RESUMEN
The natural isomers of resveratrol, cis- and trans-resveratrol, are natural phenolic substances synthetized via the shikimate pathway and found in many sources, including grapes, peanuts, blackberries, pistachios, cacao, cranberries, and jackfruits. They have functional and pharmacological properties such as anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective activities. The aim of this article is to review the data published on resveratrol and its isomers, and their biosynthesis in plants, food sources, health and toxic effects, and the excretion of their metabolites. Due to its contribution to the promotion of human health, it is convenient to gather more knowledge about its functional properties, food sources, and the interactions with the human body during the processes of eating, digestion, absorption, biotransformation, and excretion, to combine this information to improve the understanding of these substances.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/farmacología , Fármacos Cardiovasculares/farmacología , Alimentos , Hipoglucemiantes/farmacología , Plantas/metabolismo , Resveratrol/farmacología , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/metabolismo , Antiinflamatorios/farmacocinética , Antiinflamatorios/toxicidad , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/metabolismo , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/farmacocinética , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/toxicidad , Disponibilidad Biológica , Biotransformación , Fármacos Cardiovasculares/metabolismo , Fármacos Cardiovasculares/farmacocinética , Fármacos Cardiovasculares/toxicidad , Vías de Eliminación de Fármacos , Absorción Gastrointestinal , Humanos , Hipoglucemiantes/metabolismo , Hipoglucemiantes/farmacocinética , Hipoglucemiantes/toxicidad , Isomerismo , Resveratrol/metabolismo , Resveratrol/farmacocinética , Resveratrol/toxicidadRESUMEN
Resveratrol is a phytochemical that may promote health. However, it has also been reported to be a toxic compound. The molecular mechanism by which resveratrol acts remains unclear. The inhibition of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway appears to be the molecular mechanism of resveratrol. Taking this into account, we propose that the cytotoxic properties of resveratrol depend on the energy (e.g., carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins) availability in the cells. In this regard, in a condition with low energy accessibility, resveratrol could enhance ATP starvation to lethal levels. In contrast, when cells are supplemented with high quantities of energy and resveratrol, the inhibition of OXPHOS might produce a low-energy environment, mimicking the beneficial effects of caloric restriction. This review suggests that investigating a possible complex relationship between caloric intake and the differential effects of resveratrol on OXPHOS may be justified. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: A low-calorie diet accompanied by significant levels of resveratrol might modify cellular bioenergetics, which could impact cellular viability and enhance the anti-cancer properties of resveratrol.