratory polygraphy was performed to all patients to confirm the diagnosis of OSAS. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of the four questionnaires were calculated. RESULTS: Eighty four percent of participants had OSAS. The clinical variables associated with OSAS risk were age, male gender, hypertension, overweight, cervical circumference, waist/hip ratio, history of snoring, witnessed apneas and nycturia. Eighty-three, 86, 92 and 46 % of cases were classified as having a high risk for OSAS, according to the Berlin, STOP and STOP-Bang questionnaires and ESS, respectively. STOP and STOP-Bang questionnaires had the highest sensitivity to predict OSAS (88 and 95%, respectively) while the Flemons Index had the highest specificity (82%). CONCLUSIONS: Sleep questionnaires were able to identify patients with a high risk for OSAS but without accurately excluding those at low risk.
Asunto(s)
Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño/diagnóstico , Encuestas y Cuestionarios/normas , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Polisomnografía/métodos , Estudios Prospectivos , Valores de Referencia , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Factores de Riesgo , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño/etiología , Ronquido/diagnóstico , Estadísticas no Paramétricas , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate the routine, sleep history, and orofacial disorders associated with children aged 3-7 years with nocturnal bruxism. METHODS: Children (n = 66) were divided into groups of parent reported nocturnal bruxism (n = 34) and those without the disorder (n = 32). Data about the child's routine during the day, during sleep and awakening, headache frequency, temporomandibular joint (TMJ), and hearing impairments were obtained through interviews with parents/caregivers. Electromyography examination was used to assess the activity of facial muscles. Multiple logistic regression (MLR), chi-square test, and t-test analyses were performed. RESULTS: MLR revealed association of nightmares (p = 0.002; OR = 18.09) and snoring (p = 0.013; OR = 0.14) with bruxism. Variables related to awakening revealed an association with bruxism (p < 0.05). Parents of the main group (children with nocturnal bruxism) reported more complaints of orofacial pain, facial appearance, and headache occurrence (p < 0.05). Auditory and muscle disorders were not significant variables (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Nightmares and snoring are associated with nocturnal bruxism in children. Bruxism in children elicits consequences such as headache, orofacial pain, and pain related to awakening.
Asunto(s)
Bruxismo/diagnóstico , Sueños/fisiología , Dolor Facial/diagnóstico , Dolor Facial/fisiopatología , Cefalea/diagnóstico , Cefalea/fisiopatología , Pérdida Auditiva/diagnóstico , Pérdida Auditiva/fisiopatología , Estilo de Vida , Ronquido/diagnóstico , Ronquido/fisiopatología , Trastornos de la Articulación Temporomandibular/diagnóstico , Trastornos de la Articulación Temporomandibular/fisiopatología , Niño , Preescolar , Electromiografía , Músculos Faciales/fisiopatología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Estadística como AsuntoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Mouth breathing (MB) is an etiological factor for sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) during childhood. The habit of breathing through the mouth may be perpetuated even after airway clearance. Both habit and obstruction may cause facial muscle imbalance and craniofacial changes. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to propose and test guidelines for clinical recognition of MB and some predisposing factors for SDB in children. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 110 orthodontists regarding their procedures for clinical evaluation of MB and their knowledge about SDB during childhood. Thereafter, based on their answers, guidelines were developed and tested in 687 children aged between 6 and 12 years old and attending elementary schools. RESULTS: There was no standardization for clinical recognition of MB among orthodontists. The most common procedures performed were inefficient to recognize differences between MB by habit or obstruction. CONCLUSIONS: The guidelines proposed herein facilitate clinical recognition of MB, help clinicians to differentiate between habit and obstruction, suggest the most appropriate treatment for each case, and avoid maintenance of mouth breathing patterns during adulthood.
Asunto(s)
Respiración por la Boca/diagnóstico , Guías de Práctica Clínica como Asunto , Lista de Verificación , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Ojo/patología , Cara/patología , Fatiga/diagnóstico , Femenino , Gingivitis/diagnóstico , Hábitos , Humanos , Hipersensibilidad/diagnóstico , Labio/anatomía & histología , Masculino , Maloclusión/diagnóstico , Obstrucción Nasal/diagnóstico , Mordida Abierta/diagnóstico , Ortodoncistas/educación , Pautas de la Práctica en Odontología , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Sialorrea/diagnóstico , Fases del Sueño/fisiología , Ronquido/diagnósticoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Mouth breathing (MB) is an etiological factor for sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) during childhood. The habit of breathing through the mouth may be perpetuated even after airway clearance. Both habit and obstruction may cause facial muscle imbalance and craniofacial changes.OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to propose and test guidelines for clinical recognition of MB and some predisposing factors for SDB in children.METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 110 orthodontists regarding their procedures for clinical evaluation of MB and their knowledge about SDB during childhood. Thereafter, based on their answers, guidelines were developed and tested in 687 children aged between 6 and 12 years old and attending elementary schools.RESULTS: There was no standardization for clinical recognition of MB among orthodontists. The most common procedures performed were inefficient to recognize differences between MB by habit or obstruction.CONCLUSIONS: The guidelines proposed herein facilitate clinical recognition of MB, help clinicians to differentiate between habit and obstruction, suggest the most appropriate treatment for each case, and avoid maintenance of mouth breathing patterns during adulthood.
INTRODUÇÃO: a respiração bucal (RB) é um fator etiológico para os distúrbios respiratórios do sono (DRS) na infância. O hábito de respirar pela boca pode ser perpetuado mesmo depois da desobstrução das vias aéreas. Tanto o hábito quanto a obstrução podem causar desequilíbrios da musculatura facial e alterações craniofaciais. O objetivo deste trabalho é propor e testar uma diretriz para o reconhecimento clínico da RB e de alguns fatores predisponentes aos DRS em crianças.MÉTODOS: entrevistas semiestruturadas foram realizadas com 110 ortodontistas, com relação aos seus procedimentos para avaliação clínica da RB e aos seus conhecimentos sobre DRS na infância. A partir daí, com base nas respostas obtidas, uma diretriz foi desenvolvida e testada em 687 crianças, com 6 a 12 anos, oriundas de escolas de ensino fundamental.RESULTADOS: não existe padronização para o reconhecimento clínico da RB pelos ortodontistas. Os procedimentos mais comumente realizados foram ineficientes para reconhecer a diferença entre a RB por hábito e a por obstrução.CONCLUSÕES: a diretriz proposta facilita o reconhecimento clínico da RB, diferencia entre RB por hábito e por obstrução, sugere o tratamento mais adequado para cada caso, e evita a manutenção do padrão de respiração bucal na idade adulta.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Niño , Ratas , Guías de Práctica Clínica como Asunto , Respiración por la Boca/diagnóstico , Sialorrea/diagnóstico , Fases del Sueño/fisiología , Ronquido/diagnóstico , Obstrucción Nasal/diagnóstico , Estudios Transversales , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Pautas de la Práctica en Odontología , Mordida Abierta/diagnóstico , Ojo/patología , Cara/patología , Fatiga/diagnóstico , Lista de Verificación , Gingivitis/diagnóstico , Hipersensibilidad/diagnóstico , Labio/anatomía & histología , Maloclusión/diagnósticoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine the diagnostic test accuracy of the Spanish version of the respiratory symptoms scale of the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) in habitually snoring children for identifying obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). METHODS: Habitually snoring children referred for polysomnography (PSG) were recruited. Parents answered the PSQ prior to PSG. Based on an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) >1.0 in PSG, children were divided into OSA and primary snorers. Correlations to PSG indices and diagnostic test accuracy measures were calculated. RESULTS: Of the 83 (n = 53 males, mean age 9.5 ± 3.6 years) habitually snoring children included, 35 had OSA. The previously validated PSQ cutoff value of 0.33 showed a specificity of 0.72 and sensitivity of 0.78. The PSQ score correlated significantly with the AHI rs = 0.313 (p-value = 0.004). Six items of the PSQ were significantly different between cases and controls. A subscale constructed on these six PSQ items concerning respiratory symptoms showed a good sensitivity (0.886) and an excellent negative likelihood ratio (0.261). PSQ was able to identify 89% of the children with OSA correctly. CONCLUSIONS: This version of the PSQ was able to identify children with OSA, separating them from those with primary snoring. The use of this simple, standardized questionnaire tool seems to be helpful and may improve clinical decision making in habitually snoring children.
Asunto(s)
Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño/diagnóstico , Ronquido/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Niño , Preescolar , Chile/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Polisomnografía , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño/complicaciones , Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño/epidemiología , Ronquido/epidemiología , Ronquido/etiología , Encuestas y Cuestionarios/normasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Sleep-disordered breathing is caused by the interaction of multiple factors, including tonsillar hypertrophy, retrognathia, maxillary atresia, neuromuscular abnormalities, activation of inflammatory mediator cascades, and obesity. The prevalence and severity of obesity among children and adolescents increased worldwide during recent decades and has thus become a public health concern. The aim of this study is to assess the metabolic and anthropometric changes associated with sleep-disordered breathing in obese children. METHODS: Prospective assessment of prepubertal obese children followed at a pediatric endocrinology outpatient clinic that had history of frequent snoring. Children were submitted to polysomnography, measurements of body weight, height, blood pressure, neck circumference, and waist circumference. BMI, neck-to-height, and waist-to-height ratios were calculated. Laboratory tests included a complete blood count, liver function tests, lipid profile, and glucose metabolism assessment. Additionally, the presence of metabolic syndrome was assessed. Differences between obstructive sleep apnea and primary snoring groups were calculated using unpaired t-test, Fisher's exact test or Mann-Whitney test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: The sample included 20 children with primary snoring and nine with obstructive sleep apnea. The two groups did not differ with regard to age, gender, BMI, or BMI z-score, serum lipids, glucose metabolism, cell count, liver function, or arterial blood pressure. Anthropometric data did not differ between groups. The waist-to-height ratio was greater among children with obstructive sleep apnea, compared to those with primary snoring. CONCLUSION: In the present study, the waist-to-height ratio was greater in children with obstructive sleep apnea and, thus, could distinguish these children from those with primary snoring.
Asunto(s)
Obesidad Infantil/diagnóstico , Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño/diagnóstico , Ronquido/diagnóstico , Relación Cintura-Estatura , Brasil , Niño , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólico/diagnóstico , Polisomnografía , Estudios Prospectivos , Estadística como AsuntoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that history of adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy (AT) in at least 1 of the parents during childhood, is a risk factor for moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] >5 episodes/hour) in the offspring with snoring. STUDY DESIGN: Data of children with snoring who were referred for polysomnography over 12 years by primary care physicians were reviewed. RESULTS: Data of 798 children without history of prior AT, neuromuscular, or genetic disorders or craniofacial abnormalities were analyzed. Of these children, 69.3% had tonsillar hypertrophy, 25.8% were obese, 26.8% had at least 1 parent with history of AT, and 22.1% had AHI >5 episodes/hour. Parental history of AT was significantly associated with moderate-to-severe OSA (logit model including sex, tonsillar hypertrophy, obesity, and physician-diagnosed wheezing; OR [95% CI], 1.70 [1.18-2.46]; P < .01). When significant variables from the logit model (tonsillar hypertrophy, obesity, parental history of AT) were considered independently or in combination, tonsillar hypertrophy combined with history of AT in at least 1 of the parents had high specificity (84.4%) and the highest positive likelihood ratio (1.78) for identifying children with AHI >5 episodes/hour. CONCLUSIONS: Among children with snoring who are referred for polysomnography by primary care physicians, those with tonsillar hypertrophy and parental history of AT have increased risk of moderate-to-severe OSA and represent 1 of the subgroups that should be prioritized for a sleep study in settings with limited resources.
Asunto(s)
Adenoidectomía/efectos adversos , Padres , Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño/diagnóstico , Ronquido/epidemiología , Tonsilectomía/efectos adversos , Adenoidectomía/métodos , Adenoidectomía/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios de Cohortes , Intervalos de Confianza , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Incidencia , Modelos Logísticos , Oportunidad Relativa , Polisomnografía/métodos , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Atención Primaria de Salud/métodos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Medición de Riesgo , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño/epidemiología , Ronquido/diagnóstico , Tonsilectomía/métodos , Tonsilectomía/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
La Roncopatía Primaria constituye un trastorno respiratorio del sueño caracterizado por la ausencia de apneas, desaturaciones y microdespertares. Afecta a más del 50% de la población adulta, traduciendo una obstrucción parcial de la vía aérea superior. Hasta hace poco, fue considerada por el mundo médico como una manifestación benigna sin un trasfondo patológico significativo, sin embargo, hoy sabemos que constituye una entidad patológica en sí misma y determina importantes repercusiones nocivas a nivel de funciones neurocognitivas, metabólicas y cardiovasculares. Si bien la polisomnografía persiste considerándose el gold standard en su estudio, nuevas líneas tales como análisis acústicos del ronquido presentan una relevancia creciente. En un futuro próximo, el estudio etiológico y de los mecanismos histopatológicos y bioquímicos que determinan las repercusiones clínicas de la roncopatía, aportará nuevas herramientas que contribuirán al desarrollo de una hoy necesaria nueva concepción de los trastornos obstructivos del sueño.
The primary snoring is a respiratory disorder of the sleep characterized by the absence of apnea, desaturation and arousals. It affects more than 50% of the adult population, exposing a partial obstruction of the upper airway. Until recently, it was considered by the medical world as a benign manifestation without significant pathological background, however, we now know that it is a disease entity in itself and determines important deleterious impact at neurocognitive, metabolic and cardiovascular levels. Although polysomnography still remains being the gold standard in its study, new lines such as acoustic analysis of snoring have an increasing relevance. In the near future, the study of the etiological, histopathological and biochemical mechanisms that determine the clinical implications of snoring, will provide new tools that will contribute to the development of a new conception of obstructive sleeping disorders.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Ronquido/diagnóstico , Ronquido/fisiopatología , Ronquido/terapia , Ronquido/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate otolaryngologic findings in obese prepubertal children with sleep-disordered breathing. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 29 obese children referred by pediatric endocrinologist, complaining of snoring and without a history of nasal surgery or removal of the palatine tonsils and/or adenoids. Patients underwent ear, nose and throat (ENT) examination, endoscopy, measurements of weight, height, calculation of body mass index (BMI), assessment of BMI z-score and polysomnography, from which were divided into two groups: those with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (nine children) and those with primary snoring (20 children). Then we proceeded to the statistical analysis of the data collected. RESULTS: The groups did not differ in age, gender, weight, height, BMI and BMI z-score. Among the findings of the ENT examination, the adenoid size was the only one that differed between the groups (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: The evaluation of the adenoid size is an important in obese children with symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing and is related to the presence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.